Fluid Mechanics

(Statics)
Engr. Cris Edward F. Monjardin
BSCE
MSCE Major in Water Resources Engineering
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Index Card
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Grading System

Quizzes 45%
Problem Sets /
10%
Homeworks
Seatwork 10%
Reports (Laboratory
15%
Report)
Final Examination 20%
Homework / Seatwork Format
Lab Report Format
Lecture for Quiz 1
Introduction
Fluid Statics

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics

Fluid statics or hydrostatics - is the branch of fluid

mechanics that studies fluids at rest. It embraces the study
of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium

Fluid Dynamics - In physics, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline

of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural
science of fluids(liquids and gases) in motion
 Solid Fluid

-definite deformation -continuous deformation

Gas Liquid

Compressible Incompressible
Fluid Fluid

Variable Constant
Volume Volume
Fluid Properties
A. Mass Density – mass per unit of volume
in metric in english
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝜌= = = 3= 3
=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∀ 𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑚 = 𝜌∀

𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝜌 = 1000 3 = 1.94
𝑚 𝑓𝑡 3
Fluid Properties
B. Specific Weight (𝜸𝑳 )– is the weight per unit of volume
• Unit Weight
• Weight Density

𝑊 𝑚𝑔 𝑁 𝑙𝑏
𝛾𝐿 = = = 𝜌𝑔 = 3 = 3
𝑉 𝑉 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
Metric
𝑚 𝑘𝑁
𝑔 = 9.81 2 𝛾𝑤 = 9.81 3
𝑠 𝑚
English
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
𝑔 = 32.2 2 𝛾𝑤 = 62.4 3
𝑠 𝑓𝑡
Fluid Properties
C. Specific Volume – is the volume per unit of mass

1 𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = =
𝜌 𝑘𝑔

D. Specific Gravity 𝑺𝑳 - is the ratio of specific weight of liquid in

question to that of water

𝛾𝐿 𝜌𝐿
𝑆𝐿 = = 𝑆𝐻2𝑂 = 1
𝛾𝐻2𝑂 𝜌𝐻2𝑂
Fluid Properties
E. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity – is the incremental change in volume
when the pressure is changed by an incremental amount.
−∆𝑃
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝐵 = = ∆𝑉
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑉

F. Viscosity 𝝁 = 𝒎𝒖 - is the property of fluid which determines its

resistance to shearing stress. It is sometimes called coefficient of
viscosity, or dynamic viscosity.
Fluid Properties
G. Kinematic Viscosity (𝝂 = 𝒏𝒖)– is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity
to that of density.
𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌
H. Vapor Pressure – is the pressure exerted by vapor in a closed space.

I. Surface Energy – is the energy per unit area caused by relative

forces of cohesion and adhesion.
𝐹 = 𝜋𝑑𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚
Coefficient of Compressibility
• the decrease in volume per unit volume (as of a gas)
produced by a unit change in pressure

1
𝛽=
𝐸
• Velocity of sound
𝐸
𝑣=
𝜌
Density of Air and Gases
𝑃
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
𝑅𝑇
• P = absolute pressure
• T = absolute temperature in kelvin or Rankine
• T = C + 273 in kelvin
• T = F + 460 in rankine
• R = gas constant
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
• V = volume of gas in a container
• Density of gas or air
• Mass of gas or air
Capillary Rise in a Tube
𝐹 = 𝜋𝑑𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
2𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑁/𝑚
ℎ=
𝜌𝑔𝑟
𝑁
• 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑚
• h = capillary rise in meters
• 𝜃 = wetting angle
• 𝜃 = 0 for water
• 𝜃 = 130 for mercury
• r = radius of tube in meters
• 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Sample Problem
• A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200kg and a volume of 0.952
cu.m.

Find:
a. Weight
b. Unit Weight
c. Mass Density
d. Specific Gravity
Sample Problem
• A rigid container is partly filled with a liquid at 1520 kPa. The
volume of the liquid is 1.232 litres. At pressure of 3039 kPa,
the volume of the liquid is 1.231 litres.
• Compute the average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid
• Compute the coefficient of compressibility
• If the liquid has a density of 1593 kg/m3 what is the speed of sound in the medium
Sample Problem
• A gas having a volume of 40 litres has a pressure of 0.24 Mpa at
𝑚2
24deg Celsius. If the gas constant R is equal to 212 2 . Compute:
𝑠 𝐾
• Density of gas
• Mass of the gas
• Weight of gas
Sample Problem
• The radius of the tube is 1mm. The surface tension of water at 20
degree celsius is equal to 0.0728 N/m. For a water-glass interface 𝜃 =
0
• Compute the capillary rise in the tube in mm
• Compute the total force due to surface tension
• Compute the weight of water above the surface due to surface tension
Principles of Hydrostatics
1. The Liquid at rest cannot resist shearing stress

2. The total force is always normal to the plane where it acts.

(Perpendicular)

3. Pressure exists at every point

4. At any point in a liquid at rest. The pressure is equal in all directions

(Pascal’s Law)
Principles of Hydrostatics
5. The Pressure of all points lying on a plane parallel to the liquid
surface is equal

6. The Pressure varies linearly with depth

Liquid is at Rest
“EQUILIBRIUM”

“Atmosphere”
Free 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 𝑑𝐹
Pressure = = =
Patm = 0 Surface 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑑𝐴
• Absolute Pressure – measured from absolute zero perfect
vacuum

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

• Gage Pressure – measured from the atmosphere

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝐺𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 101.32312𝑃𝑎 = 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 10.94𝑚𝐻2 𝑂

P= P=
 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ
𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ′
𝑃 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ

Pressure is a scalar quantity

-pressure comes in every
direction

(+) towards surface

(-) away from the surface
Pressure acting Perpendicular to the
surface
Pressure acting Perpendicular to the
surface
Sample Problem
The reading of an automobile fuel gage is proportional to the
gage pressure at the bottom of the tank. The tank is 32cm deep and is
contaminated with 3cm of water.

1. If the tank is full of gasoline what should be the reading at the gauge
in Pa?
Use 𝛾𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 6670𝑁/𝑚3 and 𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 11.8𝑁/𝑚3
2. How many centimeters of air remains at the top when the gage
indicates full?
Piezometer Column
Piezometer Column
Piezometer Column
Piezometer Column
Piezometer Column
Pressure Measurements
A manometer usually is a tube bent in a form a “U” containing a
fluid of known specific gravity. The difference in elevations of the liquid
surfaces under pressure indicates the difference in pressure at the two
ends. Basically, there are two types of manometers.

1. An open manometer has one end, open to atmospheric pressure

and is capable of measuring the cause pressure in a vessel.
2. A differential manometer connects each end to a different pressure
vessel and is capable of measuring the difference in pressure
between two vessels.
Manometers

Close Manometer Open Manometer

Sample Problem
Calculate the difference in pressure between points A and B in
a. Kpa
b. Meters of Water
Sample Problem
A 1cm-dia U-tube contains mercury (SHg = 13.6)as shown. If 10 cubic
centimeter of water is poured into the right hand leg. What would be
the free surface heights after it has died down.?
Sample Problem
• If the pressure at A is 137.20 kPa, what is the pressure at B when
x=20cm.
Hydraulic Jack

In the figure shown, the bigger piston or plunger

is in the same elevation as the smaller piston or plunger.
By principle of surface of equal to the pressure under
the smaller piston that is PA = Pa
Hydraulic Jack
The forces causing these pressures may include the
weights of the pistons as the case may be, the above
equation becomes,

𝐹 + 𝑊𝐴 𝑓 + 𝑊𝑎
=
𝐴 𝑎
If the weights of the bigger and smaller pistons which
are 𝑊𝐴 and 𝑊𝑎 respectively are not considered it
becomes therefore:

𝐹 𝑓
=
𝐴 𝑎
Hydraulic Jack
If the pistons are not in the same elevation as the figure below.
The principle of manometry is applied.

From the figure shown, the

following equation holds
𝑃𝐵 − 𝛾𝐿 ℎ = 𝑃𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾𝐿 ℎ = 𝑃𝐵
Hydraulic Jack
If the weights of the pistons are considered, the following equation
holds:

𝑓 + 𝑊𝑎 𝐹 + 𝑊𝐴
− 𝛾𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝐿 ℎ =
𝑎 𝐴

But if the weights of the pistons are not considered, it becomes:

𝑓 𝐹
− 𝛾𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝐿 ℎ =
𝑎 𝐴
Sample Problem
In the given figure, calculate the magnitude of the force FR that is
required to keep the system in equilibrium. Consider the weights of the
bigger and smaller pistons to be 20kN and 10kN respectively, consider
the intervening passages filled with oil of specific 0.80
Sample Problem
Calculate the total weight acting on the piston if the gage reads 250
kPag
Sample Problem
• An hydraulic press contains confined liquid with a specific gravity of
0.65. if a force of 190 kilograms is applied on a circular lid (A) with a
diameter of 90 centimeters, what maximum load at B maybe placed
on a 1.2m by 6m rectangular platform lid