Index

A sizes of, 36–7 photosynthesis, 245–6 precipitation in, 202–4,

accuracy, 216, 310–11
acids, reactions with
metals, 116–17
activation, energy, 283–4
catalysts and, 297–8
ignition, temperatures
and, 285
reaction rates and,
295–6
activity series, 119–20
adsorb, 298
alcohols, see alkanols
alkali metals, 46–7
alkaline solutions, 199
alkalis, 199
alkanes, 259–63, 270–1
alkanols, 267
alkenes, 263–5
alkyl groups, 267
allotropy, 249–51
alloys, 99–102, 108
aluminium, 6–7, 106–7,
109, 123–4
ammonia, 187–8, 190–1
anhydrous, 196
anions, 51, 78
apparatus for measuring
solutions, 214–16
aqueous solutions, 195–7,
199, 202–28, see also
ions
atmosphere, 9–10, 25, 183
atomic number, 42–3, 156
atomic radius, 157–8
atomic theory (Dalton),
149
atomic weight, see relative
atomic mass (weight)
atoms, 35, 40–2
converting moles to,
136–7
average rate of reaction,
290
Avogadro, Amadeo,
149–51
Avogadro, constant, 134,
151
Avogadro’s hypothesis, 151
B in living matter, 11
backward reactions, 210
balanced equations, 74,
113
balanced formulae (neutral
species) equations,
116, 206–7
ball-and-stick models,
253–4
barium sulfate, 204
bauxite, 2, 6–7
binary compounds, 77
biological catalysts, 298–9
biosphere, 9–10
boiling, 21, 72
boiling points, 20–2,
158–9, 185
bonds see chemical bonds
branched-chain alkanes,
259–60
bromine, 29, 58
Bronze Age, 108, 123
buckminsterfullerene
(buckyball), 250
burettes, 214–16
burning see combustion
butane, 259, 270–1
C decomposition, 70–3
calcium fluoride, 50–1
calculations, significant
figures and, 311
carbohydrates from
carbon, 7
allotropes of, 249–51
atomic masses relative
to, 131–2
carbon–carbon bonds,
253–5
functional groups,
266–8
naming compounds of,
260–2, 265, 267
carbon dioxide in
greenhouse effect, 288
carbon monoxide from
fossil fuels, 286
catalysts, 291, 296–9
catalytic cracking, 258
cations, 51, 78
change in enthalpy (heat
of reaction), 276–8,
281, 298
changes of state, 20
chemical bonds, 52,
282–3, see also specific
types, e.g., covalent
bonding
chemical energy, 247,
276–7, 282–3
chemical properties, 28,
69, 104
chemical reactions
(changes), 68–9, 72,
see also equations for
chemical reactions
carbon functional
groups, 266–8
direct combination, 73–4
endothermic and
exothermic, 274–6
metals in, 115–17, 121
206, 208–10
volumes of gases in,
151–2
chlorine molecules, 52–4
coal, 268–9, 286
coefficients (of an
equation), 113
coke (from coal), 269,
274–5
colour, 20
combining power, see
valence (valency)
combustion, 274–99
pollution from fossil
fuels, 286–8
slow, fast and explosive,
289
complete, ionic, equations,
117, 206–7
compounds, 6–8, 187–8,
see also molecules
nature of and Periodic
Table, 165–6
concentration, 208, 212–13
condensation
(liquefaction), 22
condensed structural
formulae, 263–4
conservation of mass
(matter), 69
copper, 7, 111–14
Copper Age, 107, 123
copper nitrate heating, 70
corrosion resistance, 104
covalent binary compounds,
naming, 81
covalent bonding, 52–4,
188–9, 251–3
covalent compounds
(molecules), 53, 55,
80–1, 165–6

INDEX 341
covalent molecular
substances, 54, 57–9,
63, 187–8, 196–9
covalent network solids
(lattices), 59–61,
197–8
crude oil, 256–8
crystallisation, 196
D electronegativities, 166
Dalton, John, 149
decanting (decantation), 12
decomposition reactions,
70–3
delocalised electrons, 62
‘delta charges’, 188
density, 21, 23, 185
diamond, 59–60, 249–51
diatomic ions, 79
diatomic molecules, 39
dilution, 215–16
dipole–dipole forces,
189–90
dipoles, 188–9
direct combination
reactions, 73–4
discrete energy levels,
43–4
dispersion forces, 189–90
dissolution 196–7, 208–10
heat changes on, 223–4
distillates, 13
distillation, 13–15
crude oil, 256–8
double bonds, 251
dynamic equilibrium, 209
E equations for chemical
Earth, the
resources from, 2–3, 11
‘spheres’ of, 9–10
substances on, 10–11,
25, 26, 61, 184
economics of metal use,
124–5
electrical conductivity, 103
electrodes, 71
electrolysis, 71–2
electron clouds, 40–1
electron configurations,
44–5
stable, 45–9
electron-dot structures
(diagrams), 53–6,
187, see also formulae
double and triple bonds,
251–2
electron transfer reactions
(redox reactions),
117–18
electronegativity, 166, 189
electrons, 40–1
energy levels, 43–4
342 INDEX
elements, 6–8, see also filtration, 12, 16 heat changes,
Periodic Table; first ionisation energy, 120, decomposition
relative atomic mass 159–61 reactions, 70
(weight) food web, 247 heat of combustion, 280–1
atomic structure, 41–2 formula weight, 133, heat of reaction, (change
on Earth as free see also relative in enthalpy), 276–8,
elements, 25 molecular mass 281, 298
electron configurations, (molecular weight) heteroatomic molecules,
44–5 formulae, 37–8, 76, 188
129–53, see also heterogeneous catalysts, 297
molecules and lattices electron-dot heterogeneous matter, 5, 8
of, 38–9, 60–1 structures (diagrams) heterogeneous reactions,
properties and uses of, covalent binary 292
27–8 compounds, 81 history
symbols for, 37, inside empirical, 51, 140–1 formulae and equations,
right front cover ionic compounds, 51, 149–51
valencies of, 163 76–7 metals, 107–9, 122–4
empirical formulae, 51, molecular, 141 Periodic Table, 154–6
140–1 structural, 187–8, homogeneous catalysts,
endothermic reactions, 252–3, 263–4 296–7
223, 275–6, 282–3 forward reactions, 210 homogeneous matter, 5,
energy, 240–300 fossil fuels, 244–5, 247–8 8, 16
flow through the Australian sources, 248 homogeneous reactions,
environment, 246 composition of, 268–9 291–2
for metal extraction, crude oil, 256–8 homologous series, 260,
113–14 pollution from, 286–8 263
use and sources of, 241, fractional distillation, hydrates, 195–6
243–5 14–15 hydrides, boiling points of,
energy changes, crude oil, 256–8 192
decomposition gases, 17 hydrocarbons, 255, see also
reactions and, 73 fractionating columns, 14, fossil fuels
energy levels (energy 256 in crude oil, 258, 268
shells), 43–4, 47 freezing points, 21 naming, 260–2, 265,
energy-rich compounds, froth flotation, 111 267
246–7 fullerenes, 250–1 physical properties, 262,
enthalpy, 276–8, 281 functional groups, 265
enzymes, 298–9 266–8 safe storage, 270–1
uses of, 269–70
reactions, 74–5, G hydrogen in Periodic Table,
129–53 gases 48
copper extraction, moles of, 136 hydrogen bonds, 190–2
112–14 separation of, 17–18 hydrogen chloride, 53–4
ionic equations, 56, 116 volumes in reactions, hydrogen sulfide, 187–8
mass and, 143–6 151–2 hydronium ions, 198
moles and, 142–4 gasoline (petrol), 257–8 hydrosphere, 9–10, 180–1,
precipitation reactions, Gay-Lussac, Joseph, 183
206 149–51
ethane, 259, 270 gemstones, 61 I
ethanol, 267 germanium, 155–6 ice expansion on freezing,
distillation, 15 graphite, 249–51 193–4
ethene (ethylene), 263–4 gravimetric analysis, 23–5 ignition temperatures,
evaporation, 12–13, 16, 21 greenhouse effect, 288 284–5
evaporation to dryness, groups in Periodic Table, immiscible liquids, 15–16
12–13 28, 48 impure substances, 5
exothermic reactions, 223, insoluble defined, 204
275–6, 282–3 H intermolecular forces, 58,
expansion on freezing, half reactions (equations), 189–92
193–4 118 ionic bonding, 49–51, 56
explosions, 299 halogens, 46–7 Periodic Table and, 51,
hardness, 103 165–6
F heat, quantity of, 222–3 ionic compounds, 57–8
families of elements, 47 heat capacity, 185, 222–4, electron-dot structures,
filtrates, 12 226 55
 equations, 116–17
formulae, 51, 76–7
naming, 77–9
solutions of, 195, 205
ionic lattices, 59
ionisation energy, 120,
159–61
ionisation reactions, 199
ions, 49–51
in aqueous solution,
202–28
electron-dot structures,
54
polyatomic, 79
iron, 105–6, 108, 123–4
Iron Age, 108, 123
isomers of alkenes, 264–5
isotopes, 131
IUPAC nomenclature,
261–2
K 122, 147–8
kinetic energy, 295
L mixtures, 5–6, 8, 36
lattices, 59–63, 197–8
law of combining volumes,
150–1
law of conservation of mass
(matter), 69
law of octaves, 154–5
lead bromide, 71
lead iodide, 204
‘lead’ pencils, 251
Lewis electron-dot
structures, 252
light decomposition
reactions, 72–3
liquefaction, 22
liquids, separation of,
12–16
lithosphere, 9–10, 61, 183
living matter, 11
water and, 183–4, 195,
198, 226–7
M moles (quantity), 134–7
magnesium, 109
main-group elements, 28
mass calculations and
equations, 143–6
mass number, 42–3, see
also relative atomic
mass (weight)
measuring cylinders,
214–15
mechanical properties of
solids, 105
melting points, 20–1, 158,
185
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 155
metallic bonding, 62
metals, 26–7, 96–128, 165,
see also reactivity of net ionic equations, 116, physical properties, 69
metals 206 elements and their uses,
extraction from ores, neutral species (balanced 27–8
110–14, 122, 147–8 formulae) equations, hydrocarbons, 262,
history of 107–9, 122–4 116, 206–7 264–5
lattices, 62 neutrons, 41 ionic and covalent
in Periodic Table, 29, nitrogen oxides, 287 compounds, 57–9
164–5 noble gas configurations, mechanical, 105
reactions with acids, 46, 49 metals, 62, 103–4
oxygen and water, noble gases, 25, 47 periodic variation in,
115–17 nomenclature, IUPAC, 157–9
reactivity of, 115–17, 261–2 water, 184–6, 192–4,
121 non-metals, 26–7, 165 221, 226–7
recycling, 126 in Periodic Table, 29 physical states, 20, 29, 207
uses of, 100–1, 105–7, non-polar solvents, 197 picometres, atomic radii
121, 124–5 non-renewable resources, measured in, 158
methane, 187–8, 259, 270 126 pipettes, 214–16
combustion, 274–5 normal boiling points, 21–2 planet Earth, see Earth, the
Meyer, Lothar, 155 nucleus of atoms, 40–1 polar covalent bonds,
mineral ores, extraction of 188–9
metals from, 110–14, O polar molecules, 188–9
octane, 260, 274–5 polar solvents, 195
minerals, 110 oil, see crude oil pollution from fossil fuels,
miscible liquids, 15 ores, extraction of metals 286–8
from, 110–14, 122, polyatomic ions, 79
gravimetric analysis, 147–8 polymers, solubility of,
23–5 oxidation, 115, 117–19 198
modified periodic law, 156 oxides of nitrogen, 287 positive particles, see
molar heat of combustion, cations; protons
280–1 P precipitates, 202
molar heat of solution, particle nature of matter, precipitation reactions,
223–4 33–4, 36 202–4, 206, 208–10
molar mass, 135 particulates from burning products (of chemical,
molarity, 217–19 fossil fuels, 287–8 reactions), 69
molecular formulae, 38, parts per million (ppm), propane, 259, 270–1
141 213 propene, 263
molecular models, 253–4 per cent by weight, 213 protons, 41
molecular substances, per cent composition, pure substances, 5–6, 8,
covalent, 54, 57–9, 138–9 see also compounds;
63, 187–8, 196–9 percentage yield, 148 elements
molecular weight, 132 Periodic Table, 28–9, 47–9, boiling points, 22
molecules, 35–6 154–68, inside left properties used to
converting moles to, front cover identify, 20
136–7 covalent bonding and, purification, see
elements, 38–9 54 separation
sizes of, 36–7 electron configurations
and, 48 Q
chemical equations and, history, 154–6 quantitative aspects
142–4 ionic bonding and, 51 of formulae and
monatomic molecules, 39 metals and non-metals equations, 129–53
motion, 34 in, 29, 120 quantity of heat, 222–3
periodic law, 155, 159
N periods in, 28, 48 R
naming, see also formulae valence and, 48, 163 rates of reactions, 290–6
covalent compounds, periodic variation, 157–9 combustion, 289
80–1 petrochemical industry, reactants, 69
hydrocarbons, 260–2, 270 reactivity, 165
265, 267 petrochemical smog, 287 reactivity of metals,
ionic compounds, 77–9 petrol (gasoline), 257–8 115–17, 120, 165
natural gas, 268, 270 phase descriptors, 207 activity series, 119–20
separation, 17–18 photosynthesis, 245–6 choice of metal based
negative particles, see physical changes, 67, 69, upon 121
anions; electrons 72 corrosion resistance, 104
INDEX 343
 ease of extraction and,
122
recycling metals, 126
redox reactions, 117–20
reduction, 117–18, 120
relative atomic mass
(weight), 130–2,
inside right back cover
mass number, 42–3
relative to carbon, 131–2
relative formula mass
(formula weight), 133
relative molecular mass
(molecular weight),
132
respiration (cellular), 245–6
reverse reactions, 210
reversible reactions, 210–11
S 252–4, 263–4
saturated solutions, 208
‘sea’ of electrons, see
delocalised electrons
sea water, 10
salt from, 3, 13
sedimentation, 12
semi-metals, 29, 164–5
separating funnels, 15–16
separation, 18
gases, 17–18
liquids, 13–16
solids, 12, 16–17
solids and liquids, 12–13
sieving, 12
significant figures, 216,
310–11
silica, 60
single bonds, 251
sizes of atoms and
molecules, 36–7, 40
smelting, 111
sodium chloride, 50
soils, 11
solar energy, photosynthesis
and, 245–6
solids, 59, 63
separation from liquids,
12–13
solubility, 199, 208, see also
aqueous solutions
data tables, 204–5
separation, based on,
16–17
soluble defined, 204
solutes, 16–17
solutions, 12
apparatus for measuring,
214–16
solvents, 12, 17, 195
space-filling models, 253–4
specific heat capacity, 185,
222–4
344 INDEX
living organisms and, 226
spectator ions, 117, 203
‘spheres’ of planet Earth,
9–10, 183
spontaneous reactions, 289
stable electron
configurations, 45–7
state symbols (phase
descriptors), 207
states of matter, 20, 29, 207
steels (iron or ferrous
alloys), 100, 102
history and uses, 105–6,
108
stoichiometry, 129
straight-chain
hydrocarbons, 259,
265, 268
structural formulae, 187–8,
sulfur, 3, 7
sulfur dioxide from burning
fossil fuels, 286–7
surface tension, 184–5,
192–3
suspensions, 16
symbolic equations,
see equations for
chemical reactions
symbols for elements, 37,
inside right front cover,
see also electron-
dot structures
(diagrams); formulae
systematic names, see
naming
T word equations, 74
temperature, 222–3
activation energy and,
295–6
tensile strength, 103
thermal conductivity, 103,
185
living organisms, and,
226
thermal equilibrium, 222
thermal pollution, 227–8
thermal properties of water,
221, 226–7
titanium, 109, 124
transition elements,
(metals), 28, 48
triple bonds, 251
trivial names, 262
tungsten, 109
U
U tubes, 17
ultraviolet light, 293
unsaturated solutions, 208
V
valence (valency), 47–8,
77, 80, inside left back
cover
Periodic Table and, 163
valence shells, 47
vaporisation, 12–13
viscosity, 184–5, 193
volatility, 14, 262
volumes of gases in
reactions, 151–2
volumetric flasks, 214–16
W
water, 180–200
aqueous solutions,
195–7, 199, 202–28
boiling, 72
covalent bonding, 53–4
electrolysis, 71–2
expansion on freezing,
193–4
in hydrosphere, 10
living organisms and,
226–7
properties of, 184–6,
192–4
reactions of, 115–16,
198–9
‘role’ in the earth, 184
specific heat capacity,
223
structure of, 187–8
thermal pollution, 227–8
thermal properties of,
221
water of crystallisation, 196
Y
yield of metal from ores,
147–8