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ANTIOXIDANTS will help our bodies neutralize these
dangerous free radicals has also
More than thirty years ago, the resulted in claims by supplement
Duke biochemistry graduate student Joe makers that arenʹt always born out by
McCord was looking for the function of the facts. Pills, powders, oils, foods,
one obscure enzyme when he and beverages all make claims and
accidentally stumbled on another. He counterclaims about their powers as
was so intrigued that he immediately antioxidants.
called his mentor, Irwin Fridovich, to No one disputes the immense
take a look. McCord had found a damage caused by free radicals. These
substance in the body that seemed to unstable oxygen molecules produce
exist in every living species. As far as what is called oxidative stress, which
they could tell, this protein existed in the has now been linked to more than one
cells of all mammals, plants, and even hundred diseases. Search the medical
microbes. Every single one of them. literature on oxidative stress, and you
Right up the food chain, The only living will find more than 39,000 papers.
organisms whose cells didnʹt have the Whatʹs more, free radicals and the
enzyme were anaerobic bacteria‐‐ resulting oxidative stress have been
bacteria that do not need oxygen to linked to aging, which is why I am
survive. Initially, McCord and Fridovich including them in this book.
didnʹt know what this enzyme did, but Back in 1969, when McCord and
they knew it must be important. After Fridovich published their ground‐
all, every oxygen‐breathing creature had breaking findings on superoxide
selected for this enzyme during millions dismutase in the Journal of Biological
of years of evolution. The two Chemistry, their paper was met largely
researchers had discovered a protein, with indifference, even in the field.
which they named superoxide McCord remembers presenting the
dismutase, or SOD, that neutralized findings for the first time to his peers at
superoxide, an unstable and dangerous the Federation of American Societies
oxygen molecule called a free radical. for Experimental Biology in Atlantic
This was the dawn of research City, New Jersey. He talked about this
into antioxidants and free radicals. remarkable antioxidant enzyme that
Searching for ways to fight these free scavenges free radicals.
radicals has been the source of intense ʺAlmost everyoneʹs response
interest among scientists who want to was, ʹWhatʹs a free radical?’” recalls
find ways to improve and extend life. McCord, who is now a professor of
The enormous market for products that medicine at the University of Colorado
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Health Sciences Center and works for a carʹs engine. In a car, the result is the
supplement maker. production of carbon monoxide.
There are different markers of Unlike a car, we have built‐in
oxidative stress in the body that increase ways to repair minor damage and
more or less in a straight line as we age. neutralize free radicals: antioxidants.
Your level at forty is greater than your They are able to scavenge most of these
level at thirty. Your level at fifty is free radicals. However, they do not get
greater than your level at forty, and so all of them, and as we age, the
on. Oxidative stress is like the wear and remaining free radicals cause damage.
tear on a car, McCord says. In fact, one Our own ʺengineʺ becomes less
way to view aging is the slow oxidation efficient. The ʺtailpipe emissionsʺ get
of your body. This raises a question: dirtier, These dirty emissions, the free
What, if anything, can we do to stop free radicals, eventually cause too much
radicals in our bodies from oxidizing—or damage to be repaired by the bodyʹs
aging—us in order to extend our lives own mechanisms. As a result, our
and improve our health? Before I look at bodies start breaking down.
that question, letʹs consider what we Ground zero for oxidative
mean when we talk about antioxidants. damage is the mitochondria, the cellsʹ
power plants. Mitochondria are
FIGHTING FREE RADICALS microscopic, sausageshaped structures
inside the cells. Hundreds of
Many of the systems in our body mitochondria exist in every cell. The
exist simply to take in oxygen and get it mitochondria convert sugars and
to our cells. We breathe oxygen into our oxygen into adenosine triphosphate
lungs, transfer it to our red blood cells, (ATP), an energy‐releasing molecule
and then our heart pumps it around our that powers most of what goes on in
bodies, where cells use it to burn sugars the cell.
to create energy. Unfortunately, there is Like most power plants, the
a downside to this process. A byproduct process is not perfectly efficient. There
of this energy production is an unstable is some ʺpollution.ʺ In the case of the
form of the oxygen molecule, This is a mitochondria, the potentially harmful
free radical, and it can wreak havoc at by‐products are the free radicals. The
the cellular level, damaging cells. That free‐radical oxygen molecules are
means oxygen, the same basic element highly reactive because they are
that sustains us, may sow the seeds of missing one electron, and electrons are
cellular aging. Extending the car most stable when theyʹre paired. To
analogy, McCord likens these free become more stable, free radicals steal
radicals to incomplete combustion in a electrons from other molecules. These
molecules, in turn, become unstable
and steal molecules from still other
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molecules. The chain reaction results in reduce the number of free radicals and
cellular damage, including damage to help prevent age‐related diseases, such
DNA and the mitochondria themselves. as cancer and heart disease. The
Damage to the DNA can cause tumors government and others underwrote
and cancer. Damage to the mitochondria large‐scale, long‐term studies to see
causes them to become less efficient and, whether increased doses of vitamin E,
over time, generate less energy‐ vitamin A, and vitamin C would offer
producing ATP and more free radicals. extra disease‐fighting protection. The
Eventually, enough oxidative damage experiments did not produce the
occurs to trigger the cell to self‐destruct. hoped‐for results.
As oxidative damage accumulates, it can ʺI think we unfortunately went
damage connective and nerve tissues down the garden path,ʺ McCord says.
and blood vessels. ʺWe had the idea that more would be
Energy production in our cells is better, and there was very little
not the only reason free radicals form in evidence of that.ʺ
our bodies. Smoking, exposure to the The American Heart Association
sun, and other environmental factors released a science advisory in 2004 that
also produce free radicals that can cause said research on vitamin C, vitamin E,
premature cellular aging. and beta‐carotene (a form of vitamin A)
It stands to reason that anything supplements failed to justify their use
we can do to eliminate free radicals to prevent or treat cardiovascular
would greatly benefit us in our quest to disease. The American Cancer Society
live longer, healthier lives. So it shouldnʹt also does not advocate taking these
come as a surprise that our bodies have vitamins as supplements, because the
developed ways to fight rampaging free results of studies testing their results
radicals. Vitamins A, C, and E, SOD, and against cancer have been
two other enzymes you probably havenʹt disappointing. In fact, in cancer
heard of —catalase and glutathione patients, taking vitamin E might hurt
peroxidase—prevent most but not all of the bodyʹs natural ability to fight tumor
the oxidative damage in cells. As I cells by actually helping keep tumor
mentioned earlier, oxidative damage still cells alive.
takes place. Stopping that process could Jeffrey Blumberg, director of the
be one of the biggest keys to chasing life. Antioxidants Research Laboratory at
How can we better arm our bodiesʹ own the USDA Human Nutrition Research
defenses to fight more successfully Center on Aging, at Tufts University,
against these free radicals? was not surprised by the studiesʹ
For years, researchers thought the disappointing results and is critical of
solution might lie in antioxidant studies that look for a nutrient, such as
vitamins. Supplementing our diets with vitamin E, to prevent cancer or heart
these vitamins, scientists reasoned, might disease. The antioxidant defense
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network is complicated, he says, ʺAntioxidant therapy is by no
involving both what we eat and what means a dead topic; we have simply
our cells produce. been looking at the wrong ones,ʺ
ʺItʹs not a one nutrient, one McCord says. The focus, he says,
disease sort of thing. Itʹs complex.ʺ should be on how we can supplement
Studies of the disease‐fighting power of our diets to increase the levels of the
different vitamins tend to be overly two enzymes that do the heavy lifting
simplistic, he says, trying to cure one when it comes to neutralizing free
disease with one supplement at one radicals: superoxide dismutase (SOD),
dose. Antioxidants work in concert, he the enzyme he codiscovered almost
says, as part of a dynamic system in the four decades ago, and catalase. These
body. Like the American Heart two enzymes, he says, are responsible
Association and American Cancer for scavenging 99 percent of the free
Society, Blumberg advocates a balanced radicals in the body. If we can get the
diet rich in whole grains and a variety of body to produce more of these
fruits and vegetables. As weʹve seen, enzymes, he reasons, then it would do
eating fruits and vegetables, which are a better job at fighting free radicals.
loaded with antioxidants, has been Donʹt bother popping pills containing
linked to a lower risk for many chronic SOD. This is useless, because it is
and potentially life‐shortening diseases. digested and churned up by the
ʺI do feel there is an enormous stomach like any other protein.
power to nutrition,ʺ Blumberg says, McCord says there are about
adding that we need to eat in moderation forty plants, most of them used in
and eat a wide array of fruits and traditional medicine in India and
vegetables to maximize the power of China, that have been shown to induce
good nutrition. ʺYou need that diversity, the body to produce more SOD and
that variety of plant foods to provide the catalase. McCord recently coauthored
full complement of antioxidant an article in the journal Free Radical
nutrients.ʺ Biology and Medicine that showed how a
McCord, now in the Division of supplement containing five such plant
Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care extracts not only increased the bodyʹs
Medicine at the University of Colorado production of SOD and catalase but
Health Sciences Center, is not ready to decreased the markers for oxidative
give up on using supplements as stress associated with aging. Whether
antioxidants just yet. The biochemist this translates into longer life remains
thinks the disappointments from vitamin to be seen. The supplement contained
studies do not show that antioxidant extracts of the following:
supplements do not work, just that the
research has been misdirected. 1. green tea
2. turmeric
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3. milk thistle
4. ashwaganda and,
5. bacopa.
Ashwaganda (also spelled
ashwagandha) is a plant also known as
winter cherry. Bacopa is an herb. This
was a very small study, with only
twentyaine participants, but statistically
very strong. Still a lot more research
needs to be done. ʺIt may not be the final
answer, but it may open a doorway that
has a lot of answers behind it,ʺ says
McCord. He enjoys thinking that the
enzyme he discovered almost forty years
ago may be at the heart of antioxidant
research in the years to come.