HISTORY REVIEWER

© angelica garcia

FIRST PART: Personal Notes

GOVERNMENT IN SPANISH PERIOD

 Government was said to be frailocracy that recognizes power of friars according to some
writers but in reality, it was monarchy – since the King of Spain is the head.

Life under Spanish Rule in the Philippines

 Friars were the first weather forecasters, makers of the Philippine map, established different
schools and hospitals.
 Aglipay vs Catholic Church – Aglipays don’t recognize the Pope, their priests can marry, and their
purpose was to establish own religion. (This was debated in the Malolos Congress but the side
that won was the Separation of Church and State)

 Separation of Church and State

 In the constitution: Church is applicable to all kinds of religions but state refers to
government.
 State cannot collect taxes from the Church and cannot give financial support and support
any religion.
 Church refers to common believers and the lay people.
 Church people have the right to speak about sociopolitical issues because they are part
of the country.
 Not every right can be guaranteed.
 There was a union of Church and State in the Spanish period.
 There was a heavy influence of Church in public affairs. Church then does not only include the
priests, but also friars (Friars are members of any religious organization, such as deacons, lay
people
– brothers, and sisters (nuns))
 Not all abusive people in the Church are priests.
 There was a union of Church and State because the King of Spain designated himself as the
Protector of the Catholic Faith. It was a strategy to become more powerful.

 Abuses of Friars
 Archbishop Nozaleda – Archbishop of Manila, Parish priest of Manila Cathedral. Showed
abuse of power.
 He did not like Rizal because his writings were about the abuses of friars and he wanted
Rizal to be connected/included in the Katipunan movement so he could get rid of him.
(The Katipuneros made Rizal their leader without him knowing, so the Spaniards thought
Rizal was associated with them.)
 When Rizal was exiled in Cuba, evidence of him being associated with the Katipunan
was found and Ramon Blanco was tasked to investigate the case. Nozaleda wanted
Blanco to ―frame‖ Rizal (sabihing guilty siya) but Blanco refused to agree to Nozaleda
since he found out Rizal was innocent.
 Nozaleda was angered by Blanco’s actions so he replaced Blanco with Polavieja, who then
signed the order to execute Rizal.
 Friars also had sexual abuses.
 Manuel Quezon was the grandson of a friar. His grandmother was raped, and she bore
their son, Lucio Quezon. Manuel Quezon became a member of the Katipunan even if his
father
 was killed by a fellow Katipunero. Manuel Quezon was also accused of rape but he won
the case because there was no direct evidence.

 There were times when the Church was more powerful than the Governor General.
 Spain ruled the Philippines for 333 years. (1565 – 1898)
 The Philippines was headed by the governor general and was assisted by a council – council
members were called regidores.

 Governor General
 Appointed by king of Spain
 Head of government in the Philippines
 Captain General or Commander of all Spanish Forces
 Final judge of Islands
 Has power to appoint even religious officials
 Had a fixed term and can be replaced if there is a new government in Spain (However, this
was not 100% followed, example was the case of Ramon Blanco)

 2 types of Local Governments

1. Alcaldia
- Later become the provinces
- Headed by the Alcalde Mayor who later became the governor
- Alcalde Mayor was appointed by the Governor General.
- Indulto de Comercio: salaries of governors were low so they were allowed to engage in
business and this was prone to abuse.
- Fully controlled and peaceful places
- Regular and pacified area; securely under Spanish Control

2. Corrigimiento
- Headed by Gobernador Politico-Militar, who is a military official
- Area yet to be fully pacified or placed under full Spanish control; strategic

 Next to the province were Pueblos

 Headed by Gobernadorcillo, who are natives
 Gobernadorcillos do not receive salary. They help keep law and order and collect taxes for
the government. However, they receive commission from taxes from the people.
Gobernadorcillos are not taxed.

Impositions required from the Natives during the Spanish Colonization Period

1. Taxes
 Tribute = 8 reales/ P4.00 a year
 Diezmos Prediales = tithes/ 10th of income for Church
 Samboangan = rice donation for soldiers; taxes levied for fort construction
 Vinta = tax levied to maintain the navy
 Bandala = natives were to reach a certain quota and government dictates the price of
goods for every citizen
 Chinese people also paid taxes to the government
2. Products
 Different places in the Philippines offered different kinds and varieties of products from
fruits, rice, and fish.

3. Labor
 Polo y’ Servicio = compulsory labor for 16 – 40 year old males; must provide community
labor for 40 days per year. (was later reduced to 15 days)
 Falla = payment for exemption in Polo y’ Servicio
 Polo or Prestacion Personal was resorted to when there was a shortage of Native labor
 When laborers worked for more than 40 days, they complained about neglecting their
farms and families. This was one of the causes of the Samuroy Rebellion in Samar in
1649.
 Farmers complained about not getting paid for their rice causing the Maniago Rebellion
in 1660.

 Taxes were not enough to support the colony. Philippines received the proceeds of sales tax
from trading with Mexico called real situado.

 Treasure Ships
 Galleons had an impact on the trade and migration in the Philippines
 Spanish sailing ships in the 16th century were made in the Philippines
 Viaje de Ida = Mexico to Philippines; Viaje de Vuelta = Philippines to Mexico
 Galleon ships were constructed in Cavite, Bugatao, Sorsogon, Albay, Camarines,
Marinduque,
Mindoro, and Pangasinan. They are made by natives, and they get their workers from polo y’ servicio.

 Manifests of Galleon were literally the products of Asia

1. Silk – variety of weaves from delicate gauzes to the elaborate primaveras and fine
damasks
2. Stocking – most important product made from silk because both men and women in the
17th century wore stockings, especially in Europe
3. Mantel de Manila – most important product of Philippines. It is a table cloth made of silk
where designs were embroidered unto it.
4. Cloaks and Robes

 Other Sources of Taxes

1. Chinese head tax
2. Government monopoly like galleon trade (the independence of Mexico from Spain caused
the loss of real situado)

 Division of Races under the Spanish Rule

1. Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain
2. Insulares – Spaniards born in Philippines; the original ―Filipinos‖
3. Criollos – Spaniards born in colonies
4. Mestizos – products of intermarriages
5. Chinos – Chinese
6. Indios – natives

 Heavy Influences of Church on Public Affairs

 Religious, especially friars, interfered in politics and many of them became abusive
  Church was more influential because at all times, Philippines relied on them for Spiritual
needs.

RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Before the Coming of the Gospel

 Belief in a Supreme Being (Bathala, Laon, Cabunian

 Polytheism: secondary deities (Kaptan – first bamboo), (Manguayen – boat of the dead),
(Sumpot
– god of hell), (Sisiburanin – lord of hell)
 Lalahon – goddess of good and bad harvest.
 Varangao – carries the souls to heaven.
 Sidapa – powers of deciding the length of lives

The Similarities (Early beliefs of Filipinos vs Christianity)

 Places of worship (sibi)

 Katalonan, Babaylan or Baylan.
 Prayers, offerings, sacrifices, penitential rites, dances and songs.
 Origin of man
 The body after life. ―washed, rubbed with aromatic spices, poured preservative into the mouth, ears and
nostrils in such an effective manner.‖ – Pedro Chirino, SJ
 Spiritual and immortality of the soul

The Need of the Colony

 Driven by the desires of King Philip II to convert the natives to the religion of Christ.
 ―First, that Your order the provision of religious and clergymen who may preach the Holy Gospel and
convert the natives of these regions.‖
 Fr. Diego de Herrera, Fr. Martin de Herrera and Fr. Pedro de Gamboa
 After 12 years, Pope Gregory XIII raised the archipelago to the category of a Christian nation,
then founded the Diocese of Manila.

Overview of Religious Orders in the Philippines

 Augustinian order (1571) continued to send its missionaries to the Philippines. Sent to Cebu,
Iloilo, Manila, Pangasinan, Ilocos Region
 1577 –Franciscans-Southern Tagalog and Bicol
 1583 –Jesuits-Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao
 1587 –Dominicans-Bataan Pangasinan, Batanes, Cagayan
 1606 –Recollects-Northern Mindanao, Palawan, Zambales

1. The Order of Saint Augustine (Augustinians)

 The Order of Saint Augustine was founded in 1244 in Italy when several communities of
hermits living in the region of Tuscany came together to ask Pope Innocent IV that they
be united under one common Rule of life and one Superior General like other Orders
that had recently been founded. The Pope gave them the Rule of Saint Augustine and asked
representatives of each of their houses, gathered in chapter, to elect a Prior General who
would be the sign and principal promoter of their desired unity.
 They came with the Legazpi expedition.
 Andres de Urdaneta, Martin de Rada, Andres de Aguirre, Diege de Herrera (Apostles of the
Cebuanos), Pedro de Gamboa.
  “Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus”
 2,320,667 souls, 231 parishes, 22 provinces by the end of 1898.
 475 schools in the year 1800
 3,000,000 contributions to hospitals and charities.
 57 martyrs in the Philippines, Japan and China
 By the end of colonial Spain, 2,830 Augustinian friars came to the Philippines.
 Mission works were in Manila, Tondo, Tambobong, Tinajeros, Navotas, Novaliches, Malate,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Cebu, Ilo-ilo, Capiz, Leyte
 Known Augustinians
a. Fr. Alvarado – the first Catholic missionary of Manila
b. Fr. Albuquerque the Philologist
c. Fr. Blanco the naturalist
d. Fr. Medina the historian

2. Order of Friar Minor (Franciscans)

 Mendicant Friars (Latin mendicare,"to beg") are members of religious orders in the Roman
Catholic church, who take a vow of poverty by which they renounce all personal and
communal property.
 They live chiefly by charity. After overcoming the initial opposition of the established
clergy, the chief societies were authorized in the 13th century.
 The Franciscan movement began in the year 1208, when Francis of Assisi, having lived two
years as a penitent (one who seeks to reform his life and draw closer to God through daily
life and works,) was joined by a few like-minded followers. Eventually, three major orders
arose from the Franciscan movement.
 They arrived in Manila on June 24, 1577
 ―San Gregorio Magno‖
 During the Spanish regime, 2,567 Franciscan missionaries came and 210 half-caste who
took the habit of St. Francis in Manila.
 154 towns, 1,124,278 souls and 467 elementary
schools.  72 suffered martyrdom, of whom 31 are now
on the altar
 Mission Works: Santa Ana, Paco, Sampaloc, San Juan del Monte, San Francisco del Monte,
Pandacan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Infanta, Isabela .
 They were strict observant of the religious vow of poverty, and in contrast to other religious
orders, they did not acquire property.
 Notable Franciscans
a. Fr. Plasencia the pedagogue
b. San Pedro Bautista and proto-martyr of Japan
c. Fr. Juan Clemente – Hospital of San Juan de Dios
d. Fr. Huerta of Monte de Piedad and Carriedo Water Supply

3. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

 Member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by
St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works,
once regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation, and later a
leading force in modernizing the church.
 The first Jesuits who arrived were Fathers Antonio Sedeno and Alonzo Sanchez with
Brother
Nicolas Gallardo.
 Their first missions includes Taytay and Antipolo.
  Fr. Chirino opened a mission house in Cebu.
 They aslo founded the mission in Dapitan in Zamboanga.
 They were expelled in 1768 and returned to the Philippines in 1859.

4. Order of Augustinian Recollects (Recollects)

 The Order of Augustinian Recollects (O.A.R.) are a mendicant Catholic religious order of
friars and nuns that began in sixteenth-century Spain as a reformist offshoot from the
Order of St Augustine that had commenced in the year 1256, and both orders follow the
same Rule of St Augustine.
 The Recollect Fathers, also known by the name of Barefooted Augustinians of St. Nichols.
 They arrived in the Philippines in May 1606.
 1,623 recollects had come to Manila in charge of 150 towns with 1,600,000 inhabitants with
630 schools.
 They started their mission works in Zambales also in Mabalacat, Capas, Bamban in Central
Luzon.
 24 suffered martyrdom.

5. Beaterios
 Franciscans Mothers of St. Clara in 1621 – worked in hospitals and churches in the
Philippines with a life of contemplation and prayer.
 Dominican sisters of St. Catherine in 1633 but were firmly established in 1686. They
focused on the education of girls. They founded the Colleges of Santa Catalina and Santa
Rosa in Manila, Santa Imelda of Tugegarao, Santa Rita of Pampanga, Santisimo Rosario of
Lingayen and Our Lady of Rosary in Manila.
 Mothers of La Compañia founded under the direction of the Jesuit Fathers. They are also
known as Religious mothers of Mary.
 Colegio-Normal del Beaterio and Our Lady del Pilar at Zamboanga.
 Recollect Mothers who founded the Beaterio of Santa Rita in 1719.
 Colleges of Santa Rita in Manila, San Carlos in Cavite.
 Augustinians Mothers founded by the Augustinian Fathers for the purpose of giving shelter
for the poor and abandoned girls and established the College of San Rafael.

6. Order of Preachers (Dominicans)

 The Order of Preachers was founded in 1216 by St. Dominic de Guzman in response to a
then desperate need for informed preaching. Against a heresy which denied the dignity
of our humanity, St. Dominic trained a group of preachers who would serve the Church in
its affirmation of the world as the place where Christ is discovered.
 St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221), was a Spanish priest who was struck by the need
for preaching the true faith in light of the rampant heresy he encountered while travelling
in southern France. As Dominic began his preaching ministry, he established a group of
women-converts into a monastic community that would have the special task of praying for
the preaching of Dominic and his companions. Gradually he attracted men to join him in his
task of preaching, and began the process of formally establishing the Order of Preachers.
On December 22, 1216, Pope Honorius III formally approved the new Order, and Dominic
served as the Master or superior of the entire Order until his death in 1221.
 On July 21, 1587, the first Dominicans arrived in Cavite.
 ―Province of the Most Holy Rosary of the Philippines‖.
 The Archdiocese of Manila
 It was first governed by a deputy judge of the Order of Saint Augustine granted by
Pope Paul III.
 But the Archbishop of Mexico appointed deputy judges Luis Barruelo and Juan de
Vivero.
 It was resolved with the resignation of Fray Agustin Albuquerque and replaced by Frays
Juan de Ayora and Agustin de Tordesillas until the first bishop arrive, Fray Domingo de
Salazar, OP
 Domingo de Salazar, OP
 FIRST BISHOP OF MANILA AND DEFENDER OF THE NATIVES
 The influences:
a. Francisco de Vitoria – ―Relectiones de Indis‖
b. Father and founder of International Law
c. Defender of rights and freedom in the Americas.
d. Salazar was chosen to visit the New Spain and explain the Relectiones.
e. Bartolome de Las Casas – protector of the natives, ―Father‖ of the New World.
f. Salazar was called the ―Las Casas of the Philippines‖
 Salazar becomes a Dominican
a. Convent of San Sebastian, 1545.
b. Young men formed following the footsteps of Dominicans during their time, Vitorio, Soto
and Melchor Cano.
c. The were educated with the best Spanish theologians during the 16 th century.
d. Domingo Cuevas and Bartolome de Medina.
e. 1551-1552, his first assignment was in America.
 The Philippines Before Salazar
a. 1581 when Salazar arrived in Manila and the conquest was still at the early stage.
b. The Spaniards had been in the Philippines in 15 years and Manila had been founded as a
city 10 years before.
c. Augustinians and Franciscans as the pioneers of mission works.
d. Mission works did not go far from Manila
 The Synod of Manila (1581 – 1586)
a. ―I have been reared in the doctrine of the Bishop of Chiapas.‖
b. Convoked the clergymen and lay persons to a special meeting to discuss the problems
affecting the Spaniards and the natives of the Philippines.
c. Problems includes the ―legitimacy of the conquest of the Philippines‖
 A synod is a council assembled by the church wherein they decide matters of
doctrine, administration, or application. In the Manila synod of 1582, the first
bishop of Manila, Domingo de Salazar, along with his fellow missionaries and some
laymen, decided on why they were settling here, how they were supposed to act, how
much tribute they should collect, and — surprisingly (though it is the synod’s necessary
consequence) — how they were to make amends for all the wrongs their countrymen
inflicted upon the natives ever since the day the conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi,
set foot on the islands in 1565.
 Works of Salazar
a. Erection of the church of Manila
b. Apostolic planning of the Diocese
c. Conversion of the Chinese when the officials looked at them as necessary evils.
d. Advancement of Christianity
e. The first arancel: 1588
SECOND PART: From powerpoint presentation uploaded by History Prof.

Early Revolts: Causes

1. Political: Desire to regain the lost freedom of their ancestors

2. Religious: Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities
3. Personal: Abuses of the Spaniards; hated tribute and oppressive forced labor; Lost of
ancestral land

Political Revolts

Religious Revolts Personal Revolts

Why all these revolts failed?

1. Absence of national leader

2. Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos
3. Inadequate training and preparation for warfare.

Changes during the Spanish Era

1. Members of the Society

a. Social Class: based on purity of Blood (Limpieza de Sangre)
b. Women: treated as 2nd class citizens
c. Mestizo: intermarriages of different races
2. Church Activities
a. Fiesta: celebration in honor of the patron saint
b. Advento: Preparation for birth of Jesus
3. Change in Name
 Governor General Claveria
 Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos
4. Transportation
 Manila-Dagupan
Railway  Tranvias
  Kalesa
5. Geographical Identity
 Introduction of geographical unity
6. Architecture/Houses
 Spain introduced European architecture
 colonial churches

NATIONALISM

A. Development of Nationalism in the

Philippines  Exposed the vulnerability of
Spain:
a. British Invasion: Rule of Spain could be challenged by force of arms
b. Silang Polaris: Demonstrated the capability of the region to unite & expel the Spaniards
from their territories
 Economic development leading to Socio-Economic Change
a. Basi Revolt: Monopoly of Basi leading to the bloodiest uprising ever recorded during this
time
b. Opening of Suez Canal: A man made canal which offers a shorter route and travel time
between Spain and Philippines.
c. Rise of middle Class: Native who are able to participate in foreign trade because of the
Laissez-faire policy.
 Laissez-faire policy: less or no interference of government on trading and economy,
leading to an increase in manufactured goods, value of goods, export and Import; They
experienced change in lifestyle, they were also able to send their children to study in
Manila and Europe and would later ask for reform for the country
 Liberalism in the Philippines
a. Liberal leaders: Governor-General Carlos de la Torre introduced reforms in our
country
b. Campaign for Secularization: Seculars are asking their right to administer
positions in parish
 Event that changed the people
a. Execution of GomBurZa: Sentenced to death by Garote for an alleged participation in the
Cavite Mutiny

Aim of the Propaganda Movement

1. Philippines as province of Spain 4. Secularization &

Pilipinasyon
2. Equal right of the Spaniards & the Filipinos 5. Human Rights
3. Representative in Spanish Cortez

Great Triumvirate

1. Jose Rizal (Great Thinker) – Noli Me Tangere at El Filibusterismo

2. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (Great Orator) – Fray Botod, La Hija del Fraile
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Great Political Analyst and Journalist) – Caiigat Cayo, at Dasalan
at Toksohon

Aim of Katipunan

1. Principle of self-help and the defence of the weak and poor

2. Separation of the Philippines from Spain
3. Teaching of good manners hygiene and good moral character
AMERICAN RULE

Benevolent Assimilation

 came not as invaders or conquerors but as friends

 Long term effect: Intervention of the US to the economic and politics of the Phil

Laws

1. Cooper Act: Philippine Organic Act of 1902; Bill of Rights; 2 Resident Commissioners in US
Congress; Formation of the Philippine Assembly
2. Jones Law of 1916: Philippine Autonomy Act; provided the possibility of Philippine
independence after a stable government; Bill of Rights; Creation of a bicameral houses

Filipino-American War

1. Feb. 1, 1899 – American Engineers were arrested by Filipinos troops

2. Feb. 2, 1899 – General MacArthur protested the presence of Filipino soldiers within the
American lines
3. Feb. 4, 1899 – Private Willie W. Grayson shot Filipino soldier

Changes during Japanese Occupation

1. Government Reorganization: Central Administration Organization lead by Filipinos but are

greatly advise by Japanese
2. Educational Policy: Propagation of Filipino culture; Propagation of Japanese language and
culture; Vocational and elementary education
3. 2nd Republic: to win the loyalty and cooperation of Filipino Japan gave the Philippines an early
grants of independence

Religious Groups

1. Augustinian Order (1571)

 Cebu, Iloilo, Manila, Pangasinan, Ilocos region
 Fr. Andres de Urdaneta (Legaspi expedition)
 Provincia del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus
2. Franciscans (1577)
 Southern Tagalog and Bicol
 Fr. Plasencia the pedagogue
 ―San Gregorio Magno‖

3. Jesuits (1583)
 Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao
 1768: expelled in the Philippines leading to rearrangement of the mission territories
4. Recollects (1606)
 Northern Mindanao, Palawan, Zambales
 They arrived in the Philippines in May 1606.

Dominican Order
1. Arrival
 1581: Fr. Domingo Salazar
 1587: 15 Dominicans
2. Luminaries
 Thomas Aquinas: 13th century most prominent theologians (Summa Theologica)
 Bl. Innocent V: 1st Dominican Pope
3. Dominican Charism
 Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare:
 To praise, to bless/serve, to preach

 University of Santo Tomas

 1605: Last will of Fr. Benavides: donated 1,500 and his book collection for the
establishment of a seminary college
 1611: Establishment of UST; 139 Postigo St. Intramuros
 1645: grant as a university
 Jesuits were Expelled: University of Santo Tomas take over the administration of the
Colegio de Maximo San Ignacio and used as an extension campus of UST
 UST students in 1965-1972 participated in massive demonstrations
 UST 2nd Campus: 1925: start of the construction of the Main Building (architect: Father
Roque Ruano); Served as an internment Camp during World War II
 Rectors of UST: Jose Noval: tricentenial Rector of UST and Leonardo Legaspi OP: 1st
Filipino rector of UST (start the Filipinization of UST)
 Symbols in Current Seal of UST
a. simple shield quartered by the Dominican Cross
b. Sun: St. Thomas
c. Tiara: Pontifical
d. Lion: Royal
e. Sea-Lion: Philippines
f. Rose: Blessed Virgin Mary
 4 National Cultural Treasures
a. Main Building
b. Arch of the Century
c. Open Field
d. Central Seminary
 Titles
a. Royal
b. Pontifical
c. Catholic