UPSC Mains 2017 Q& A

Dhyeya Student Portal DSP EDGE
AS
;
s I
è; DSP EDGE
701, 1st Floor, Main Road, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009
AS
;
s
Please visit: www.dhyeyaias.com
I
è; Student Portal Login
D S P E D G
Register (if new user)
E
Explore world of knowledge
for details call : 9205279746
EDGE for IAS esUl 2017
Dhyeya Student Portal
è;s; IAS (most trusted since 2003) laLFkku us flfoy lsok ijh{kk dh orZeku ekaXkks
le>rs gq, vaXkzsth ds lkFk&lkFk fgUnh ekè;e] Xkzkeh.k
fo'ks"kdj
i`"BHkwfe
ds vH;fFkZ;ksa dks
ykHkkfUor djus gsrq] ^^è;s; LVqMsUV iksVZy** ds :i esa ,d bZ&IysViQkeZ dk ç
^^è;s; LVqMsaV iksVZy**] vaXkzsth ,oaçfrfnu
fo'ks"kdj
mÙkjfgUnh
ys[kuesa]
vH;kl
,oa mudk
ewY;kadurFkkfuca/ ys[kuo lelkef;d eqn~nksa
ij lVhd lkeXkzh miyC/ djokus ds
lkFk&lkFk mudh ppkZ ds fy, ,d çHkkoh IysViQkeZ miyC/ djokrk gSA
vU; laLFkkuksa ,oa bZ&iksVZyksa dh vis{kk è;s; iksVZy
µ dh fof'k"Vrk
IAS/PCS ijh{kkvkas esa liQyrk
mÙkj ys[ku vH;kl

fgUnh
A

S
è;s; LVqMsUV iksVZy
vU; iksVZy ,oa lkbV~l
I

;
s
(çfrfnu)
vaXkzsth  
;
fgUnh  
 mÙkj dk ewY;kdau
è
(dqN lkbV~l)
vaXkzsth
GE 
fgUnh  D 
 ekWMYk mÙkj
P E

vaXkzsth 
lelkef;d ?kVuk,a@eqn~ns
S
D 
fgUnh  (dqN lkbV~l)
fo'ys"k.k o ç'uksÙkj
vaXkzsth  
fuca/&ys[ku fgUnh  
vH;kl ,oa ewY;kadu
vaXkzsth  
EDGE for IAS Mains-2017

Dhyeya Student Portal Current Issues-Q & A-II
Dhyeya IAS, (most trusted since 2003) in line with the changing demands of
CSE has launched '' Dhyeya Student Portal'', an e-platform in English and
Hindi to help the students especially those from rural and remote regions.
'' Dhyeya Student Portal'', provides a platform for answer writing and their
evaluation on a daily basis, along with essay writing and study material on
current affairs in Hindi as well as English.
What makes Dhyeya Portal unique?
Pre-requisite for
success in IAS/PCS exams.
Hindi
AS
Dhyeya Student Other portal and
Portal

websites
I
 Answer writing
;
s
practice (daily)
English  
;
Hindi  
 Answer evaluation
è
(daily)
English  (some sites)
Hindi  GE 
 Model answer
(daily)
E

D 
P
English
S
Current affairs/issues
 Analysis and question
(daily and weekly)
D 
Hindi
English
  (some sites)

Essay-writing Hindi  
practice and
evaluation English  
(fortnightly)
CSE MAINS 2017—GS PAPER-II


AS
;
s I
è; DSP EDGE




AS


;
s I
è;


DSP EDGE




AS
;
s I

 è; DSP EDGE
CSE MAINS 2017—GS PAPER-III


AS
;
s I
è;


GE
ED
SP
D






AS
;
s I
è; DSP EDGE
AS
;
s I
è; DSP EDGE
JUNE
CSE 2017 GS-II:

Q12. futrk ds vf/dkj ij mPpre U;k;ky; ds uohure fu.kZ; ds vkyksd
esa] ekSfyd vf/dkjksa ds foLrkj dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the
latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.
Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE
Q. vk/kj ls tqM+s gq, eq[; eqís ,oa rduhfd igyqvksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A lkFk
S
gh vk/kj ds i{k esa ljdkj }kjk fn, Xk;s rdks± ,oa U;k;ky; }kjk fn, Xk,
çeq[k funsZ'kksa dh ppkZ djsa\
n`f"Vdks.k%
ekWMy mÙkj %µ
I A
;
s
lanHk
Z
vk/kj D;k gS\
;
vk/kj dk rduhfd i{k
è
vk/kj ls tqM+s eq[; eqís
U;k;ky; dk funsZ'k
GE
fu"d"kZ
lanHkZ% ED
P
vk/kj dks vk;dj fjVuZ o iSudkMZ ds fy, ckè;dkjh cuk, tkus dss ekeys esa lquokbZ djrs gq, l
S
U;k;ky; us rkRdkfyd çHkko ls vk/kj dh oS/rk cjdjkj j[kh gSA gkykafd blls iwoZ]
;kstuk
vk/kj
D UIDAI
ij jksd yXkkus okyh ,d tufgr ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ djrs gq, loksZPp U;k;ky; ;g dg pqdk gS fd vkèkk
dks lHkh O;ogkjksa o mi;ksXkksa ds fy, ckè;dkjh ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
vk/kj D;k gS&
lu~ 2009 esa vk/kj ifj;kstuk dk çkjaHk fd;k Xk;k FkkA vk/kj ,d igpku i=k gS] ftls MqIyhds
tkuk yXkHkXk ukeqefdu gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, blesa maXkfy;ksa o vka[k dh iqrfy;ksa dk LdS
mifLFkr gksrk gSA
KkrO; gS fd blls iwoZ ds igpku i=k ;Fkk ernkrk igpku i=k] MªkbfoaXk ykblsal vkfn dh MqI
vklkuh ls cu tkrh Fkh] ftlls ljdkjh lfClMh o ykHk esa gksus okys yhdst dk [krjk c<+ tkrk FkkA
vk/kj dk rduhfd i{k%µ
UIDAI ifj;kstuk dks oS/kfud vk/kj çnku djus ds fy, ljdkj us dqN dne mBk,µ
(a) vk/kj (VkXksZVsM fMyhojh vkWiQ iQkbusaf'k;y ,aM vnj csfufiQV~l ,aM lfoZlst) vf/fu
(b) vk/kj ls lacaf/r foÙk vf/fu;e
(Finance Act)—2017
 vk/kj fcy&2016 dk Li"V mís'; ;g Fkk fd fofHkUu ljkdjh lsok@lfClMh@ykHk gsrq ykHkkFkhZ
gsrq vk/kj uacj dk mi;ksXk fd;k tk ldsXkkA tcfd bl fo/s;d ds }kjk ;g laHkkouk çdV gqbZ fd f
O;fDr@,tsalh ds }kjk fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds vk/kj dk fdlh vU; mís'; gsrq Hkh mi;ksXk fd;k tk ldrk
 vk/kj fcy ds varXkZr vk/kj esa laXkzfgr lwpuk ds lk>k fd, tkus dks ysdj U;k;ky; esa futrk ds vf
dks ysdj ;kfpdk nk;j dh XkbZA vr% vc loksZPp U;k;ky; dh lafo/ku ihB ds ikl ;g eqík fopkfj
gS fdµ
(a) D;k futrk dk vf/dkj ewy vf/dkj gS vFkok ugha\
(b) D;k vk/kj ls bldk mYya?ku gks jgk gS vFkok ugha\
 ;g fcy UIDAI dks ;g vf/dkj çnku djrk gS fd og fcuk laln ds iwoZ vuqefr ds O;fDr ls lacafèkr
fdlh vU; futh lwpukvksa dk laXkzg.k Hkh dj ldrh gSA
 mDr fcy ds }kjk tks ck;kseSfVªd tkudkjh yh tkrh gS] mlesa
UIDAI dh lhek
Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA tSlsµD;k
S
UIDAI ds }kjk vU; ck;kseSfVªd lwpuk ;Fkk
D.N.A. lacaf/r lwpuk,a Hkh Xkzg.k dh tk ldrh gS\
vk/kj ls lacaf/r eqís%µ
;|fi vkt Hkkjr dh 125 djksM+ dh vkcknh esa ls 100 djksM+ ls Åij dh vkcknh dk vk/kj iathdj.k g
futrkµ blds varXkZr
I A
pqdk gS] ijUrq fiQj Hkh U;k;ky; ds le{k dqN eqís çdV gks jgs gSaµ
;
s
 D;k futrk dk vf/dkj ewy vf/dkj gS\
 D;k vk/kj bu vf/dkjksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS\
;
ckè;dkjh cuke ,sfPNd
è
vU; eqíksa dh rjg ljdkj vkSj eq[;r% U;k;ky; ds le{k ;g ç'u Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd D;k vk/kj dks l
iSudkMZ uacj ls vk/kj dks fyad djuk GE

ljdkjh lqfo/kvksa ds fy, ckè;dkjh cukuk pkfg,\
E
og 1 tqykbZ ls vekU; gks tk,aXksA
D
ljdkj us O;oLFkk nh gS fd 30 twu 2017 rd lHkh iSudkMZ dks vk/kj uacj ds lkFk tksM+k tk,]
/u fo/s;d cuke foÙk fo/s;d

S P
D
vk/kj fcy 2016 dks ljdkj us /u fo/s;d ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k gS] tks vius vki esa ,d cM+k laoSèkkfud
eqík gS] D;ksafd bl fo/s;d dk ljdkj ds dj o O;; ls dksbZ laca/ ugh gSA pwafd /u fo/s;d ij jkT;lHkk
dh vf/dkfjrk XkkSa.k gksrh gS] blfy, ljdkj us bls lh/s yksdlHkk }kjk ikfjr djok fy;kA
U;k;ky; ds funsZ'kµ
lqizhe dksVZ us ;g iQSlyk fn;k gS fd
(Binoy Viswam vs Union of India—Supreme Court, writ
petition (Civil) No 247 of 2017; ds ekeys esa) vk;dj vf/fu;e ds u, çko/ku] tks vk;dj fjVuZ
ds fy, djnkrkvksa gsrq
vk/kj dks vfuok;Z cukrk gS] lekurk ds ekSfyd vf/dkj ;k fdlh vU; ekSfyd
vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku ugha djrk gS] lkFk gh futrk ds vf/dkj ds laca/ esa blus vf/d lnL;ksa okyh
ij iQSlys dks yafcr dj fn;k gSA
 ckè;dkjh cuke ,sfPNd esa Hkh varfje O;oLFkk nsrs gq, U;k;ky; us fiQygky dsoy PDS7 ;kstuk,a (;Fk
O;oLFkk]LPG forj.k] eujsXkk] ç/kuea=kh tu/u ;kstukvksa vkfn) esa vk/kj dks ç;ksXk fd, tkus d
dgh gSA
 iSudkMZ dks vk/kj ls fyad djus ds lanHkZ eas U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd vf/d lnL;ksa okyh [kaMih
iQSlyk yafcr gS] ijUrq tc rd dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha vk tkrk] dksbZ Hkh iSudkMZ vekU; ugh gk
 /u fo/s;d cuke foÙk fo/s;d ds ekeys esa Hkh U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk nk;j dh XkbZ gS vkSj U;k;ky;
ij iQSlyk yafcr j[kk gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd U;k;ky; ds vf/d lnL;ksa okyh ihB dk iQSlyk vkus ds ckn gh vk/kj ds
eqíksa dk mfpr lek/ku fey ik,XkkA
fu"d"kZµ
vr% vk/kj ifj;kstuk dh laoS/kfudrk vkSj oS/rk ij tkjh okn&fookn rc rd pyrk jgsXkk] tc rd
fd bl fo"k; ij U;k;ky; dk dksbZ vafre iQSlyk ugh vk tkrk vkSj tc rd ;g Li"V ugha gksrk fd D;k
S
vkèkkj vuqPNsn&21 ds varXkZr futrk ds vf/dkj dk mYya?ku gS] rc rd vk/kj ds ç;ksXk dks ckè
ugha cuk;k tk ldrk ,oa bldk mi;qDr lek/ku <wa<+ ikuk Hkh laHko ugh gSA
A
Q. In your opinion, is Aadhaar a breach of privacy? Examine with reference to
the ongoing debate about privacy being a fundamental right.
Model Answer:
;
s I
;
Approach:
è
 Introducti Introduction


Introducti Benefits of Aadhaar
GE
Introducti Aadhaar a breach of privacy

 Way ahead
ED
Introducti Privacy as fundamental right
Introduction
SP
D
Aadhaar is designed as a digital identity platform which is inclusive, unique
and can authenticate the holder to participate in any digital transaction. But
since its inception, it has been criticized as a project which violates
privacy. India not having a law on privacy has added to this problem.
Benefits of Aadhaar
 The Aadhaar Act has clear restrictions on data sharing. No data download
is permitted, search is not allowed and the only response which Unique
Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) gives to an authentication request
is ‘yes’ or ‘no’. No personal information is divulged.
 It identifies a person in “flesh and blood” through biometric details unlike
other identification such as PAN or driver’s license. Hence the associated
benefits of Aadhaar, including de-duplication, efficiency, and transparency,
occurs especially to the advantage of the poor who are extorted by
intermediaries.
 It has transformed the service delivery in the country, convening residents
and reducing leakages.
 Direct benefit transfer, subscription to various services welfare schemes
like PDS, MGNREGA, and authentication at the point of service delivery
are some of the benefits which have accrued.
 By linking PAN card with Aadhaar, the government could keep track of
invalid transactions. It could be useful in the fight against the black money.
It may also enable financial inclusion.
Aadhaar a breach of privacy
S
 Biometric information is necessary for targeted surveillance, which is good
and essential for national security and public order. But mass surveillance
undermines security.
A
 There is no law on privacy in India and consequently government may
have arbitrary say.
I
 It has been passed with no public consultation about the privacy safeguards
;
s
and no provision for public or independent oversight.
 It has offered citizens no guarantee of compensation or recompense if its poor
;
choices endanger them.
è
 The Act provides that the database is secure and inaccessible for any purpose
other than identification. But it provides for an exception which permits

GE
the government to access the database in two separate ways:
One way is if a district judge orders disclosure of information.

ED
The other way is when a Joint Secretary authorized by the government directs
disclosure of information in the interest of national security. Both the
P
exceptions leave the affected party out of the question.
S
Privacy as fundamental right
D
Privacy is a person’s right to not to be disturbed by others and choose what
information to share with others and what to keep to oneself.
 While drafting the Constitution, amendments were moved to insert
safeguards against search and seizure within the fundamental rights chapter.
But it did not happen as the safeguards were already provided by the Code
of Criminal Procedure.
 The government argues that privacy does not enjoy the status of a fundamental
right and framers of the constitution intentionally chose to do so.
To decide whether privacy is a fundamental right or not the Supreme
Court will examine judgments in the two cases that say that privacy is not a
fundamental right is acceptable in the current context:
 In the P Sharma vs Satish Chandra (1954) case, the Supreme Court opined
that the right to privacy was not a fundamental right under the Indian
Constitution.
 In the Kharak Singh vs State of Uttar Pradesh (1962) case, the Supreme Court
held that even though the right to privacy was not expressly recognized as a
fundamental right, it was an essential ingredient of personal
liberty under Article 21.
Way ahead
 Biometrics allows for identification of even unconscious and dead
S
citizens. Smart cards use pins and require the citizens’ conscious
cooperation during the identification process. Similar safety measures may
be used for biometrics.
 The Aadhaar Authentication Regulation 2016 specifies that transaction
A
data will be archived for five years after the date of the transaction requiring
a centralized database for storage, which should be safeguarded against any
; I
misuse.
s
The government should recognize both the need for Aadhaar and the need
for stringent rules concerning access to and security of citizens’ biometric
;
data, in order to preserve their privacy.
è
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
JULY
G E
CSE 2017 GS-II:
D
lafo/ku (,d lkS ,d la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 2016 ds çeq[k vfHky{k.kksa
dks le>kb,A D;k vki le>rs gSa fdE
Q11.
;g ^^djksa ds lksikfud çHkkfod
P
dks lekIr djus esa vkSj ekySrFkk lsokvksa ds fy, lk>k jk"Vªh; cktkj
miyC/ djkus esa** dkiQh DçHkkodkjh gS\
Explain the salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred
and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious
enough ''to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for
common national market for goods and services''?
Q. GST dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds eq[; ykHkksa dks le>kb;s\ Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa th,lVh d
vko';drk crkrs gq, blds Lo:i dh ppkZ djsaA
mÙkj%
n`f"Vdks.k%
µ
lUnHkZ
th,lVh D;k gS\

th,lVh dh Hkkjr esa vko';drk D;ksa gS\
th,lVh ds ykHk D;k gSa\
fu"d"kZ
lUnHkZ%
µ
^^,d ns'k ,d dj** ds egRokdka{kh y{; dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, orZeku
GSTljdkj
ds :ius
esa 1 tqykbZ
2017 ls ,d uohu dj O;oLFkk dk çkjaHk fd;k gSA uohu dj ç.kkyh esa] vFkZO;oLFkk ds varXkZr o
ij dsaæ o jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk yXkk;s tkus okys fofHkUu vçR;{k djksa dks oLrq
(GST) ds ,oa
}kjk
lsok dj
S
çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk;sXkkA KkrO; gS fd mDr igy jk"Vª ds orZeku dj vk/kj dks O;kidrk çnku dj
lkFk&lkFk dj <kaps esa mifLFkr tfVyrkvksa o dfe;ksa dks nwj dj vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d ubZ fn
th,lVh D;k gSµ
A
th,lVh O;oLFkk iwjs ns'k esa ykXkw gksus okyh ,d vçR;{k dj ra=k gksXkh] tks Hkkjr dks ,
cktkj (Integrated Common Market) esa ifjofrZr djsXkkA
;
s I
vc oLrq vkSj lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ ij ykXkw gksus okyk ;g ,dek=k dj gksXkk tks gS] tks f
miHkksDrk rd dh lEiw.kZ mRiknu Jà[kyk dks vius varXkZr 'kkfey djsXkkA
;
;g XkarO;&vk/kfjr dj&fu/kZj.k
(Destination based tax-system) ç.kkyh gS] vFkkZr~ vafre mRikn
dh fcØh ftl LFkku ij gksXkh] dj dk vkjksi.k ogha gksXkkA
è
;g fdlh oLrq ;k lsokvksa ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij gksus okys ewY; lao/Zu
(Value Addition) ds Åij
GE
vkjksfir dh tkrh gSA vr% vafre miHkksDrk dsoy VSDl dk viuk fgLlk pqdk,Xkk] u fd iwj
Jà[kyk eas vkjksfir dj dks pqdk,XkkA
Hkkjr esa vko';drk D;ksa gS\
dj&oapuk(Tax Evasion)% ED
µns'k esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ds fy, dj pksjh o CySd euh nks eq[; dkjd gSaA
SP
th,lVh ds ekè;e ls dj&oapuk dks nwj djds blesa vadq'k yXkk;k tk ldrk gSA
dj&vk/kj (Tax Base)%
D
µfiNyh dj O;oLFkk ds varXkZr dbZ oLrq,a ,oa lsok,a dj nk;js ds ckgj NwV
Fkh] ijUrq th,lVh ds ykXkw gksus ds ckn jkT; ljdkj ds }kjk vkjf{kr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds vyko
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks dj ds nk;js esa yk;k tk ldsXkkA ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkjh (dsaæ o jkT; ljdk
dj&vkèkkj eas o`f¼ gksXkh] ftlls mudk jktLo Hkh c<+sXkk vkSj mudh vkfFkZd {kerkvksa es
tfVy dj&ç.kkyh ls eqfDr% µigys ns'k esa dsaæ o jkT; ljdkj }kjk fofHkUu oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ij dbZ
ds dj yXkk;s tkrs Fks] ,oa dbZ pj.kksa esa dj yXkk;s tkrs FksA vr% dj ds Åij dj yXkus
(Cascading Effect
Of Tax) ds dkj.k djkjksi.k dh çfØ;k tfVy gks tkrh FkhA ;g O;oLFkk vke miHkksDrk gh ugh] cfYd
tXkr ds lkFk&lkFk fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks Hkh ijs'ku djrh FkhA vc th,lVh ds ekè;e ls ,dy dj&ç.kk
bldk mfpr gy <wa<+k tk ldrk gSA
th,lVh ds ykHkµ
dsaæ o jkT; ljdkjksa ds fy,%µ
1- ljy vkSj vklku ç'kkluµ ,dy dj O;oLFkk ds ifj.kkeLo:i blds vkjksi.k o laXkzg.k esa yXkus oky
le; o O;; nksuksa dh cpr gksXkh] ftlls dj&ç'kklu dks ljy cuk;k tk ldsXkkA
2- yhdst ij fu;a=k.kµcsgrj&vuqikyu (Tax-Compliance) ls tgka dj pksjh djus okyksa dh la[;k ?kVsXkh]
ogha bZekunkj djnkrk dj nsus ds fy, çsfjr gksXkk] lkFk gh IT lsokvksa
lewps ra=k
ls ;qDr
dks djus ls ikjnf'kZrk
esa o`f¼ gksXkh] tks csgrj vuqikyu ds fy, O;kikfj;ksa dks Hkh çsfjr djsXkhA
jktLo {kerk esa o`f¼µ dj laXkzg.k esa o`f¼ gksus ls çR;{kr% jkT; o dsaæ ljdkj dh vk; esa o`f¼ gks
mudh jktLo {kerk esa o`f¼ djsXkkA blls dY;k.k o fodkl dk;ks± dks c<+kok feysXkkA
miHkksDrkvksa ds fy,µ
,dy vkSj ikjn'khZ dj O;oLFkk ls dj ds cks> esa deh vk;sXkhA
blls oLrq ds ewY; o`f¼ ij fu;a=k.k gksXkk] ftlls eqækLiQhfr ij jksd yXk ldrh gSA
,d U;k;laXkr n'kk dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsXkh] D;ksafd

GST ds varXkZr foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ij vfèkd
dj ,oa vke t:jr dh oLrqvksa dks U;wure dj ;k djeqDr LySc esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sXkkA bl çfØ;
S
dks dj&çtkra=k(Tax-Democracy) Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA
O;kikj tXkr ds fy,µ
vklku dj vuqikyu dss dkj.k dkjksckj djus esa(Easevklkuh
of Doing Bussiness) gksXkhA
c<+sXkkA
I A
dj dh nj vkSj <kaps dh ,d:irk ds dkj.k fons'kh o ns'k ds fuos'kdksa ds }kjk fd;k tkus okyk fuo
;
s
 djksa ds O;kid çHkkoksa
(Cascading Effect) dks nwj fd;k tk ldsXkkA ykXkr esa dVkSrh ls O;kikf
okrkoj.k çfrLi/hZ gks tk,XkkA
;
mRiknudrkZ vkSj fu;kZrd (Manufacturer ,aMExporter) ds fy, ykHkA
è
blls ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 2» vadksa dh o`f¼ gksus dh mEehn dh tk jgh gS] D;ksa
çfØ;k esa rsth vk,XkhA
fu"d"kZµ
GE
ED
jsfVaXk ,tsalh fØfly dk ekuuk gS fd th,lVh dh u;h VSDl ç.kkyh dks O;ofLFkr gksus esa dqN le
blfy;s ekuk tk jgk gS fd eSU;qiQSDpfjaXk dEifu;ksa dks th,lVh dk okLrfod ykHk çkIr djus esa ,d
SP
dk le; yXksXkkA gkykafd NksVs O;kikfj;ksa fo'ks"kdj de i<+s fy[ks o Xkzkeh.k {ks=k esa jgus
dk fo'ks"k Kku ugha gS] muds fy, dj ds HkqXkrku djus esa dqN fnDdrsa vk ldrh gSa] ijUrq esd
D
vU; ljdkjh igy ds }kjk bUgsa u;h O;oLFkk ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
varr% ;fn fofHkUu ekspks± ij dj&lq/kj gks Xk;k rks] vFkZO;oLFkk dks ,d u;h fn'kk feysXk
vUnj ,oa ckgj nksuksa LFkkuksa ij] vFkZO;oLFkk ds çfr fuos'kdksa dk fo'okl c<+sXkk tks leLr
rsth yk;sXkkA
Q. With respect to centre-state relations, comment how the
introduction of GST has affected the federal structure of Indian polity?
Model Answer:
APPROACH
 Introduction: WHAT IS GST?
 It’s impact on (FISCAL) FEDERALISM.
 Positive and flip Side
 Conclusion
WHAT IS GST
The GST is a tax reform that has been on the cards for more than a decade.
In principle, it is the same as the Value-added Tax (VAT) — already adopted
by all Indian States — but with a wider base. While the VAT — which replaced
S
the sales tax — was imposed only on goods, the GST will be a VAT on goods
and services. GST was first mooted in the year 2003 by Kelkar Task Force on
A
indirect taxes, who had suggested subsuming various central and state
indirect taxes into one indirect tax. GST encapsulates the dictum – “One
;
s I
nation, one indirect tax”. It will make India one unified common market.
IT’S IMPACT ON FISCAL FEDERALISM.
è;
The Constitutional provisions with respect to Fiscal Federalism has two major
imbalances
GE
1. Vertical Imbalance –The mismatch between expenditure and revenue
ED
requirements. The center possessed more revenue but less
P
expenditure whereas the vice versa is true for states
S
D
2. Horizontal Imbalance – There is disparity in revenue accrued by the
states
So far, states also had autonomy in deciding tax rates for those items falling
in the state list, as well as deciding VAT rates.
With the advent of GST, following issue is likely to crop up in Fiscal Federalism
 States will lose their autonomy in deciding taxation rates based on
their expenditure plan. In GST regime, rates will be decided by GST
Council. However, as per the GST Bill, the Council will fix the “floor
rate along with bands”. This will leave some autonomy for the states
to tinker with the tax rates to suit themselves.
 There is also the issue of states having the ability to impose sin tax on
goods such as fast food (done in Kerala recently).
Positive Implications:
 It actually accelerates the reconfiguration of center-state fiscal

relations already underway. The experts argue that, States would
become key stakeholders in the national economy, which was quite
rare in the present scheme of things.
S
 An important feature of the new tax framework is the creation of the
GST Council. The way it has been designed, the Union government
A
has only one-third say in decisions taken by the GST Council, while
I
the rest is accounted for by the states; and all decisions have to be
;
s
carried by a three-fourth majority.
;
 Dual monitoring by center and states will lead to tax competition and
è
cooperation between center and states. On the flip side, corporates
E
fear two sources of interface with tax department
G
Flip side:
ED
 The voting pattern in GST council is not completely based on
SP
economics. The purpose of the GST Bill is to concentrate on
D
manufacturing and achieve excellence so that the same product is
not manufactured locally with sub-optimal efficiency in every state
for tax reasons. That being the case, it is natural there are going to be
only a few manufacturing states while the rest will be consuming
states. To have a council where the manufacturing state has one vote
whereas all other states, likely consumers, also have a vote each is
unfair.
 “Make in India” Programme is focused for strengthening and

protecting the domestic industry from foreign import. Likewise, state
governments have to protect local industry and employment. For this
objective lesser sales tax and other incentives is needed for helping
local producers. But the right of state governments for variable
taxation will end with the introduction of GST regime.
 Further, economists argue that taxation powers are not only a measure
of resource mobilization. It could be used as a tool to control and
restrict the consumption of some goods for social good. (EXAMPLE
Consumption of Tobacco) The GST will take away the rights of states
to decide taxes according to their socio-economic situations. If a state
government needs an additional resource mobilization for facing a
Conclusion
AS
natural calamity, it cannot decide for any special levy.
The GST roll out could be a template for the future of cooperative federalism.
;
s I
The GST council can now serve as a template for reforming other such
institutions of cooperative federalism, starting with the inter-state council.
;
Riding on these achievements GST implementation should strengthen fiscal
è
federalism.
E
Q. Is GST an attack on the fiscal federalism in India? OR is it a step
G
The Hindu ED
towards promoting cooperative federalism? Analyze.
Model Answer: SP
 Introduction
D
 Fiscal federalism in the Indian Constitution
 Is GST an attack on fiscal federalism?
 How it promotes co-operative federalism?
 Conclusion
Introduction
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value added tax levied across goods and
services. GST as a comprehensive tax scheme conveys the abolition of
various indirect taxes previously under the authority of Central and State
governments. The same has been transferred into Central Government’s
authority as a single unit tax rate, procurement of which will then be divided
among states in a prescribed ratio. Various Central taxes such as excise,
service tax and the State levies such as sales, value-added, purchase,
entertainment tax etc. will be levied on fixed rate known as GST or Integrated
GST/IGST. It is expected to usher in a uniform tax regime across the country
by the expansion of the base of the centre and states into each others’
S
territories. For this reason a constitutional amendment (101st Constitutional
Amendment Act 2016) was needed to give concurrent powers to both the
states and the centre to make laws on taxation of goods and services.
Fiscal federalism in the Indian constitution
I A
;
s
 Federalism forms the essence of the basic structure of the constitution.
In federalism there is a sharing of power (including the power to tax)
;
between the central government and low tier provincial or state
è
government.
GE
 Article 268 to 293 in the Indian Constitution deals with the provisions
D
of financial relations between Centre and States.
E
SP
 Tax assigned to the union and the states are mutually exclusive. For
instance the central government has the power to tax income other
D
than agricultural income, levy indirect taxes such as customs and excise
duty. The State governments have the sole power to tax the sale of
goods and entry of goods into a state.
Is GST an attack on fiscal federalism?
 The law creates a GST council, which will recommend a number of
things such as the tax rate, threshold limit up to which a taxpayer will
not register or pay tax, floor rate, goods or services to be exempted
etc. The councils’ decisions require a three fourth majority and the
central governments vote will have one third weightage. States
together have two third say but no distinction is made amongst the
States in weightage.
 Article 279A which created the GST council describes its decisions as
recommendations but it has also provided for a Dispute Resolution
Mechanism to adjudicate any dispute. If the recommendations are
advisory then it leaves no room for dispute resolution mechanism.
 If the GST councils’ decisions are treated as obligations then the fiscal
autonomy of the states would be surrendered. The states might no
longer have the freedom to adjust the rate of tax to the changing
S
situation of the state.
Benefits: GST promotes co-operative federalism.
A
GST is likely to set a new course for cooperative federalism in India by
I
strengthening Centre-State partnership.
;
s
 It will broaden the tax base, increase tax compliance, and reduce
;
economic distortions caused by inter-state variations in taxes and bring
è
transparency.
E
 The successful implementation of GST would help boost revenue
G
systems.
ED
through easier tax administration, supported by user-friendly IT
SP
 Earlier taxes on different commodities remained unknown and
D
repeated taxation of the same commodities (cascading effect) by
different levels of government created broader wedges between
producer and consumer prices. This will also be solved with GST.
 There is a provision to compensate for the loss to the States for the
next 5 years. Apart from it states can generate revenue related to
non-goods and non-services.
 The GST council with representatives from both Centre as well as the
States is not a body of the Union but an independent body in itself.
Therefore the states freedom in taking decisions won’t be curtailed.
 An integrated and easier tax system would also boost ease of doing
business.
 With a well designed implementation of GST, India’s GDP is expected
to grow by 2-2.5% which is indicated in a preliminary result in a study
conducted by NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research).
Conclusion
GST seeks to achieve, a harmonized system of taxation, with no overlapping
and no cascading effect of taxes. For the overall development of the
economy, it is important to broaden the consumer base and increase their
S
purchasing power that being the only way to increase production as well in
the country, and lesser burden of taxes on the consumer will definitely help
A
in achieving the goal. The true essence of federalism lies in Co-operative
Federalism.
;
s I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AGUST
;
CSE 2017 GS-II:
è
Q8. vc rd Hkh Hkw[k vkSj Xkjhch Hkkjr esa lq'kklu ds le{k lcls cM+h
E
pqukSfr;k¡ gSA ewY;k¡du dhft, fd bu Hkkjh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus e
G
lq>kb,A ED
Øfed ljdkjksa us fdl lhek rd çXkfr dh gSA lq/kj ds fy, mik;
SP
Hunger and poverty are the biggest challenges for good
D
governance in India still today. Evaluate how far succes-
sive governments have proggressed in dealing with these
humongous probiems Suggest measures for improvement.
Q. fofHkUu jkT; ljdkj [kk| lqj{kk dkuwu dks liQyrkiwoZd ykXkw djus esa vliQy jgh gSa] tks ns
vke vkneh ds fy, [kk| lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djus esa eq[; vojks/ ds :i esa lkeus vk jgk gSA
vliQyrk ds dkj.kksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, jkT;ksa }kjk [kk| lqj{kk dkuwu ds ykXkw fd;s tkus
vko';drk ij çdk'k MkysaA
n`f"Vdks.k%
 [kk| lqj{kk dkuwu dh la{ksi ppkZ
 orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ka
 vliQyrk ds eq[; dkj.k
 liQyrkiwoZd ykXkw fd;s tkus dh vko';drk D;ksa\
 fu"d"kZ
mÙkj
lanHkZ%
ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk çnku djus gsrq 2013 esa dsUæ ljdkj ds }kjk ekWMy [kk| lqj{kk d
(NFSA-2013) ikfjr fd;k Xk;k ftlds varXkZr ns'k ds yXkHkXk nks frgkbZ tula[;k (Xkz
'kgjh) dks ,d vko';d iks"k.kh; [kk|kUu
(Nutritional food), U;wure ewY;(Subsi-
ij
dized Cost) miyC/ djkus dk y{; FkkA
S
lkFk gh dkuwu ds varXkZr] liQyrkiwoZd vius mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, ;g
XkbZ Fkh fd lHkh jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk Hkh bl lanHkZ esa lgHkkfXkrk çnku djrs gq,
ekWMy dkuwu ds fuekZ.k fd, tk,aA ijUrq] orZeku le; rd fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds }k
I A
larks"ktud igy ugha fd, tkus ds iQyLo:i dkuwu ds liQyrkiwoZd fØ;kUo;u ij ç'ufpUg
yXkk gqvk gSA gkykafd rfeyukMq tSls jkT;ksa ds }kjk mYys[kuh; ç;kl fd, Xk, gSa
;
s
eq[; eqn~nk D;k gS\
Lojkt vfHk;ku ekeys esa jkT;ksa ds }kjkds vliQy fØ;kUo;u ij lquokbZ djrs
;
 NFSA-2013
gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us dsUæ ljdkj dks ;g funsZ'k fn, gSa fd jkT;ksa
NFSA dkuwu
ds }kjk
è
ds eq[; mica/ksa dks Hkh ykXkw ugha fd;k tkuk ns'k esa yksXkksa dsk lfClM
djus ls oafpr djrk gSA
GE
mDr lanHkZ esa U;k;ky; us dsUæ ljdkj dks jkT;ksa NFSA }kjk liQyrkiwoZd
ykXkw djokus gsrq

fuEufyf[kr funsZ'k fn, gSa&

NFSA-2013 dh /kjk&14 ED
] 15 ,oa 16 varXkZr f'kdk;r fuiVku(Greevance
ra=k redress
SP
meachanism) dh LFkkiuk vkSj jkT; [kk| vk;ksXk
(State Food Commission) tks mDr dkuwu ds
D
fØ;kUo;u dk ekWfuVfjaXk djsXkk] vkfn mica/ksa dk liQyrkiwoZd fØ;kUo;u fd;k tkus
blds vfrfjDr U;k;ky; us lafo/ku esa of.kZr vuqPNsn&256 dk vk/kj cukrs gq, dsU
jkT;ksa dks vius ç'kklfud ÑR; ds lanHkks± esa funsZ'k fn,A vuqPNsn&256] dsUæ o
laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu ds vuqikyu
(compliance) dh ftEesnkjh ls lacaf/r çko/ku gSA
 mDr ekeys dks fu"df"kZr djrs gq, U;k;ky;
NFSA dsus vliQy fØ;kUo;u dks nqHkkZX;iw.k
crk;kA D;ksafd
NFSA ns'k esa lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
(PDS) ,oa efgyk o cky dY;k.k
;kstukvksa ds lkFk lkekftd lqj{kk çnku djus dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vfr egRoiw.kZ gS
vliQyrk ds dkj.k
jktuhfrd bPNk 'kfDr dh deh
NFSA ds vliQyrkiwoZd fØ;kUo;u esa jktuhfrd erkUrj dh eq[; Hkwfedk gSA fofHk
vfrfjDr foÙkh; ncko mRiUu gksus NFSA ds dkj.k
ds çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ugha j[krsA
gkykafd rfeyukMq] NÙkhlXk<+ tSls PDSjkT;ksa
lq/kj) ds(esa
mnkgj.k mYys[kuh; gSa] ijUrq 'ks"
jkT;ksa esa fLFkfr larks"ktud ugh gS] ;k fliQZ uke ds fy, dkuwu dks ykXkw dj fn;k
lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkadM+ksa ds laXkzg.k eas deh
NFSA ds varXkZr ykHkkfUorksa dks [kk|kUu miyC/ djokus ds fy, ojh;rk lwph rS;k
mica/ Fkk ftlds fy, loZçFke lkekftd&vkfFkZd tuXk.kuk&2011 ls uohu vkadM+ksa
djus dk dk;Z fd;k tkuk FkkA blls jkT; [kk|kUu miyC/ djokus gsrq ykHkkfUorksa dh o
rS;kj djus esa l{ke gks ikrsA ijurq vf/drj jkT;ksa }kjk bl dk;Z dks larks"ktud :i ls laik
ugha fd;k Xk;k gSA
foÙkh; cks> ls nch jkT; ljdkjsa
foÙkh; n'kk ds U;wure Lrj ij gksus ds dkj.k] fofHkUu jkT;dsljdkj
NFSA fØ;kUo;u ds
S
fy, dsUæ ljdkj ij vkfJr gSaA muds }kjk dkuw esa fufnZ"V] vius fgLls ds O;; gsrq H
lgk;ksXk pkfg,A vU;Fkk foÙkh; deh ds dkj.k dkuwu dk fØ;kUo;u ugha gks ikrkA
volajpukXkr fodkl esa deh
 PDS esa lq/kj
I A
jk'ku dkMZ dks vk/kj dkMZ o cSad [kkrs ls ugha tksM+ ikuk
;
s

 [kk|kUuksa ds HkaMkj.k {kerk ds fy, futh {ks=ketc. ij vkfJr gksuk]

dh
NFSA vko';drk D;k gS\
;
 lrr fodkl y{;ksa(SDG's) dh çkfIr ds fy,]NFSA dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
è
SDG's ds y{;&Hkw[k ls eqfDr
(Zero Hunger), Xkjhch fuokj.k
(No Poverty), mÙke LokLF;
fd;k tk ldrk gSA GE

,oa vPNk thou(Good Health and Well being) vkfn dks [kk|kUu lqj{kk ds }kjk çkIr

ED
ekuoh; lalk/u fuekZ.k dh n`f"Vdks.kNFSAls]yksXkksa ds LoLFk o iks"k.k thou Lrj e
lqèkkj dks lqfuf'pr dj] fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa o cPpksa ds lanHkZ esa] mYys[kuh;
djrk gSA
SP
NFSA dk liQy fØ;kUo;u] U;wure ekr`Ro e`R;q (MMR),njo uotkr e`R;q nj
D
(IMR) lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk&lkFk LokLF; ds laj{k.k dks lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
ifj.kker% ,d LokLF; ekuo lalk/u ds fuekZ.k NFSAgsrq
dh ije vko';drk gSA
 blds vfrfjDr NFSA dkuwu] jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lkoZtfud lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ ls laca
ekWfuVfjaXk vkWfMfVaXk iknf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djus ,oa Hkz"Vkpkj fu;a=k.k dju
dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksXkkA
 ,d l{ke o mi;qDr f'kdk;r fuiVku ç.kkyh (Griveances Redressal Meachanism) ds
fuekZ.k ds fy,
NFSA ds }kjk ,d ekWMy dkuwuh <kaps dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS
fu"d"kZ
NFSA dh liQyrkiwoZd fØ;kUo;u] mu egRokdka{kh igyksa eas ls ,d gks ldrk gS tks j
vf/dre tula[;k ds fy, LokLF; o iks"k.kh; thou Lrj miyC/ djokdj jk"VªfuekZ.k esa lgk;rk
çnku djsXkkA vr% fofHkUu i{kdkjksa ;Fkk] dsUæ o jkT; ljdkjksa
NGO's flfoy
ds lkFk&lkFk
lkslk;Vh o vke turk dh ldkjkRed lgHkkfXkrk lqfuf'pr dj dk liQyrkiwoZd
NFSA
fØ;kUo;u lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Q. D;k Hkkjr dh lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
(PDS) dks liQy cukus mldk fMftVkbZts'ku
djuk ,d vko';d igy gks ldrk gSA ;fn gk¡ rks PDS ds fMftVkbZts'ku ds le{k
mifLFkr laHkkfor pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA
mÙkj
n`f"Vdks.k%
 lanHkZ
 PDS fMftVkbZts'ku dk ifjp;
 D;ksa vko';d gS\
 pqukSfr;k¡ D;k gSaA
 fu"d"kZ
lanHkZ
Hkkjr dh lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh
AS
(PDS) oSf'od Lrj ij vius vki esa lcls O;kid [kk|
;
s I
lqj{kk dk;ZØeksa esa ls ,d gSA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; lekt esa Xkjhcksa dks lLrk o iks"k
vU; vko';d lkekuksa dh iwfrZ dj fo"kerk esa deh ykuk gSA PDSijUrq]
dk;ZØe
HkkjrfofHkUu
esa
;
vfu;ferrkvksa ls ;qDr gS] (Hkz"Vkpkj o yhdst) ftlls visf{kr mn~ns';ksa dks çkIr ugha
ldk gSA
è
blfy, PDS esa vko';d lq/kjksa dks ykXkw djus dh fn'kk esa igy djrsPDS gq, ljdkj us
E
ds fMftVkbts'ku dk çLrko fd;k gSA blds }kjk ljdkj us dqN egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ij è;
G
gS] og bl çdkj gSaµ
ED
 fMftVkbts'ku ds }kjk ljdkj [ksr ls miHkksDrk rd] leLr vkiwfrZ Jà[kyk dks VªSd
SP
esa l{ke gks tk,XkhA blls ykHkkfFkZ;ksa rd [kk|kUuksa dh igq¡p dks lqfuf'pr fd
 fMftVkbts'ku ds eq[; rRoksa esa] ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk MkVkcsl fuekZ.k ,oa jk'ku
fyad djuk 'kkfey gksXkkA D

 bl çkstsDV ds }kjk lLer vkiwfrZ Jà[kyk dk LofunsZf'kr cukuk vklku gksXkk] ;F
dksSMS ,yVZ ,oa vuktksa ds Xkksnkeksa ds VªSfdaXk] Xkksnkeksa esa LVkWd dk

 varr% fMftVkbts'ku dk eq[; mn~ns'; yhdst o Hkz"Vkpkj dkPDS lkeuk
dksdj,djgs
{kerkoku o ikjn'khZ O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr djukA
fMftVkbts'ku dh vko';drk
PDS
 Hkkjr esa
PDS ykXkw djus dk eq[; mn~ns'; Xkjhch fuokj.k dj lerkiw.kZ U;k; O;oL
fuekZ.k djuk gS] ftlls lekt ds çR;sd oXkZ dks [kk| lqj{kk çnku fd;k tk
PDSldsA ijUrq
esa O;kIr yhdst o Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds LFkku ij [kk|kUuksa
foØ; fd, tkus dks fu;af=kr djuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA
 blds lkFk gh mfpr ewY; dh nqkduksa ij O;kIr vfu;ferrkvksa dh f'kdk;r ds fy, fdlh
f'kdk;r fuiVku ra=k dk vHkko gSA PDSiQyr%
esa ikjnf'kZrk dh deh mRiUu gksrh gSA bld
fy, vko';d gS fd fMftVkbts'ku dh lgk;rk ls laiw.kZ ra=k dks l{ke vkSj ikjn'khZ cuk;k
 ns'k esa iks"kd vkgkj dh deh ds dkj.k ekr`Ro(MMR) e`R;q nj
,oa uotkr e`R;q nj
(IMR) dh n'kk vR;ar n;uh; gSA fo'ks"kdj lekt dk detksj o fiNM+k oXkZ blds çf
lokZfèkd laosnu'khy gSA vr% ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dhPDS igpku
dsdj
ykHkksa
mu rd dks igq¡pkuk
Xkjhch fuokj.k ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+k dne gks ldrk gSA
 eè; çns'k vkSj NÙkhlXk<+
PDS dhesa
liQyrk dk mnkgj.k mYys[kuh; gSATPDS;gk¡
,oaPDS
O;oLFkk esa vkbZ-Vh-
(IT Measures) mik;ksa dk lekos'k dj vHkwriwoZ liQyrk çkIr dh XkbZ
 bl çdkj [kk|kUuksa dh miyC/rk o igq¡p lqfuf'pr dj lekt ds cM+s oXkZ dks pje Xk
ls ckgj fd;k tk ldsXkk] tks ns'k lrr fodkl y{;ksa
(SDG's) dks dks çkIr djus esa lgk;rk
S
çnku djsXkkA
 lfClMh ;qDr [kk|kUuksa dk n{krk ds lkFk forj.k ljdkj ds ?kkVs esa deh yk,X
lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ djsXkkA

I A
PDS dk fMftVkbts'ku lq'kklu dks lqfuf'pr dj ljdkj dh fo'oluh;rk esa o`f¼ dj
ldrk gS] tks lekos'kh fodkl ds y{; dks çkIr djus esa lgk;rk çnku djsXkkA
;
s
PDS fMftVkbts'ku dss eq[; ykHk
;
 Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa yhdst ij jksdFkke_
ljdkj ds [kk| lfClMh fcy esa cpr_
è

lfClMh ds cks> esa deh ls ljdkj ds foÙkh; ?kkVs esa deh_



GE
vk/kj fyaDM MkVkcsl ds fuekZ.k ls udyh(Ghost
ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
beneficiaries) dh igpku

djuk vklku gksXkk_
lHkh jkT;@ ED
esa f'kdk;r fuiVku ra=k dh LFkkiuk_
UT'S
eq[; pqukSfr;k¡
mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa SP
(FPS) esa bysDVªksfud IokbUV vkWiQdslsy
ç;ksXk ,oa çkjaHk

D
djus esa jkT; Lrj ij dkiQh fofo/rk gSA
(e-Pos)
 fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj ns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa bUVjusV dusfDVfoVh ,oa

ysdj fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
e-Pos fMokblksa
esa ds ç;ksXk dh oguh;rk
lansgkLin gSA
 jk'ku dkMZ ls vk/kj dks fyad djus esa gksus okyh leL;k,¡ ,oa vk/kj dk fM,fDVos'k
vkfn tSlh pqukSfr;ksa ds le{k fMftVkbts'ku dk ewy mn~ns'; gh [kafMr gks ldrk
 tu tkXk#drk dk vHkko gksuk] fo'ks"kdj Xkzkeh.k o nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa jgus ok
yksXkksa dks jk"Vªh; [kk| lqj{kk dkuwu o vU; ;kstukvksa ds çfr tkudkjh dk vHkk
pqukSrh gSA
fu"d"kZ
;s Li"V gS fd Hkkjr PDSesaO;oLFkk cgqr lh vfu;ferrkvksa ls ;qDr gS] ijUrq fMftVkbts
o yksXkksa esa tkXk#drk tSls rRoksa ij mi;qDr ç;kl dj bls ,d çHkkoh O;oLFkk esa if
tk dlrk gSAPDS dh ewyHkwr ladYiuk tks Hkw[k o dqiks"k.k ls eqfDr ds }kjk ,d U
lkekftd O;oLFkk fuekZ.k ds y{; ij vk/kfjr gS] mlesa fMftVkbts'ku igy ,d eq[; çsjd cy
ds :i esa dk;Z djsXkkA
vr% PDS fMftVkbts'ku ,d ikjn'khZ oPDS n{k O;oLFkk fuekZ.k dh vksj mBk;k Xk;
mYys[kuh; dne gSA
------------------------------------------------
CSE 2017 GS-II:
S
Q3. yksdlHkk vkSj jkT; fo/kulHkkvksa ds ,d gh le; esa pquko] pquko
çpkj dh vof/ vkSj O;; dks rks lhfer dj nsaXks] ijarq ,slk djus ls
yksXkksa ds çfr ljdkj dh tokcnsgh de gks tk,XkhA** ppkZ dhft,A
A
''Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State
I
;
s
Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent
in electioneering but it will reduce the government's
;
accountability to the people'' Ciscuss.
è
GE
^^Hkkjr esa lHkh fo/kulHkkvksa o yksdlHkk ds fy, ,d gh lkFk pquko djokuk
Q.
ED
çtkrkaf=kd çfØ;k esa udkjkRed çHkko mRiUu dj ldrk gSA** fVIi.kh djsaA
mÙkj
n`f"Vdks.k%
SP
D
 pquko ls lacaf/r uohu çLrko
 çLrko ds i{k esa fn, tk jgs rdZ
 udkjkRed çHkko
 lq>ko
 fu"d"kZ
ns'k dh çtkrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa yksdlHkk ,oa jkT; fo/kulHkkvksa dk pquko vfr e
ftlds ekè;e ls turk vius erkf/dkj dk ç;ksXk dj viuk çfrfuf/ pqurh gSA
 gky gh esa uhfr vk;ksXk }kjk yksdlHkk ,oa lHkh jkT; fo/kulHkkvksa ds fy, ,d
pquko djokus dk çLrko fn;k Xk;k gSA bl çLrko ds i{k esa fofHkUu rdkZ/kj çLrq
jgs gSa%µ
 fofHkUu pqukoksa esa [kpZ fd, tkus okys fo'kky lkoZtfud O;; esa gksus okyh d
esa ,d gh le; (,d gh lkFk) pquko djokuk vR;ar gh ykHkdkjh fl¼ gks ldrk gSA
 lkFk gh vyXk&vyXk pqukoksa ds fy, tkjh fd, tkus okys vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk
(Model
Code of Conduct) ds dkj.k ljdkjh uhfr fu.kZ;u ij jksd yXkrh gS] tks Hkkjr esa uhfrX
Xkfrghurk(Policy Paralysis) dh n'kk fuekZ.k dk ,d eq[; dkjd gSA
 blds vfrfjDr ckj&ckj gksus okys pquko vko';d oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ dks Hkh ck
gS] tks ns'k esa eqækLiQhfr dks mRiUu djrh gSA fo'ks"kdj [kk| mRiknksa (iQy] l
mRikn etc.) dh vkiwfrZ çHkkfor gksrk gSA
 vyXk&vyXk jkT; fo/kulHkkvksa ds LFkku ij ,d gh le; esa yksdlHkk ds lkFk pquko
ls turk jk"Vªfgr ls çsfjr gksdj vius erkf/dkj dk ç;ksXk djsaXksA ijUrq orZeku n
LFkkuh; o {ks=kh; Hkkouk,¡ gkoh jgrh gSaA
S
vr%] lkewfgd pquko ds fopkj ds lanHkZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bldk lapyu vklku
(Logistically advantageans) o ykHkdjh gksXkkA ijUrq fo'ks"kKksa dk lkekU; er ;g gS
O;oLFkk çtkrkaf=kd çfØ;k dks vk?kkr igq¡pk ldrh gSA mudk eq[; rdZ ;g gS fd D;k y
vko';drk ls vf/d egRo fn;k tk ldrk gS\
I A
o vklku lapkyu dks lafo/ku dh ewyHkwr lajpuk] cgqnyh; çtkrkaf=kd O;oLFkk o jk
;
s
blh lanHkZ esa dqN çeq[k fpUrkvksa dks fpfUgr fd;k tk ldrk gS] os bl çdkj gSa%
 loZçFke ftu fo/kulHkkvksa dh vof/ yksdlHkk ds leku ugha gS] mUgsa ;k rks le; i
;
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k fiQj mUgsa vkXks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls lkewfgd :i ls pquk
è
djok, tk ldsaA ijUrq lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn& 83(2) ,oa 172(1) dks lkFk esa ns[kus l
GE
Li"V gksrk gS fd yksdlHkk o fo/kulHkkvksa dh vof/ esa ifjorZu laHko ugha gS
laHko gks ldrk gS tc vuq-&356 ds varXkZr jk"Vªifr 'kklu yXkk fn, tk,¡A
ED
 vFkkZr~ lkewfgd pquko dk fopkj fofHkUu rduhdh leL;kvksa dks tUe ns ldrk g
 pquko] çfrfuè;kRed çtkra=k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA vFkkZr~ lke
SP
n'kk esa dk;Zdky dks fuf'pr(Fixed
dj Tenure) laiw.kZ O;oLFkk ds Lo:i esa gh ifjorZu
D
dj fn;k tk,XkkA uohu O;oLFkk esa ljdkj ds i{k esa fo'okl o mlds fojks/ esa vfo'o
çdV djus dk volj gh lekIr gks tk,XkkA
 ;g ;|fi ;g laHko gS] pqukoksa ds lapyku esa pquko vk;ksXk eas gksus okys O;; e
ijUrq bldh Xkkj.Vh rks vHkh Hkh ugha gS] fd jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk [kpZ fd, tkus
esa deh dj yh tk,XkhA
 lkewfgd pquko çR;{k rkSj ij tuer fuekZ.k çfØ;k dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gS] blls ;g
laHko gS fd jk"Vªh; nyksa dk i{k {ks=kh; nyksa o muds eqn~nksa ij gkoh gks t
 iQyr% lafo/ku esa 'kkfey la?kokn ds rRo dks vk?kkr ig¡qp ldrk gSA
lkewfgd pquko dk fopkj Hkkjr esa u;k ugha gSA Hkkjr esa igys vke pquko ls ysdj
ds pquko esa bl O;oLFkk dks viuk;k Xk;k FkkA rFkkfi orZeku esa fof/ vk;ksXk ,oa l
lfefr ds }kjk Hkh bl fopkj ls lgefr trkbZ XkbZ gSA
ijUrq lkewfgd pquko eas ykHk ds lkFk&lkFk mlds fØ;kUo;u ds Lrj ij fofHkUu le
mifLFkr gSaA vr% uohu çLrko dks ykXkw djus ls iwoZ ;g vko';d gS fd fuokZpu l
fof'k"V leL;kvksa dk lek/ku <w¡<k tk,] ;Fkk%µ
 vkn'kZ vkpkj lafgrk
(MCC) ds lanHkZ esa lq/kj_
 pqukoh [kpZ ij fu;a=k.k_
 nyksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys pqukoh [kpZ ij fu;a=k.k
 pqukoksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj o CySdeuh ij jksd
 pqukoh [kpZ dk ljdkjh foÙkh;u

(State Funding)
blds lkFk gh lkewfgd pquko ds fy, fd, tkus okys lafo/ku la'kks/u ds lnaHkZ eas cg
loZlEefr ds mijkUr gh vkXks igy gksuh pkfg,A varr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkewfgd pq
ds fopkj ds le{k la?kokn o jktuhfrd fofo/rk ds rRo dks utjvankt djuk çtkrkaf=kd çfØ;k
S
dks çHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
Q. Hkkjr esa pquko lq/kjksa ds lanHkZ esa pqukoh foÙkh;u
(Election Funding) dk fo"k; vR;ar
fooknkLin gSA mDr lanHkZ esa pquko vk;ksXk ,oa fof/ vk;ksXk }kjk lq>k;s Xk, lq/kjksa
A
djsaA
n`f"Vdks.k%
;
s I
pqukoh foÙkh;u ij ppkZ dk mYys[k (orZeku lanHkks± esa)

 pquko vk;ksXk ,oa fof/ vk;ksXk ds }kjk fn, Xk, lq>ko
;
 ljdkj dh igy
 fu"d"kZ
è
mÙkj
lanHkZ%
GE
D
fdlh Hkh çtkra=k ds Lo:i fu/kZj.k esa ikjn'khZ pqukoksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA H
E
ikjn'khZ Lo:i ds fu/kZj.k gsrqµ^^pqukoh [kpZ(Election
o foÙkh;u**
expenses and funding), pqukoh
SP
çpkj ,oa ,MojfVtesaV ,oa jktuhfrd nyksa ls lacaf/r lq/kjksa tSls egRoiw.kZ i{kksa ij dkuwufonk
turk ds eè; yacs le; ls ppkZ py jgh gSA fofHkUu ekeyksa dk laKku ysrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us Hk
D
ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu lq>ko fn, gSaA
çdk'k esa D;ksa gS\
 orZeku lanHkZ esa pqukoh foÙkh;u ij fu;a=k.k dk ç'u iqu% ppkZ esa gS D;ksa
ds ,d ofj"B ea=kh ds }kjk ;g dgk Xk;k fd pquko vk;ksXk] pqukoksa esa ^vn`'; iSls
(invisible
money) ij jksd yXkkus esa vliQy jghA
 fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; esa ljdkj dh vksj ls ,d laoS/kfud laLFkk ij bl rjg ds vk{ksi yX
vlkekU; ?kVuk crk;h tk jgh gSA tcfd Lora=krk ds ckn ls gh pquko vk;ksXk o
vk;ksXk us pquko lq/kj gsrq fofHkUu lq>ko fn, gSa] ftu ij fofHkUu ljdkjksa dh
larks"ktud igy ugha dh XkbZ gSA
 ;gka mYys[kuh; rF; ;g gS fd tu çfrfuf/Ro dkuwu](RP 1951
Act-1951) ds varXkZr
mYysf[kr pquko vk;ksXk dks fn, Xk, fu;e fuekZ.k ds vf/dkj Hkh ljdkjksa }kjk v
ugha fn, Xk, gSaA KkrO; gS fd pquko vk;ksXk ,d lafo/kfud laLFkk gS (vuqPN
RP Act, 1951 ,oa ljdkj }kjk cuk, Xk, fu;eksa ,oa mPpre U;k;ky; ds iQSlyksa ds }kjk f
Xk, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gSaA
egRoiw.kZ lq>ko
pqukoh foÙkh;u ds lanHkZ esa pquko vk;ksXk ,oa fof/ vk;ksXk ds }kjk lq>k, Xk
çdkj gSaµ
 fof/ vk;ksXk ds uohure 255osa fjiksVZ (2015 esa çdkf'kr) pqukoh foÙkh;u ls
fo"k;ksa ij ikjnf'kZrk o fo'oluh;rk lqfuf'pr djus gsrq fofHkUu vuq'kalk,a nh gS
fo'ks"k :i ls mEehnokj dh O;; lhek
(expenditure limits); mEehnokjksa o jktuhfrd nyksa
ds fy, vius foÙkh; ysu&nsu dk çdk'ku djuk ckè;dkjh djuk obligation),
(disclosure
S
,oa jktuhfrd nyksa ij vkjksfir fd, tkus okys naM vkfn rRoksa ij ppkZ dh XkbZ
 lkFk gh fof/ vk;ksXk ds }kjk tu çfrfuf/Ro dkuwuµ1951 (RP ACt–1951) esa fofHkUu
LFkkuksa ij la'kks/u dj pquko vk;ksXk dh 'kfDr esa o`f¼ fd, tkus ds Hkh vuq'ka
/kjk&29
I A
R.P. Act-1951 ds os çko/ku dqN bl çdkj gSaµ
(C) esa ;g çko/ku gSa fd jktuhfrd nyksa o mEehnokjksa ds }kjk fy, tkus okys 2
;
s
#- ls vf/d ds pan dks ml foÙkh; o"kZ ds(Financial
ys[kk year statement) esa vafdr djuk
gksXkkA ijUrq vk;ksXk dh orZeku laLrqfr;ksa esa ;g dgk (C)Xk;k
dks la'kksf/r
gS fd /kjk
dj 29
;
20]000 dh lhek dks de fd, tk,a ,oa ;fn vko';d gks rks pank nsus okyksa ds fy, iSu uacj d
è
çdkf'kr djuk ckè;dkjh cuk, tk,aA blds lkFk gh 20]000 ls vf/d ds lHkh panksa ds C;kSj
çdk'ku ckè;dkjh cuk, tk,aA
GE
blds vfrfjDr tu çfrfuf/Ro dkuwu&1951 dh /kjkµ58 (A) esa pquko vk;ksXk ds ikl ^cwFk

D
dSIpj*(Booth Capture) gksus dh n'kk esa pqukoksa dks jn~n djus ds vf/dkj fn, Xk
E
ijUrq orZeku lanHkks± esa jktuhfrd nyksa o mEehnokjksa ds }kjk oksVjksa dks
SP
pquko ds nkSjku cM+s iSekus ij /u o vU; fXkÝVksa dk ç;ksXk gks jgs gSa] blfy
D
ds }kjk ,sls pqukoksa dks jn~n djus ds vf/dkj dh ekaXk dh XkbZ gSA vr% blds
vk;ksXk ds fof/ ea=kky; dks lkSais Xk, fjiksVZ(B) tksM+us
esa /kjk
dk58çLrko fd;k gS] ftlls
cyiwoZd cwFk dSIpj dh ?kVuk ds vykok pqukoksa dks çHkkfor djus dh fLFkfr
dks jn~n fd, tk ldsaA
 blds vfrfjDr pqukoksa ds jktdh; foÙkh;u
(State Funding) ds çLrko Hkh fd, Xk, gSa]
vFkkZr~ blls ljdkj ds }kjk jktuhfrd nyksa o mEehnokjksa dks pquko esa fgLlk ys
lgk;rk nh tk,XkhA
 blds lkFk gh mEehnokjksa ds fy, pqukoh O;; dh Åijh lhek dks fu;af=kr djus ds çk
fd, tk,a] ftlls lHkh mEehnokjksa ds fy, ,d leku(Level
n'kk Playing Field) lqfuf'pr
dh tk ldsXkhA
 jktuhfrd nyksa dks
RTI ds varXkZr ykus ds çLrko Hkh fd;k Xk;k gS] ftlds }kjk pq
foÙkh;u o vU; egRoiw.kZ lwpukvksa rd vke turk rd igqap lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsXk
ljdkj ds }kjk mBk, Xk, dne
;|fi mDr lq>koksa ds lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd i{k ds }kjk dksbZ larks"ktud dne u
Xk, gSa] fiQj Hkh orZeku ljdkj ds }kjk dqN mYys[kuh; igyksa dh ?kks"k.kk
 ljdkj ds }kjk pqukoh ckWUM
(Electoral Bond) dk çLrko fn;k Xk;k gS] ftlls pqukoh panksa
esa mi;ksXk gksus okys (Invisible
vn`'; iSlsMoney) ij jksd yXkkbZ tk ldsXkhA
 jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, ;g çfrca/ gksXkk fd og fdlh vdsys ernkrk ls pank ds :i esa
2000 #- ls vf/d dS'k ugha fy;k tk ldsXkkA
 pqukoh panksa dks psd ,oa fMftVy ekè;e ls fd;k tk,] ftlls cSad ml iSls dks VªSd
ik,aA
S
 ^dkyk /u*(Black Money) ij jksd ds fy, foeqæhdj.k dh igy ds lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu
dkuwuh lq/kjksa dk çkjaHk fd;k tkuk ftlls ns'k dh foÙkh; O;oLFkk esa ^dkyk /u
esa vn`'; iSls ds }kjk pqukoksa dks çHkkfor ugha fd;k tk ldsaA
fu"d"kZ
I A
pqukoh foÙkh;u ds fu;a=k.k fy, ,d ikjn'khZ o l{ke dkuwuh <kaps dk fuekZ.k tgka
;
s
pqukoksa esa ikjnf'kZrk ykus esa lgk;d gksaXkk] ogha nwljh vksj dkyk /u tSls pqukS
esa Hkh lgk;d gksXkkA bu lq/kjksa dk çR;{k ifj.kke pqukoksa ds }kjk LoPN Nfo oky
;
ds :i esa lkeus vk,aXks] blds ifj.kkeLo:i fo/k;h laLFkkuksa dh {kerk o mlds çfr turk
è
fo'okl esa o`f¼ gksXkhA vkXks pydj ;gh çfØ;k ,d fo'luh; o ftEesnkj uhfr fuekZ.k
G E
lqfuf'pr djsXkh tks jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksXkhA
---------------------------------------------------------
SEPTEMBER
E D
CSE 2017 GS-II:
S P
Q17.
D
Hkkjr esa fu/Zurk U;wuhdj.k dk;ZØe rc rd dsoy n'kZuh; oLrq cus
jgsaXks tc rd fd mUgsa jktuSfrd bPNk'kfDr dk lgkjk ugha feyrk gSA*
Hkkjr esa çeq[k fu/Zurk U;wuhdj.k dk;ZØeksa ds fu"iknu ds lanHk
ppkZ dhft,A
''Poverty alleviation programmes in India remain mere
showpieces until and unless they are backed up by
political will''. Discuss with reference to the performance
of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India.

Q. ^ôSf'od Lrj ij Xkjhch fuokj.k eas Hkkjr dk çn'kZu fofHkUu fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFk
dh rqyuk esa dkiQh /hek gS tks XkaHkhj uhfrXkr dfe;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA** vkid
Hkkjr dks oSf'od Lrj ij fd, Xk, ç;klksa ls D;k lh[k ysuh pkfg,\ ppkZ djsaA
mÙkj
n`f"Vdks.k%
 Xkjhch fuokj.k esa Hkkjr dk çn'kZu (vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa)
 [kjkc çn'kZu ds fy, ftEesnkj eq[; dkjd
 oSf'od Lrj ij fd, Xk, ç;klksa ls D;k lh[k ysus pkfg,\
 fu"d"kZ
Xkjhch fuokj.k eas Hkkjr dk çn'kZu%&
S
fo'o cSad }kjk çdkf'kr] ^^lrr fodkl y{; ,Vyl**
(Atlas of Sustainable Devel-
opment Goals) ls ;g çnf'kZr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr }kjk 1990 ls 2013 rd dh vof/ esa 120
fefy;u yksXkksa dks vR;ar Xkjhch ls ckgj fudkyk Xk;k gSA tcfd phu ds }kjk blh vof/ e
A
700 fefy;u vR;ar Xkjhc yksXkksa dks Xkjhch ls ckgj fudkyk tkuk ,d mYys[kuh; çXkf
gSA lkFk gh czkthy] esfDldks] bDosMksj] FkkbZyS.M tSls vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk
;
s I
esa çn'kZu Hkkjr ls vPNk jgk gS] tcfd buesa ls vf/drj ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa d
bl dky esa Hkkjr dh rqyuk esa de jgh gSA
;
[kjkc çn'kZu ds fy, ftEesnkj eq[; dkjd%µ
è
LokHkkfod rkSj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd reke ç;klksa ds ckotwn] Hkkjrh; ifjçs{; e
GE
fofHkUu dfe;ka jgha] ftlds iQyLo:i Xkjhch fuokj.k dh nj dkiQh /heh jgh gSA mDr l
dqN egRoiw.kZ dkjdksa dks fpfUgr dj ldrs gSa] os bl çdkj gSaµ
 XkSj lekos'kh fodkl&
ED
mPp fodkl nj ds ckotwn mlds ykHkksa ds leku forj.k ds vHkko esa vkfFkZd o lke
P
vlekurk esa o`f¼] eq[; :i ls lekos'kh fodkl ds y{; dks çkIr djus esa ,d cM+h pqukSrh jg
S
D
gSA fo'ks"kdj vkfFkZd fodkl ds ykHk dk forj.k lekt ds detksj oXkks± ;Fkk%µnfyr]
efgyk rFkk vU; Xkzkeh.k o nwjLFk {ks=kksa esa fuokflr tula[;k rd ugha igq¡puk] ,d e
 fuEu volajpuk fodkl&
ns'k esa lkekftd o HkkSfrd volajpuk dk fuEu Lrj Xkjhc tula[;k ds mRFkku esa eq[
gSA Xkjhc tula[;k ij futh {ksrz }kjk lapkfyr f'k{kk o LokLF; lsokvksa dk vkfFkZd n
gSA iQyr% Xkjhc tula[;k dk {kerk fuekZ.k çHkkfor gksrh gS] tks mUgsa Xkjhch d
fudkyus esa vojks/ mRiUu djrh gSA
 jkstXkkj foghu lao`f¼(Jobless
nj growth-rate)
Hkkjr esa vFkZO;oLFkk dh mPp fodkl nj ds ckotwn jkstXkkj o`f¼ dh nj vius U;
ij gSA vr% vk; ds voljksa esa deh Xkjhcksa ds fy, vk; esa o`f¼ ds volj dks de djrk gS]
mUgsa Xkjhch js[kk ls ckgj vkus ugha nsrk gSA
 Xkjhch fuokj.k dk;ZØeksa dh vliQyrk
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj yhdst dh leL;k ds dkj.k Xkjhch fuokj.k dk;ZØeksa ds ykHkksa dks
rd ugha igq¡pk;k tk ldk gSA eujsXkk] ih-Mh-,l flLVe] feM Ms ehy vkfn esa O;kIr H
yhdst bldk mYys[kuh; mnkgj.k gSA
 detksj vkink çca/u uhfr
ck<+] lw[kk] HkwL[kyu vkfn vkinkvksa ds çfr lekt dk Xkjhc oXkZ lcls laosnu'kh
gSA vkinkvksa dk çR;{k çHkko vk; ds voljksa esa deh o laifÙk ds {k; ds :i esa lkeus v
vr% Hkkjr esa detksj çca/u uhfr Xkjhch ds fy, loZçeq[k rRo gSA
oSf'od Lrj ij fd, tkus okys ç;klksa ls D;k lh[k fy, tkus pkfg,\
Hkkjrh; lanHkks± ls vyXk oSf'od Lrj ij vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa tSls czkthy] phu o e
dk vuqHko mifLFkr gS] ftlls lh[k yh tk ldrh gSA mDr lanHkks± esa ge dqN fo'ks"k i
S
fpfUgr dj ldrs gSaµ
 fo"kerk esa deh
ySfVu vesfjdk dk mnkgj.k mYys[kuh; gS] tgk¡ lkekftd&vkfFkZd fo"kerk esa d
I A
Xkjhcksa dk mRFkku fd;k Xk;kA blds fy, vko';d gS fd lekos'kh fodkl dh çfØ;k dks c
nsdj vkfFkZd fodkl ds ykHkksa ds leku forj.k ij dsfUær uhfr fuekZ.k fd, tk,¡A
;
s
 Xkq.koÙkkiw.kZ o oguh; volajpuk
;
FkkbySaM esa LokLF;] f'k{kk o ifjogu ds volajpuk esa lq/kj fd;k Xk;k gS ftlls Xkjh
cM+s oXkZ dks Xkjhch ls ckgj vkus esa lgk;rk feyh gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh Lof.kZe prqH
è
mYys[kuh; gS] ftlds }kjk vkfFkZd Xkfrfof/;ksa esa rsth vkbZ rFkk ftlus Xkjhcksa d
vk; ds volj l`ftr fd,A
GE
udn gLrkukUrj.k
ED
udn gLrkukUrj.k dh O;oLFkk dks pkyw j[kuk] lkekftd o vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s ,d oX
fLFkfr esa lq/kj dj ldrk gSA
SP
 jkstXkkj voljksa eas o`f¼
D
esd bu bafM;k] dkS'ky fodkl rFkk LVkVZ vi bafM;k tSls mYys[kuh; dk;ZØe ds tfj
ls vf/d jkstXkkj ds voljksa dks l`ftr dj Xkjhcksa dh vk; esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA
 jktuhfrd bPNk'kfDr
Hkz"Vkpkj] yhdst o ç'kklfud ikjnf'kZrk eas o`f¼ djus gsrq jktuhfrd oXkZ }kjk
gksdj dk;Z djuk gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k dks çsfjr dj ldrk gSA varr%
(Goodlq'kklu
Governance) dk ykHk vke turk fo'ks"kdj Xkjhcksa rd igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA dkyk /u] Cy
euh o vkj-Vh-vkbZ- vkfn ekeyksa dk orZeku eas jktuhfrd ifjppkZvksa dk eq[; dsUæ
,d mYys[kuh; rF; gSA
fu"d"kZ
vr% ljdkj dks Xkjhch fuokj.k gsrq f=k&vk;keh n`f"Vdks.k dks viukuk gksXkk ftlds
bl çdkj gks ldrs gSa&mPPk lao`f¼ nj lqfuf'pr djus gsrq ,d liQy dk;ZØe fuekZ.k djuk
mudk liQy dk;kZUo;u ,oa muds ykHkksa dk leku forj.k lqfuf'pr djuk fo'ks"kdj lekt
Xkjhc o laosnu'khy oXkks± ds fy,A
CSE 2017 GS-II:

Q14. Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dh Xkq.krk dks c<+kus dss fy, Hkkjr ds pquko v
us 2016 esa pqukoh lq/kjksa dk çLrko fn;k gSA lq>k, Xk, lq/kj D;k g
vkSj yksdra=k dks liQy cukus esa os fdl lhek rd egRoiw.kZ gSa\
To enhance the quality of democracy in India the
S
Election Commission of India has proposed electoral
reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how
far are they significant to make democracy successful?
I A
;
s
;
Q. Critically analyze the effectiveness of the electoral reforms suggested by
the Election and Law Commissions in bringing transparency and
è
accountability in the electoral process.
Model Answer:
GE
Approach:
ED


SP
Introduction : Issues in electoral politics
Electoral reforms : Election, Law Commissions & Supreme court

accountability D
effectiveness of the electoral reforms in Bringing transparency and
 Conclusion
Introduction: Issues in electoral politics

India’s democratic setup is a paradigm for many countries in the world due to its
remarkable success over the past six decades. This success owes a lot to
Election Commission of India - vested under Article 324 with the duty of conducting
free and fair election. But presently, there is a widespread disillusion in political
system due to the involvement of money power and muscle power in the electoral
process. Some of the issues are:
 Criminalization of politics and politicization of criminals- criminals enter
into politics to gain influence and ensure that cases against them are dropped.
The political parties field criminals in elections for fund and provide them
with political patronage and protection.
 The present mode of appointment of the election commissioner is through
an executive decision which leads to potential conflict of interest and prevents
the Commission from working in a transparent and impartial manner.
 Misuse of Government Machinery such as use of government vehicles for
canvassing, advertisements at the cost of government and public exchequer
highlighting their achievements.
 Identity politics: Caste based politics and Communal polarization is eroding
the ‘unity’ principle in the name of regional autonomy.
S
Electoral Reforms suggested by the Election Commission of India
 Strengthening the office of the Election Commission of India-
 By giving equal constitutional protection to all members of the Commission
A
in matters of removability.
I
 By making the appointment process of the Election Commissioners and the
;
s
CEC consultative-made by the President in consultation with a three-member
collegium or selection committee.
;
 Creating a permanent, independent Secretariat for the ECI.
è
 State funding of elections- the government will be extending financial
assistance to political parties for contesting elections..

GE
Political parties to come under the ambit of the RTI Act.

ED
Political party reforms- legal provisions should be made to regulate the
functioning of political parties and the commission should be empowered to
regulate registration and de-registration of political parties.

SP
Compulsory voting, Introduction of totalizer machines

D
Law Commission Report on Electoral Reforms headed by A.P. Shah
Candidates to contest from a single seat- Currently, candidates are allowed
to contest elections simultaneously from two seats. If a candidate wins from
both the seats, a by-election happens. This requires additional expenditure,
resources and participation of many.
 Paid News and Political Advertisements- definitions of “paying for news”,
“receiving payment for news” and “political advertisement” should be
inserted in section 2 of the RPA.
 Anti defection law amendment to the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution,
shall vest the power to decide on questions of disqualification on the ground
of defection with the President or the Governor instead of the Speaker or the
Chairman.
Effectiveness of the electoral reforms in Bringing transparency and
accountability
 State funding may help in controlling and eliminating outside pressure over
govt. policies. Financial restriction on spending will provide a level playing
field and enhance transparency as candidates rely almost completely
on cash from undisclosed donors.
 Simultaneous elections for union and state legislatures will save unnecessary
expenses.
Along with bringing transparency and accountability some of the electoral
reforms may dilute the essence of democracy. For example:
S
 Providing financial autonomy may result in the misuse of the public
exchequer by the ECI.
 With public funding of elections, political parties risk becoming organs of
A
the State rather than parts of civil society.
I
Supreme Court and electoral reforms
;
s
 In 1978, the SC interpreted Article 324 of the Constitution to empower
the Election Commission (EC) with unbridled powers in conducting and
;
supervising elections.·
è
 In 2002, the court ruled that voters’ right to information was fundamental. The
court ordered every candidate to submit an affidavit with nomination papers
assets, criminal background.

GE
giving correct information about educational qualification, details of family
ED
In 2013 the Supreme Court had directed the EC to provide
the NOTA option on ballot papers and EVMs.
Conclusion
SP
D
There have been many changes made from time to time in the electoral system.
But the reports of Dinesh Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms
(1990), Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Funding of Elections (1998), Law
Commission’s Report on Reform of the Electoral Laws (1999)
and NCRWC could not be implemented. Bringing Electoral reforms is not
an easy task. It is the citizens and civil society which have to work vigorously
towards this along with the Government.
CSE 2017 GS-II:
Q9. ^^phu vius vkfFkZd laca/h ,oa ldkjkRed O;kikj vf/'ks"k dks]
,f'k;k esa laHkkT; lSfud 'kfDr gSfl;r dks fodflr djus ds fy,]
midj.kksa ds :i esa bLrseky dj jgk gSA** bl dFku ds çdk'k esa]
mlds iM+kslh ds :i esa Hkkjr ij blds çHkko ij ppkZ dhft,A
''China is using its economic relations and positive trade
surplus as tools to develop potentaial military power
status in Asia'' In the light of this statement, discuss its
impact on India as her neighbour.
S
Q. “The China proposed Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is restructuring the global
A
economic order amid profound changes in the post-crisis world”. Explain.
I
Model Answer :
;
s
China is the second biggest economy in the world, the world’s workshop, the biggest
exporter, the largest trading nation, and the second-largest cross-border investor. It
;
contributed to over 30 percent of the world’s growth last year. China is leveraging
its considerable economic strength to restructure Global economic order post 2008
è
global financial crisis. Era that has witnessed profound changes such as:


GE
Establishment of Multilateral development banks
Signing of Bilateral non-US denominated trade agreements
 WB, IMF and currency reform
ED
SP
From the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the
BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) and the internationalization of the Renminbi
D
(RMB) to the rolling out of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative all are parts of
China’s grand strategy to achieve economic hegemony. Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) in particular seek to restructure the global economic order as:
 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) could redefine globalisation. BRI is Xi Jinping’s
answer to “Globalisation 2.0”: bringing on board the immediate and wider region
to coordinate development strategies that see mutual benefit. It will also allow China
to restructure its economy from manufacturing-led to one dominated by technology,
consumption, and services by reorganising regional supply chains: it will play lead
goose by migrating labour-intensive, export-oriented industries to countries
becoming increasingly competitive in manufacturing and investing in sectors such
as agriculture, energy, logistics, and industry in partner countries.
· As china seeks to move up the value chain, it is exporting what Xinhua called
the “China solution” to the global economic slowdown. It could cement China as a
rule-maker in potentially multilateral context.
· The potential institutionalisation of the BRI is itself the third key reason why
the BRI matters: it could lay the foundation for a concerted redirection of flows and
realignment of partnerships.
China is leading the upending of a 70-year-old global economic order built on
American economic power. It remains to be seen what the BRI actually yields. BRI
may emerge as the path to Globalisation 2.0. Chinese leadership could encourage
and present viable — and reciprocal — opportunities to invest in China. Thus, if
successful, BRI will be another nod to China-centered global economic order — a
role it is cultivating as a part of the international regime.
S
Q. China’s multiple advances tend to reinforce the popular proposition that
China is embarked upon the “strategic encirclement” of India. Comment
A
Model Answer:
I
Approach
;
s
 Introduction: Why in news?
 Strategic encirclement of India
;
 Geo economic encirclement of India.
è
 Measures taken by India
 Way ahead
Introduction: Why in news? GE

ED
Recently, the Sri Lankan government finalized an agreement to sell 80%
stake in the Hambantota port’s operations for $ 1.1 billion to China Merchant
SP
Ports Holding Company Ltd, which also has the contract for the Colombo
Port. Similarly in Myanmar, the government is close to signing a deal with
D
a Chinese company for the commercial development of the Kyaukpyu
Island on its Bay of Bengal coast. India cannot afford to take its eyes off
Beijing’s maritime expansion in the Indian Ocean.
Strategic encirclement of India:

The popular proposition of China’s “strategic encirclement” of India is fairly
evident in China’s growing ties with its neighbors.
 China constructed the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which
passes through Pakistan occupied disputed territory creating access to the
Arabian Sea from Xinjiang to the Pakistani port of Gwadar via Gilgit-
Baltistan.
 China has set up its first overseas military base at Djibouti on the Bab
el-Mandeb, which is trade route of India to Europe via Suez Canal.
 Moving ahead with its “string of pearls” strategy, China is providing
economic and military aid to Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan
and Nepal. It is also actively cooperating in building Hambantota
and Chittagong port. Kyaukpyu is all set to become the energy gateway for
petroleum imports into western China through a twin oil and gas pipeline
system running from the Bay of Bengal.
 The recent standoff in Doklam tri-junction is a glaring example of China’s
expansionist policy in which it is trying to push Bhutan boundary further
south to choke ‘Çhicken’s Neck’ in India.
 China vetoed India’s move to designate Masood Azhar, head of Pakistan-
based terrorist organization Jaish-e-Mohammad as a “terrorist”. It also laid
oppositions to India’s membership to NSG.
Geo-economic encirclement of India
S
Apart from the geographical and diplomatic encirclement of India, China has
left no stone unturned in geo economic encirclement of India.
 Chinese handset manufacturer Vivo won rights to cricket tournament Indian
A
Premier League (IPL). Chinese handset brands now command over 50% of
the Indian smartphone market share.

;
s I
India suffers a trade deficit with China which has increased over the years:
from $38.7 billion in 2012-13 to $51 billion during 2016-17
;
 The Chinese footprint in the digital economy is also expanding rapidly.
Numerous Chinese companies—Alibaba, Tencent, CTrip, Beijing Miteno
è
Communication Technology, Bytedance—have made large investments in

the Indian digital ecosystem.
GE
There are numerous concerns over the overwhelming presence of China-made
ED
idols of Indian gods, cheap toys, crackers, etc in India which shows China’s
presence within the Indian trade, business and financial landscape.
Measures taken by India:

SP


D
PM has recast India’s Look East Policy as Act East Policy with emphasis on
developing infrastructure in the East Asian countries.
To counter Chinese influence in Myanmar, India has recently extended
over USD 1.75 billion in grants and credit to
 India has invested a lot diplomatically and entered into multiple pacts with
countries like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and
Mongolia - all surrounding China.
 India is countering China’s “string of pearls” by developing the ports along
Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in its Sagarmala projects, port development
assistance in Bangladesh, Chabahar port in Iran etc. India is reaching
the Indian Ocean countries by its project Mausam.
 India has imposed huge anti- dumping duty on steel products imported from
China to counter the trade deficit.
Way ahead
 There is a need to de-stress the relationship between the two countries. Both
the countries must sit down and work out a new modus vivendi to govern
the relationship.
 India needs to focus on the development of its forgotten asset in the Bay of
Bengal — the Andaman and Nicobar Island chain.
 An increased Chinese foreign direct investment may help counter the rising
trade deficit.
 To bring an end to the Doklam stand-off the simplest way forward is to
restore the status quo ante, which means clearing the area of both armies and
then talking about it.
Deng Xiao Ping said to Rajiv Gandhi in 1989, “An Asian Century is only
possible when India and China come together”. The two nations account for
S
almost 40% of the world’s population. Given these figures, if the dream of
the ‘Asian Century’ is to be realized, then India and China would have to
radically alter their bilateral equation and follow a co-operative rather than
A
confrontational policy toward each other.
CSE 2017 GS-II:
;
s I
Q19. Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ lqj{kk dk ç'u Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd çXkfr dk lokZf/d
egRoiw.kZ HkkXk gSA if'pe ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr ds Åtk
;
lg;ksXk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
è
The question of India's Energy Security constitutes the
GE
most important part of India's economic progress. Analyse
India's energy policy cooperation with West Asain
countires.
ED
SP
Q. D
Discuss the features of NITI Aayog’s Draft National Energy Policy, 2017.
Also, comment upon the doubts it raises towards India’s commitment to
renewable.
Model Answer:
Approach
 Introduction
 NITI Aayog’s Draft National Energy Policy, 2017
 Doubts over India’s commitment to renewable
 Conclusion
Introduction
The 2017 National Energy Policy (NEP), drafted by the NITI Aayog, takes
the baton forward from the 2006 Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) in setting the
trajectory of growth for the energy sector. The NEP proposes actions to meet
the objectives in such a way that India’s economy is ‘energy ready’ in the
year 2040.
NITI Aayog’s Draft National Energy Policy, 2017

 The four key objectives of the new energy policy are ensuring access at
affordable prices, improving energy security & reducing dependence
on fossil fuels, promoting greater sustainability & renewable energy &
ensuring sustained economic growth.
 The policy will also address air quality concerns. However, the concerns
S
addressed will be specific to India and not just air quality concerns being
talked about across the world. The draft policy has made a case
for higher tax on big cars, SUVs and promotion of masstransport system
like metro rail to improve air quality.
A
 Another objective of DNEP is to banish energy poverty and plans to launch
I
the National Mission on Clean Cooking Fuels. This will enable 40% of rural
;
s
residents, who are currently dependent on biomass, to have access to LPG,
electricity, improved stoves, etc, by 2022. The energy share of cooking fuels
is projected to drop from 23% in 2012 to 3.4% in 2040 as a result of replacing
;
biomass fuels with cleaner fuels.
è
 Besides the energy policy, the NITI Aayog will also begin work on
a New Energy Data Agency.

GE
The National Energy Data Agency will aim to provide oil and gas mapping
by working with the Directorate-General of Hydrocarbons, transmission line
such information.
ED
mapping, energy demand mapping, mapping of solar irradiation and other
SP
The data agency will likely to be set up in the next three to four years.

D
Doubts over India’s commitment to renewable
The NEP makes broad recommendations on how India should work
towards developing and acquiring technology needed for the energy sector.
However, it does not recommend consistent and strong policy
and budgetary support for technology development.
 There are many policy uncertainties in this new draft, especially in the area
of renewable energy, and a faith in coal-based thermal power plants.
 The NEP’s reliance on thermal power fuels skepticism about India’s
commitment to clean energy, and could distort investor confidence in the
renewable sector.
 On the renewable energy front, the NEP disappoints by failing to address the
rampant uncertainties, specifically on issues around renewable purchase
obligations (RPO) renewable and renewable energy certificates (REC).
 It continues to focus on utilization of coal for base load requirement
although India aims to reduce carbon footprints.
 From an air quality and a climate leadership perspective, it is not ideal for
India to stress on expanding its thermal power capacity to 441 GW in
2040 from 125 GW in 2012, as proposed in the NEP, without having adequate
technology in place for improving the efficiency and reducing the emissions
from these plants.
 The NEP prescribes grid-based supply to all households to be India’s primary
endeavor, with renewable energy implemented to address the access issue
only in cases where grid power is unavailable.
S
 The DNEP also discusses electric vehicles only in passing. It
does not discuss the possibility of India halting the production of vehicles
with internal combustion engines, say by 2030, and transiting
to EVs by 2040.
A
 The most disappointing aspect of the DNEP is its handling of the gas sector.
I
It suggests that India should try hard to construct the Iran–Pakistan–India
;
s
(IPI) and Turkmenistan–Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI) gas
pipelines, promote LNG imports, incentivize shale and
conventional gas exploration, replace LPG in urban areas by piped gas and
;
divert LPG to rural areas.
è
 It does not define roles, responsibilities and accountabilities. It
does not provide a timeline for delivery and there is no discussion
on financing.
GE
Way ahead

ED
There is no discussion on the institutions of implementation of the policy.
SP
There is currently no institutional platform for mediating the complex of
vested interests and stakeholders engaged with different aspects of the energy
D
sector. A separate system should be created to enable the development and
distribution of cleaner fuels.
 There is a misalignment between the horizontally structured, central
ministries and the vertically layered division of responsibilities between
the central, state and municipal governments. This is the main reason why
it is difficult to translate policy into action.
 As India’s importance and role in the global energy markets continue to grow,
it needs to be strategic in its energy planning.
 As articulated by some academics, the policy needs to be more specific with
steps for implementation rather than a framework vision document.
CSE 2017 GS-III:
Q1. Hkkjr dh lkekU; lao`f¼ ds vusd dkjdksa esa cpr nj] lokZf/d çHkkoh
gSA D;k vki blls lger gSa\ lao`f¼ laHkkX;rk ds vU; dkSu ls dkjd
miyC/ gSa\
Among several factors for India's potential growth,
savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? what
are the other factors available for growth potential?
S
Q. India is one of the fastest growing large economy posting a growth rate of
over 6.5%, yet jobs are not growing as fast as GDP. What are the possible
reasons for jobless growth in India? What needs to be done to address the
problem of jobless growth?
Model Answer:
I A
;
s
Approach
 Introduction
;
 Current growth rate vis-a-vis jobless growth
è
 Reasons for jobless growth in India

 Conclusion
GE
How to address the problem of jobless growth
Jobless growth
ED
Jobless growth is an economic phenomenon in which a macro economy
SP
experiences growth while maintaining or decreasing its level of
employment. This tends to happen when a relatively large number of people
D
have lost their jobs or is unable to find any in the first place and the ensuing
recovery is insufficient to absorb the unemployed, underemployed and the
new members who are entering the work force.
Introduction:
India added just 1.35 lakh jobs in eight labor-intensive sectors in 2015,
compared to the 9.3lakh jobs that were created in 2011, according to Labour
Bureau figures. This jobless growth is largely responsible for
demonstrations by young Patels of Gujarat and Jats of Haryana in the name
of reservations. The rate of unemployment grew steadily from 3.8% in 2011-
12 to 5% in 2015-16. Chief Economic Adviser Arvind Subramaniam recently
pointed to the need to achieve higher economic growth, in the range of 8% to
10%, to solve the problem of jobless growth.
Current growth rate vis-a-vis jobless growth
The World Bank in a recent report has estimated India’s
growth to rebound in 2017-18 to 7.6 per cent from that of 7 per cent which
it forecasted for 2016-17. The overall economy is growing at 7.1%, while
the services sector, which accounts for over 53% of the gross value added, is
clocking 9% growth, the highest in the world in the services sector among
major economies, according to the Economic Survey. The economy over the
last three years has seen incredible economic growth and macroeconomic
expansion. Trade exports have risen, volume of foreign direct investment
has increased, inflation levels have stabilized and the rupee has strengthened.
However, if we carefully observe some of the key patterns in our employment
data, we see the Indian economy perpetuating itself into a long-term
phase of joblessness.
S
Reasons for jobless growth in India
 In India, growth over the last few decades surfaced from a service sector-led
expansion (post the 1991 liberalization). While service sector-led
A
growth contributed greatly to soaring GDP levels, it still employs less than
30% of the total Indian population. The source of most employment for Indian
I
people still lies in the agriculture sector, which employs almost 45%of the
;
s
Indian population (with a 15% contribution to GDP).
 While the service sector can easily recruit skilled white-collar
;
workers the industry cannot transform peasants into factory workers so
quickly. Such a transition requires basic training, which is missing.
è
 Labour-intensive manufacturing base has not quite been the engine of
GE
growth for India, asit has been in China. As a result of which
India’s manufacturing sector accounts for only around 15 percent of national

employment.
ED
A persistent lack of willingness of the Indian state to demonstrate timely
SP
introduction oflabor reforms to increase wage incentives; create incentives
for employers to hire more people across sectors; and review existing
impact of acts such as the Industrial Disputes Act (which, as per a World
D
Bank study lowered employment in organized manufacturing by 25%), add
to the joblessness misery.
 In the presence of rapid technological progress (which promotes a
utomation), less labor is needed to produce a given amount of output. Hence
it becomes difficult for the manufacturing sector to rapidly expand
its employment.
 MSMEs (which employ 40% of workforce, generate 45 % of India’s
manufacturing output and 40% of India’s total exports) face
several issues like poor access to credit, erosion of state protection, rigid labor
laws etc.
 Globalization forced many labor-intensive small scale industries out of
business. The domestic market is flooded with competitively priced
imports (often subsidized by countries such as China) that reduce the market
size for indigenous manufacturers. E.g. Cheap Chinese products wrecked
traditional toys, candles and other small goods industries.
 The tax incentives, subsidies, depreciation allowance promotes investment
with no stimulus to job
How to address the problem of jobless growth

 India should aim at growth that is driven both by improvements
in productivity and modernization of its labor force— especially since better
jobs are crucial to improving the lives of millions who are employed or
underemployed, in low-paying jobs in the farm sector.
 Increasingly, the world is coming to an understanding that the manufacturing-
led “take, make and dispose” model is simply unsustainable from both an
economic and ecological point of view. As the focus necessarily shifts to a
S
more circular, “take, make, refurbish, repair, reuse” model, the
manufacturing sector could look at how it can create jobs around
the products it makes, rather than find ways to create more
A
jobs making those products.
 Reform of labor regulations is of paramount importance. Encouraging
I
states to make their own amendments (as labor issues fall in
;
s
the concurrent list of the Constitution), an approach that was taken recently
by the Centre, is a step in the right direction. Rajasthan has set an example for
;
other states to follow through a recent state-level amendment. (It raised the
threshold firm employment size for seeking permission for laying aside
è
workers from 100 to 300 workers under the Industrial Disputes Act.)

GE
As a long term measure, there is need to boost entrepreneurial instincts
within the young demographic base and substantially invest
incentives.
ED
in human capital via education along with other knowledge development
SP
A job-creating industry such as food processing, has remain grossly under-
invested. Hence, job Intensive sector like food processing should

be promoted.
D
Stand up India, start ups, mudra yojana initiatives of government are
intended to create new entrepreneurs. Huge employment generation to
accommodate enormous productive age population (aged 15 -59
years) needs to be implemented in spirit.
Conclusion
The need of the hour is to make livelihood creation central to development
strategies rather than just projecting it as natural fallout of growth. It needs to
be accepted that organized manufacturing is no longer the answer to generate
large-scale employment, as it was in the past. Job-creation needs to be
an essential axis along which economic and social policies are formulated
to address the problems of poverty and malnutrition directly.
CSE 2017 GS-III:
Q8. ;g cgqr o"kks± igys dh ckr ugha gS] tc ufn;ksa dks tksM+uk ,d ladYiuk
Fkh] ijUrq vc ;g ns'k esa ,d okLrofdrk curh tk jgh gSA ufn;ksa dks
tksM+us ls gksus okys ykHkksa ij ,oa i;kZoj.k ij blds laHkkfor çHkko
ppkZ dhft,A
Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is
becoming a reality in the country. Discuss the advantages
of river linking and its possible impact on the
environment.
S
A
Q. Interlinking of rivers might be a plausible solution to address the issue of water scarcity in India. In
this context, mention about the important projects under the interlinking of rivers (ILR) programme.
; I
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the ILR projects? Discuss.
s
Model Answer:
;
Approach:
è
 Introduction
 Interlinking of rivers (ILR) programme


Important projects under ILR
Advantages of interlinking
GE


Disadvantages of interlinking
Conclusion
ED
Introduction
SP
The rainfall in India is not uniform and most of the rainfall comes over a 4-month period – June through
D
September. India also sees years of excess monsoons and floods, followed by below average or late
monsoons with droughts. This geographical and time variance in availability of natural water versus the
year round demand for irrigation, drinking, and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap. Hence, the
National River Linking Project (NRLP) is claimed to be the answer to India’s water problem.
Interlinking of rivers (ILR) programme:
The idea behind Inter linking of river is to divert water from surplus rivers in the north and east, which
face frequent flooding, to water scarce regions in the west and south, where droughts are a common
occurrence.
The term ’surplus’ as per the Government, states that it is the extra water available in a
river after it meets the humans’ requirement of irrigation, domestic consumption and industries
The term ’deficit’ has also been viewed in terms of humans only and not from the river’s perspective,
which includes many other factors.
Components of River Linking Projects
 Northern Himalayan Rivers interlink component - The project’s Himalayan component envisages
channelizing Ganga and Brahmaputra Rivers through dams and canals facilitating connectivity to
the water-starved regions in the west.
 A southern peninsular component - The peninsular component plans to connect
the Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi rivers to transfer their water to drier areas in the south,
besides the intra-state links
 An intra-State rivers linking component.
Some of the important projects are: Ken-Betwa link, Damanganga-Pinjal link, Par-Tapi-
Narmada link, Mahanadi-Godavari link, and Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga link.
The project is being managed by India’s National Water Development Agency (NWDA), under its Ministry
of Water Resources. NWDA has studied and prepared reports on 14 inter-link projects
for Himalayan component, 16 inter-link projects for peninsular component and 37 intrastate river linking
projects.
Advantages of Interlinking:
S
 India will require about 450 million tonnes of food grains per annum to feed the population of
over 5 billion in 2050. To meet this requirement, the country needs to expand its irrigation potential
to 160 million hectares for all crops by 2050. This can be made possible through the interlinking
A
of rivers. It will provide irrigation to about 35 million hectares in water-scarce western and
peninsular regions.
I
 Floods are a recurring feature, particularly in the large parts of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-
;
s
Meghna basin, affecting Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. On the other extreme, a
number of western and peninsular states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu face recurring droughts. NRLP will transfer excess water from flood-ravaged
;
states to water-scarce regions.
India needs infrastructure for logistics and movement of freight. Using connected rivers as
è

navigation is a cleaner, low carbon footprint form of transport infrastructure, particularly for ores
GE
and food grains. It will create food security, employment, boost crop output and farm income,
and multiply benefits through backward and forward linkages.


ED
NRLP is also expected to generate additional hydropower of about 34 GW.
Proponents of the project suggest India’s water situation is already critical, and it needs
greater reliance on surface water and minimize groundwater usage for sustainable development.
SP
NRLP will increase India’s utilizable surface water by 25%. For example, currently only a quarter
of Brahmaputra’s renewable water resources are utilizable within the basin.

D
The inter-link would create a path for aquatic ecosystems to migrate from one river to another,
which in turn may support the livelihoods of people who rely on fishery as their income.
Disadvantages of Interlinking:
 The current cost of the project is Rs 11 lakh crore, which the government is putting forward.
This huge fund will be mobilized through cutting on social sector spending as the
government cannot increase taxes and duties that can hamper economic growth.
 The feasibility of the project has not been studied in detail, nor have
its economic, social and ecological implications. There is no social impact assessment done on
the displacement of people and on the livelihood of the people who are living in these areas.
When we build dams, we displace too many people. They will migrate to towns and land up
in slums.
 Local bodies and communities have not been engaged while taking decisions.
 Loss of biodiversity and forests downstream of a donor river will occur. For instance, in the Ken-
Betwa project, the core area of the Panna national park will be affected.
 There is no substantial technical data put out to verify the official claims on water surplus in any
river. The fact is there is no “free” surplus water in any river.
 Rivers generally change their course and mostly when it is in its youth stage. Himalayan
rivers are young and they change their course more frequently. Thus if river changes it course
then the project would not be feasible in the long run.
 Different water flows represent different ecological systems thus can lead to ecological imbalance.
Conclusion
Hence, before implementing the proposal on a large scale, a sound scientific and technical
assessment needs to be undertaken to verify its feasibility. The project can be tested on smaller rivers first
to check their feasibility. The government can also take initiatives for cleaning and reviving the rivers and
alternatives such as community-based decentralized water management. Meanwhile, policy-makers can
propagate better water resource management and encourage whatever small initiatives the states
S
undertake towards solving their water-related woes.
CSE 2017 GS-III:
A
Q9. lkbZcj vkØe.k ds lEHkkfor [krjksa dh ,oe~ bUgsa jksdus ds fy, lqj{kk
<+k¡ps dh foospuk dhft,A
;
s I
Discuss the potential threats of Cyber attack and the
security framework to prevent it.
è;
lUnHkZµ GE
ED
lkbcj geyksa ds varXkZr fdlh cká 'kfDr ds }kjk (laHkor% dksbZ gSdj) dEI;wVj ra=k ds vU
lwpuk,a] tks fdlh O;fDr] laLFkk o ns'k ds futh mi;ksXk ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa] mu rd igqap lqfuf'pr
SP
;k rks cckZn dj fn;k tkrk gS] ;k lwpukvksa dks vçHkkoh cuk fn;k tkrk gSA blls bu geyksa dk f'kd
laLFkk o ns'k mu lwpukvksa dk mi;ksXk dj ikus eas l{ke ugha jg tkrk gS] lkFk gh dEI;wVj flLVe
D
XkM+cM+h mRiUu dj laiw.kZ ç.kkyh ds lapkyu esa dj vojks/ Hkh mRiUu dj fn;k tkrk gSA
vr% lkbcj geys dh n'kk esa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh çeq[k lkoZtfud lsokvksa tSls&ifjogu flLVe] cS
ç'kklu vkfn ds lwpukvksa dks çHkkfor dj lewph O;oLFkk dks feuVksa esa BIi fd;k tk ldrk gSA bld
O;fDr Hkh buls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA
vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] vFkZO;oLFkk o vko';d lkoZtfud lsokvksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa lk
dh tkus okyh lqj{kk rS;kfj;ksa o vko';d voljapuk fuekZ.k ij ;qfDr;qDr igy vko';d gSA
gky ds ?kVukØe
 :l o ;wØsu esa eaXkyokj] 27 twu dks ,d lkbcj geys dk f'kdkj gqvk ftlls ;gka dkiQ
viQjk&riQjh eph gqbZ gSA
 blds vfrfjDr bu lkbcj geyksa dk çHkko if'peh ;wjksi o vesfjdk rd Hkh ns[k
Xk;kA geys dk f'kdkj eq[; :i ls cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka gqbZ gSaA bu
MNC's e s a µR O SNEFT
( Russian oil giant) Merck (US Pharmaceutical giant); WPP ( British advertis-
ing giant) vkfn gSA
 gky gh esa lcls igys geys dh 'kq#vkr ;wØsu ls ns[kh XkbZ tgka ds cM+s cSadksa]
daiuh ds lkFk&lkFk egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh lsokvksa tSls Mkd lsoka, cM+s iSekus i
gSaA
 fo'ks"kKksa ds }kjk ;g crk;k tk jgk gS fd ;g okuk&ØkbZ
(WannaCryokbjl
Virus) dh
geyksa dh gh rjg gSA
 IT fo'ks"kKksa ds }kjk bl u, ok;jl dksWraq'' crk;k tk jgk gS] tks
''Petra 'Petya
S
Ransomware' dk gh la'kksf/r laLdj.k gSA ftldk geyk fiNys o"kZ gqvk FkkA KkrO
fd ml geys esa geykoj ds }kjk ihfM+r O;fDr o laLFkk ls mldh lwpukvksa ds cny
ekaXks Xk, FksA

I A
bl lkbcj geys ds yXkHkXk ,d eghus iwoZ Hkh WannaCry
,sls gh ,dRansomware
ok;jl dk geyk gqvk Fkk ftlls fo'o ds yXkHkXk 150 ns'k o 2 yk[k dEI;wVj çHkk
;
s
gq, FksA
;
 dqN lkbcj lqj{kk laLFkkvksa ds }kjk ;g Hkh crk;k'Petrwrap'
tk jgk gS
ok;jl
fd Petya
Ransomware dk ,d çdkj ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA cfYd ;g ,d çdkj dk u;k ok;jl
è
''Notpetya'' gks ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ %µ
GE
 'Petya Ransomware ls iwoZ tc
ED
WannaCry dk geyk gqvk Fkk] rc ml nkSjku Hkh Hkkjr
ml geys dk f'kdkj gqvk FkkA ebZ ds ekg esa gq, bl geys ls fo'o ds yXkHkXk 15
Hkkjr loksZPp LFkku ij FkkA SP

o yk[kksa dEI;wVj çHkkfor gq, FksA blesa çHkkfor gksus okys dEI;wVjksa d

D
blh çdkj Petya Ransomware ds geys dk çlkj Hkh Hkkjr rd gks pqdk gSA ljdkj ds
}kjk nkok fd;k tk jgk gS fd ok;jl ds çHkko dk lw{e Lrj ij ekfuVfjaXk fd;k tk jg
gS] ,oa vc rd bldk dksbZ [kkl çHkko ugha fn[k jgk gSA
 ijUrq] ,slh lwpuk çkIr gks jgh gS fd tokgjyky usg: iksVZ
(JLNP) ds rhu VfeZuyksa dks
ok;jl ds çHkko ds dkj.k can djuk iM+k gSA
 JNPT dks MsuekdZ dh daiuh
AP Moller-Maersk ds }kjk lapkfyr
(operated) fd;k tkrk
gS] tks oSf'od lkbcj geys dk cM+s iSekus ij f'kdkj gqbZ gSA
Ransomware ds dk;Z djus dk rjhdk(Mous Operandi)
 blls iwoZ
Wanna Cry esa dEI;wVj ra=k ds laiw.kZ MkVk dks buØhIV
(encrypt) dj iQkby dk
uke cnydj ''WNCRY'' dj fn;k tkrk FkkA
mlds i'pkr~ ;wtlZ ds dEI;wVj foUMks flLVe ij ;g fMLiys fd;k tkrk Fkk fd mudh l
iQkbysa buØhIV dh tk pqdh gSa ,oa mUgsa bu iQkbyksa dks iqu% fjdoj djus
(encrypted)
cnys iSls nsus gksaXksA rFkkfi jSUle (fiQjkSrh) ds :i esa nh tkus okyh jde vke e
cfYd Bitcoin ds tfj;s nh tk,XkhA
 'Wanna Cry' ok;jl] ''Eternal Blue'' uked ,d dksM dk mi;ksXk djrh gS] ftlds }kjk
jfuaXk foUMks vkWijsfVaXk flLVe dks çHkkfor fd;k tkrk gSA
 tcfd 'Petya Ransomware esa fliQZ iQkbyksa dks bufØIV gh ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd blds
laiw.kZ
disk dks gh ykWd dj fn;k tkrk gSA (vFkkZr~
j cwV fjdkMZ
ekLV dks vksojjkbV o bufØIV
dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlls dEI;wVj flLVe ç;ksXk ds yk;d ugh jg tkrk gS) ;g n'kk rd rd
cuh jgrh gS tc rd fd bUiQsD'ku dks gVk uk fn;k% tk,A
rc rdvr
dEI;wVj flLVe gh
S
ç;ksXk ds yk;d ugha jg tkrk gSA
 blds i'pkr~ dEI;wVj flLVe dks iqu% pkyw djus ds fy, ;wtlZ ls 300 MkWyj eka
gSa] tks
Bit coins esa pqdkus gksrs gSaA blds i'pkr~ gh geykoj dEI;wVj dks fjcwV
fo'ks"kKksa ds }kjk crk;k tk jgkPetya
A
ftlls foUMks flLVe iqu% dk;Z djuk çkjaHk dj nsrk gSA
I
gS fdRansoware,
;s Wanna Cry dh rqyuk esa
;
s

çksiQs'kuy o rduhfd :i ls vf/d l'kDr gS] blfy, bldk çHkko Hkh vf/d gSA
;
lkbcj geys ds çfr laosnu'khyrk
lkbcj geys dk çHkko lkekU;r% nks Lrjksa ij gksrk gS&,d futh ;wtlZ (vke O;fD
è

Lrj ij ,oa nwljk ljdkj ds Lrj ijA


GE
blds vfrfjDr bu geyksa esa eq[; :iWindows
ls ds vkWijsfVaXk flLVe ds iqjkus otZu ;
ED
ikbjsVsM otZu dks eq[; :i ls fu'kkuk cuk;k tk jgk Windows-XP
gSA blesa otZu tks
ikbjsVsM gS] og bl geys esa lcls T;knk f'kdkj gqvk gSA

dh vfèkd laHkkouk curh gSASP

vr% Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tgka mDr foUMks dk çpyu vf/d gS] ogka b

D
bl çdkj Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa bu geyksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa futh ;wtlZ ds lkFk&
lkoZtfud lsok,a (ifjogu] lapkj] cSafdaXk] ç'kklu) Hkh cM+s iSekus ij çHkkfor g
fLFkfr ds csdkcw gksus dh vk'kadk cuh jgsXkhA
lkbcj geys dk çHkko %µ
futh vkadM+ksa o lwpukvksa dk nq:i;ksXk %&
futh vkadM+s] tSls&;wtjuse] ikloMZ ;k futh iQksVksXkzkiQ o vU; iQkbYl vkfn
geykoj ds }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k mlds }kjk ;wtlZ dks CySdesy fd;k tk ldrk gS]
blds lkFk gh futh vkadM+ksa rd igqap cukdj mDr O;fDr ds cSad vdkm.V o lks'ky l
rd Hkh igqap cuk;
htk ldr hgSA
j.kuhfrd vkadM+s %µ
bu geyksa esa ljdkjh foHkkXkksa] ea=kky;ksa o vU; laLFkkuksa ds lkFk dkWjik
cuk yh tkrh gSaA blls eq[; :i ls fMiQsUl] U;wfDy;j] bUVsfytsal o foÙkh; ekeyksa
r j.kuhfrd vkadM+ksa rd igqap cukbZ tk ldrh gS] tks jk"Vª dh lqj{kk o vFkZO;
n`f"Vdks.k ls [krjukd gks ldrs gSaA
ekSfæd gkfu
(Money Loss)
bu geyksa ds nkSjku
(Petya Ransomware) gSdlZ ds }kjk fcVdkWbu esa 300 Mkyj dh jde
ekaXkh tk jgh gS] ftlls dh cgqr cM+s iSekus ij vkfFkZd gkfu gksus dh laHkkouk
n'kk OkS;fDrd ,oa ns'k nksuksa ds Lrj ij dkiQh ?kkrd gksXkhA bldk udkjkRed çHk
dh lsgr ij Hkh gks ldrk gSA
Hkkjr dh rS;kfj;ka


S
CERT-In- (The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team)— bysDVªksfud ,oa
bUiQkWesZ'ku VsDuksyksth ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds varXkZr ,d dk;kZy; gS] f
dh ifjfLFkfr esa rhoz vuqfØ;k çnku djuk gSA
A
CERT-In ds }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lg;ksXk LFkkfir djus gsrq fofHkUu ns'kk
I
dksfj;k] dukMk] vkLVªsfy;k] eysf'k;k] flaXkkiqj] tkiku] mTcsfdLrku vkfn ds le
;
s
ds lkFk ,d le>kSrk Kkiu ij gLrk{kj fd;k Xk;k gSA
fons'k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk lkbcj lqj{kk ds lanHkZ eas 'ka?kkbZ dkW
;

(SCO) ds lkFk ,d le>kSrs Kkiu ij gLrk{kj fd;k Xk;k gSA
è
fofHkUu le>kSrs (MoU)
Kkiuksa
ds varXkZr lkbcj geyksa ds nkSjku fofHkUu ns'kksa

E
rduhdh lwpukvksa dk lk>k fd;k tkuk Hkh eq[; çko/ku gSA blls lkbcj geyksa dk
G

D
o l{ke rjhds ls tokc fn;k tk ldsXkkA
E
blds vfrfjDr lkbcj lqj{kk ds fy,
CERT-In ds }kjk ns'k dh {kerk fuekZ.k ;Fkk vR;k/
SP
qfudIT volajpuk fuekZ.k (gkMZos;j ,oa lkWÝVos;j) o lqj{kk Antivirus,
ra=k o rduhd (
o vk/qfud daI;wVj flLVe) vkfn ds fodkl ij Hkh è;ku dsfUær fd;k tkrk gSA
D%
lkbcj geys dss fofHkUu lzksr
 ISIS, o vU; vkradoknh laXkBu tks lkbcj tXkr esa lfØ; gSa] muds }kjk ns'k dh vFkZ
o lqj{kk dks gkfu igqapkus ds fy, lkbcj geys dks çk;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 vlkekftd rRoksa ds }kjk futh Lrj ij fdlh O;fDr ds futh dEI;wVj ij lkbcj geyk dj
mlds futh lwpukvksa dks pqjk;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls ;s vklkekftd rRo f'kdkj O;fDr d
CySdesy dj ldrs gSa] ifj.kkeLoi:i f'kdkj O;fDr ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fgr nkao ij gksa
Hkfo"; eas j.kuhfr D;k gksuk pkfg,\
rduhdh Lrj ij %&
dEI;wVj flLVe dks vR;f/d lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, vR;k/qfud o l{ke liksVZ flLVe tSl
iQk;jokWy(Firewall), bufØI'ku(Encryption) fMftVy MkVk CykWd] o eYVhiy ,Dlsl
IokbUV~l ,oa ljdkj ds }kjk yXkkrkj vkadM+kXkr
( continous data response) lg;ksXk çnku
fd;k tkrk jgsA
futh Lrj ij%&
 fdlh ls vius futh ikloMZ ugha lk>k djuk pkfg,] ,oa ftruk gks lds tfVy iklokMZ
cuk;k tk ldsA
 fdlh vKkr iQkbyksa dks [kksyus ls cpsaA
nh?kkZof/d Lrj ij
 O;kid Lrj ij lkbcj lqj{kk ds çfr tu&tkXk#drk fufeZr djukA
 lkbcj geyksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d etcwr varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksXk fufeZr djuk gksXkk
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lkbcj fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d Vhe rS;kj djuh gksXkh] ftlds fy, cM+s iS
S

çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks vk;ksftr djus dh vko';drk gSA

fu"d"kZ %
A
fo'ks"kdj Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lkbcj lqj{kk ds varXkZr o`gr iSekus ij {kerk fuekZ
tSls mik;ksa ij XkaHkhj igy djus dh vko';drk gSA
;
s I
;|fi] lkbcj geyksa ls fuiVus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lg;ksXk o rduhfd lwpuk dk
vknku&çnku djus dh vko';drk gS] ijUrq jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d l{ke lkbcj lqj{kk ra=k d
;
fodflr fd;k tkuk vifjgk;Z gSA
è
CSE 2017 GS-III:
G E
Q4. Hkkjr esa Lora=krk dss ckn Ñf"k eas vkbZ fofHkUu çdkjksa dh Øka
Li"V dhft,A bu Økafr;ksa us HkkjrD
esa Xkjhch mUewyu vkSj [kk| lq
esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk çnku dh gS\E
S P
Explain various types of revolutions, took place in
D
Agriculture after independence in India. How these
revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food
security in India?
Q. As India marks 50 years of the Green Revolution this year, Indian agriculture
is still plagued with challenges that are both ecological and economical.
Discuss. Also suggest some ways to overcome these challeng
Model Answer:
Approach:
 Introduction: Green Revolution
 Challenges to Indian agriculture
 Ecological
 Economical
 Way ahead
 Conclusion
Introduction: Green Revolution

The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased
its yields due to improved agronomic technology. It started in India in the
early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production, especially
S
in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase. The key pillars of
this revolution were high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and promoted irrigation facilities. The farmers were also
A
extended finance through a relaxed mechanism.
I
Challenges to Indian agriculture
;
s
 Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. Over 58 per cent of
the rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means
;
of livelihood. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, is one of
the largest contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). One of the
è
biggest challenges facing Indian agriculture today is to make it economically
GE
remunerative for the farmer, while ensuring that operations are socially
sustainable as well as climate-resilient.
Ecological challenges
ED

SP
Changing Climate: one of the top reasons behind crop failure is
uneven rainfall, high temperature, and decline of ground water table
leading to crop loss. It also induces frequent drought (Vidarbha, Marathawara,

D
west Rajasthan, south west UP) and floods (Bihar, Assam, Odisha etc).
There is an increase in Infertility of land due to overuse of fertilizers,
insecticides and other chemicals used in farming leading to
increased salinity and alkalinity.
 In Punjab, and in other Green Revolution States, the water table has gone
down and become saline.
 The Monsoon dependant nature of Indian agriculture makes it susceptible
to the problems of Irrigation which are still inadequate despite measures
taken by the government.
 Over-dependence on traditional crops like rice and wheat has led to
ecological crisis in terms of increasingly deficient micronutrient soil.
 The growing demand of water in agriculture in the absence of
proper irrigation facilities has brought problems of over-exploitation of
the groundwater resource to the fore.
Economical challenges
 Farm loan waivers are posing a bigger burden on the government exchequer.
 Inadequate MSP- Low MSP is a cause of worry for farmers as they do not get
enough prices for their crops.
 Lack of Cold Storage Chain- It is estimated that about 30%
food gets spoilt because of the lack of storage facilities.
 Financial Inclusion- The farmers are still dependent on the moneylenders of
the villages.
 Due to lack of awareness & education very few farmers are able to get benefits
S
of the schemes & insurance coverage.
 Fragmented land holdings-Nearly 80% of the 140 million farming families
hold less than 2 acres of land thereby limiting productivity and income.
A
 Growing Population: While the land to grow the food is limited,
the population is growing continuously, which demands agriculture
;
s I
to develop with the same higher rate.
 Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad
shape in rural India. In the absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers
;
have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their
è
farm produce which is sold at throw-away price.
Way ahead
GE
Addressing the ecological challenge requires more technology while the
ED
economics requires more public policy interventions.
Use of organic farming which ultimately increases fertility of soil and
P

also reduce dependence on pesticides and fertilizers which harm the soil.

DS
Price stability, market facilities and assurance of sale of farmers have to be
provided.
 Use of technology like internet, satellite imaging data etc. in growing crops,
checking weather condition.
 Crop diversification along with providing adequate MSP for crops other than
wheat and paddy, thus helps farmers to switch to another crops.
 Providing proper storage facilities, idea of more drops per crop (Israel
providing adequate water to crops via remote control), drip irrigation,
watershed management, rain water harvesting are some possible remedies.
 Educating the farmers regarding pest use, e-NAM, and analysis
of soil quality by soil health card etc.
 There is a need for proper implementation of irrigation & crop
insurance schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY),
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).
 Mandatory rainwater harvesting and introduction
of fodder and grain legumes as rotation crops to be adopted by wheat
farmers in States like Punjab to ensure sustainability of farming.
 Addressing the Irrigational problems at National and State levels and
drafting appropriate policies.
 India has done well in production, but not in consumption. India’s ranking
on the Global Hunger Index has become worse over the years. India
ranked 97th out of 118 countries on the International Food Policy Research
Institute’s (IFPRI) Global Hunger Index(GHI) in
 Agricultural sustainability is intrinsically linked to food security, and
S
therefore critical to India’s progress and socio-economic development.
Conclusion
A
Agriculture constitutes the back bone of the whole economic system. It
provides employment opportunities to millions of Indians in addition to
I
providing necessary inputs for high industrial growth. Therefore, required
;
s
attention in the form of realistic policy measures such as timely availability
of formal credit and other inputs to the farmers, creating the awareness
about policies and programs of the government meant for educating the
;
farmers through different media platforms is the need of hour on the part of
è
the Indian government. Agricultural growth can be seen as an enabler of
the overall economic growth of India.
CSE 2017 GS-III:

G E
Hkkjr us pUæ;ku o eaXky d{kh; fe'kuksa lfgr ekuo&jfgr varfj{k
Q7.
E
fe'kuksa eas vlk/kj.k liQyrk çkIr D
dh gS] ysfdu eku&lfgr varfj{k
S
ykap djus esa çkS|ksfXkdh;
P
fe'kuksa esa ços'k dk lkgl ugha fd;k gSA ekuo&lfgr varfj{k fe'ku
o lqçpkyfud lfgr eq[; #dkoVsa D;k gSa\
D
lekykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
India has achieved remarkble sucesses in unmaned space
missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter
Mission, but has not ventured into maned space missions.
What are the main obstacies to launching a manned space
mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Ex-
amine crtically.

Q1. What is the difference between GSLV and PSLV? Unlike PSLV, the
development of the GSLV has been plagued by so many setbacks.
Enumerate various reasons for this.
Model Answer :
Both PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle) are the satellite-launch vehicles (rockets) developed by ISRO.
The main difference between PSLV and GSLV is basically that GSLV has Cryogenic
Engine which can develop more thrust than PSLV and it can consequently take
heavier Satellites to above 36000 km above our Earth.
PSLV (Polar Satellite GSLV(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Launch Vehicle) Vehicle)
S
PSLV is designed
The GSLV is designed mainly to deliver the
mainly to deliver the
communication-satellites to the highly
“earth-observation” or
elliptical Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit
A
“remote-sensing”
(GTO). The satellite in GTO is further
satellites with lift-off
raised to its final destination, viz., Geo-
mass of up to about
I
synchronous Earth orbit (GEO) of about
;
s
1750 Kg to Sun-
36000 Km altitude (and zero deg inclination
Synchronous circular
on equatorial plane) by firing its in-built on-
polar orbits of 600-900
board engines.
;
Km altitude.
è
PSLV is a four-staged
launch vehicle with first
and third stage using
GE
GSLV is a three-staged vehicle with first
stage using solid rocket motor, second stage
solid rocket engines and
second and fourth stages
using liquid rocket ED
using Liquid fuel and the third stage,
called Cryogenic Upper Stage, using
cryogenic engine.
engines.
SP
The PSLV is classified
into its various versions D
like (PSLV-CA), PSLV- The GSLV is classified as Mk II, MkIII.
G or PSLV-XL variants.
Benefits of GSLV:
· GSLV will reduce the foreign dependence of the ISRO to carry heavier
satellites to the GTO.
· It will improve the signal efficiency and telecommunication by keeping
satellite at GTO.
· Manned mission is possible with high carrying capacity of GSLV.
· GSLV can earn foreign exchange by launching heavy satellites of other
developing countries.
Issues in the development of the GSLV
· The thorn in the crown has been the third propelling stage of the rocket:
the cryogenic upper stage (CUS). The CUS uses cryogenic fuel (gases liquefied
and stored at extremely low temperatures) that mixes liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen to produce maximum energy efficiency for the engine. Since oxygen
remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 196 Celsius and hydrogen at
below minus 253 Celsius, they can only be stored in special tanks fitted with
multi-layered insulation. Scientists have to overcome such enormous
technological challenges in thermal and structural engineering before a cryogenic
engine could be built.
S
· The cryogenic technology development has been hampered by
administrative roadblocks as India’s space program became two-pronged: one
aided by the PSLV and the other by the GSLV, with focus divided between the
two.
I A
;
s

è; DSP EDGE
AS
;
s
Please visit: www.dhyeyaias.com
I
è; Student Portal Login
D S P E D G
Register (if new user)
E
Explore world of knowledge
for details call : 9205279746

UPSC Mains 2017 Q& A

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

UPSC Mains 2017 Q& A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dhyeya Student Portal DSP EDGE

mÙkj ys[ku vH;kl

EDGE for IAS Mains-2017

CSE 2017 GS-II:

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

futrkµ blds varXkZr

iSudkMZ uacj ls vk/kj dks fyad djuk GE

/u fo/s;d cuke foÙk fo/s;d

Aadhaar a breach of privacy

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

th,lVh D;k gS\

th,lVh ds ykHk D;k gSa\

,d U;k;laXkr n'kk dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsXkh] D;ksafd

 It actually accelerates the reconfiguration of center-state fiscal

 “Make in India” Programme is focused for strengthening and

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

fuEufyf[kr funsZ'k fn, gSa&

 [kk|kUuksa ds HkaMkj.k {kerk ds fy, futh {ks=ketc. ij vkfJr gksuk]

fd;k tk ldrk gSA GE

 PDS fMftVkbZts'ku dk ifjp;

 D;ksa vko';d gS\

 pqukSfr;k¡ D;k gSaA

fyad djuk 'kkfey gksXkkA D

dksSMS ,yVZ ,oa vuktksa ds Xkksnkeksa ds VªSfdaXk] Xkksnkeksa esa LVkWd dk

lfClMh ds cks> esa deh ls ljdkj ds foÙkh; ?kkVs esa deh_

 fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj ns'k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa bUVjusV dusfDVfoVh ,oa

CSE 2017 GS-II:

 çLrko ds i{k esa fn, tk jgs rdZ

vko';drk ls vf/d egRo fn;k tk ldrk gS\

 nyksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys pqukoh [kpZ ij fu;a=k.k

 pqukoksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj o CySdeuh ij jksd

 pqukoh [kpZ dk ljdkjh foÙkh;u

 pquko vk;ksXk ,oa fof/ vk;ksXk ds }kjk fn, Xk, lq>ko

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

 [kjkc çn'kZu ds fy, ftEesnkj eq[; dkjd

 oSf'od Lrj ij fd, Xk, ç;klksa ls D;k lh[k ysus pkfg,\

Xkjhch fuokj.k eas Hkkjr dk çn'kZu%&

CSE 2017 GS-II:

Introduction: Issues in electoral politics

assets, criminal background.

Introduction: Why in news? GE

Strategic encirclement of India:

Geo-economic encirclement of India

Measures taken by India:

NITI Aayog’s Draft National Energy Policy, 2017

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

How to address the problem of jobless growth

CSE 2017 GS-III:

Hkkjr loksZPp LFkku ij FkkA SP

fo'ks"kKksa ds }kjk crk;k tk jgkPetya

Lrj ij ,oa nwljk ljdkj ds Lrj ijA

dh vfèkd laHkkouk curh gSASP

(SCO) ds lkFk ,d le>kSrs Kkiu ij gLrk{kj fd;k Xk;k gSA

çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dks vk;ksftr djus dh vko';drk gSA

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

Introduction: Green Revolution

CSE 2017 GS-III:

Related Question & Ans in DSP EDGE

PSLV (Polar Satellite GSLV(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

You might also like