1.

Introduction:
Satellite imagery has been provided to interpret and indentify the different
surface features from it. The image is coded in standard false color
composite (FCC). IRS P6 LISS IV MX data was used to acquire this
image. The image area is part of topographical map of 73 I/04 & 73 I/08
of 1:50’000 scale. The area is cover nearly 163 sq. km., latitudinal
extension is 23°10´37´´ East to 23°18´07´´ East and longitudinal
extension is 86°16´17´´ North to 86°22´53´´ North. Scale of the map is
1cm to 250 meter and the representative factor (R.F.) is 1:25’000. This
image was taken on 18 December, 2007 and 11 January, 2008.
2.Physiography: The area is situated at the East of Ajodhya hills; which is
an extended part of Chotanagpur plateau. Physiographically, the area is
under erosional plain of this plateau. Slight undulating surface with very
low relative relief is the main physiographic characteristic of the imagery
area. There is no such highland, residual hill or inselberg in this area.
Through latitudinal and longitudinal extension, it is identified that the
major portion (mostly Northern part) of this area is under catchment area
of Kangsabati River. The river Kangsabati is situated at the North-Eastern
part of this imagery area; and flowing from North-West to East direction.
This river basin is a part of lowar Ganga basin and it is also the last
tributary of Ganga (Bhave, Mishra, & Groot, 2013)
3. Hydrogeomorphic features: Hydrogeomorphic features are those
geomorphic features or landforms, which related to surface and sub-
surface water potential of that particular region. These features can
medicate the response of sub-surface aquatic system to ecosystem
(Bremigan et al., 2008). In this imagery, the main geohydrological
features are, stream, reservoir, and other water bodies. Paleochannals are
the most important features in this imagery.

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3.1. Stream: In a standard FCC imagery, river or stream can be
identified by its linear shape and bluish tone of its indicates
availability of water (Bhatta, 2008). Within this entire area, the river
Kangsabati, and some portion of its tributaries are perennial in
nature. Where, most of other streams are non-perennial or seasonal.
The light blue tone of its water indicates shallow depth and presence
of suspended particle (Nasa, 2013; Parveen, 2017). The river
Kangsabati is rises in the hilly area of Jhalda block (Dhar, Sujana.;
Mazumdar, 1999), and flowing from NW to East direction. The
stream has created several meander and sand deposition within its
bank. Deposited sand in river bank represented in bright white tone.
The other streams, which are non-perinnial in nature, are tributary to
this main stream.
3.2.Reservoir: In this imagery, we found that many reservoirs are there
present in this area, which are scatterly distributed. Deep blue tone of
its water indicates high depth and light blue tone indicates shallow
depth (Nasa, 2013; Parveen, 2017). Reservoirs are mainly used for
irrigation purpose. There is one large and several small reservoirs are
present in this imagery. The large one is situated at the middle-
eastern portion of this imagery.
3.3. Water bodies: Water bodies are the other important
geohydrological feature of this imagery area. Water resources are
mainly use in irrigation and house hold purposes. In this imagery,
small tanks or water bodies are present in a disperse manner. Most of
them are in rectangular or square shape; which is indicating that they
are manmade (N & Ananth, 2011). Depth of water could be identify
from its tone, i.e. lighter tone indicates shallower water (Chaudhary,
Beniwal, & Arya, 2017).

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 3.4. Paleo-channel: Seasonal dry parts of non-perennial stream are
generally known as paleo-channel. These Paleo-channels plays very
major role in holding moisture content in soil even in dry season. In
a standard FCC, it is appear in bluish green tone; variation of its tone
depends upon its surface moisture content. It appears with irregular
shape and discontinued manner; with coarse texture, and dendritic to
sub-dendritic pattern. In this imagery, paleo-channels occur
throughout the imagery area, indicating high amount of moisture
potential in soil surface.
4. Land use Land cover: The imagery area is part of erosional plain land,
mainly used for agricultural practice. Few vegetation patches have been
identified in this imagery area, mainly in middle and southern part of
the image.
Being a part of plain land, agriculture is the most dominant land
use pattern of this area. From the light radish tone of agricultural
land in this imagery, we have identified that; the crop has already
being harvested (Chaudhary, Beniwal, & Arya, 2017). The imagery
has taken in winter season, but there is no crop in field. This
indicates that the region is mono-cropped area and agriculture is
depends only on monsoon. Presently, this land can be classified as
agricultural fallow land.
The imagery area consist only one railway line and two
important metal roads, one is NH32 and the other one is a state
highway (SH). There is also numbers of other metal and non-metal
roads, connecting different settlement nods. Settlements are
concentrating mainly around the joining of roads. Settlements are
rural in nature, situated in small patches, dispersedly throughout the
imagery area.

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5. Geo-environmental interpretation: Previously identified thematic
information such as settlement land cover, forest cover, social forestry,
agricultural land, drainage is in an inter-relationship. Sedimentation due
to high surface runoff and erosion (Bhave et al., 2013) in tributaries and
main River, the entire drainage system has lost its capacity and water
holding capacity is very low. This increases the risk of flood in heavy
rainfall in upper catchment. But in other hand, it helps to maintain
fertility of land and ground water level.
Flooding is adversely effected towards settlements. This
creates a trend to settle down in upland area such as natural levee.
Higher drainage density in water shade implied higher surface run
off. Lake of forest cover is an increasing factor for silt generation
towards downstream. Sand deposition and in river bed and its
meandering flow indicating that the river is not structurally
controlled.
The satellite imagery covers nearly 163 sq. km. of which, the
forest cover area is 8.953 sq. km. and the area under human
settlement is 24.21 sq km. Out of total area, roughly 39% land is
under agricultural use. The bright white shade on river bank is
indicating sand deposition and dark bluish tone of paleo-channel is
an indicator of presence of high moisture content in soil; which will
helpful for agriculture.
6. Quantitative analysis of the imagery area: Quantitative measurement
of different land use and land cover has been done by using cm. graph.
Area of Settlement area, vegetative area, waste land, paleo-channel and
water bodies has been calculated differently. Various comparison and
analysis can be done from it. The total area of the imagery is nearly 163
sq.km; the rest of the area can be identified as agricultural area, which is

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 presently identified as agricultural fallow land due to mono-cropped
agricultural pattern.

Table 1. : Measurement of land use and land cover:

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENT LCLU TYPE

LULC TYPE AREA (in sq km.) Percentage to total area
Vagetation 8.95 5.49
Waste land 14.75 9.05
Paleo channel 37.89 23.25
Water bodey 8.3 5.09
River 5.94 3.64
Settlement 24.21 14.85
Thematic Pie-chart showing agricultural and non-agricultural land
use has been prepared from the measured data (Table 1). According to the
diagram, 39% land of the total area is used under agricultural use.
Agricultural land is spread over entire Imagery area.

Chart 1: Agricultural Land and Non-Agricultural Land Use of the Imagery area.

Source: Table No 1.

Another thematic bar-diagram has been prepared to show the various

land use and land cover except agriculture land use. According to the
diagram, paleochannal is most dominant natural land cover after

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agricultural land use, where, settlement is the second most dominant land
use pattern of the imagery area. In this area, waste land, river, and water
body also has a significant area that can affect the geo-environmental
condition of the Imagery area.

Chart 2: different land use and land cover pattern.

(Area in sq. km.)

Source: Table No 1.

7. Conclusion: the study of the given satellite imagery, it can be say that
the region is not developed in respect of both communication,
agriculture etc. Less developed communication system creates disperse
settlement. Most of the area is under agricultural practices. So the major
economic activity will be primary activity. Which indicates a less
developed economical society.

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  Referance:

Bhatta, B. (2008). Remote Sensing and GIS. New Dellhi: Oxford University Press.
Bhave, A. G., Mishra, A., & Groot, A. (2013). Sub-basin scale characterization of
climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation in an Indian River basin.
Regional Environmental Change, 13(5), 1087–1098.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0416-8
Bremigan, M. T., Soranno, P. A., Gonzalez, M. J., Bunnell, D. B., Arend, K. K.,
Renwick, W. H., … Vanni, M. J. (2008). Hydrogeomorphic features mediate the
effects of land use / cover on reservoir productivity and food webs. Limnology and
Oceanography, 53(4), 1420–1433. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1420
Chaudhary, B. S., Beniwal, A., & Arya, V. S. (2017). Remote Sensing Applications in
Mapping of Forest Cover and Potential Afforestation Sites for Sustainable Forest
Management . a Case Study of Rewari District , Haryana , India. Retrieved
November 4, 2017, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0765-
B1.HTM
Dhar, Sujana.; Mazumdar, A. (1999). Hydrological modelling of the Kangsabati river
under changed climate scenario: case study in India. Journal of Glaciology,
45(151), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp
N, M. Y., & Ananth, A. G. (2011). Feature Extraction from Rural Satellite Imagery
Using Color Based CBIR Techniques Abstract : International Journal, 2(2), 24–32.
Nasa, E. O. (2013). How to Interpret a Satellite Image : Five Tips and Strategies.
Retrieved November 3, 2017, from
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/ColorImage/
Parveen, R. (2017). Study of IRS 1C-LISS III Image and Identification of land cover
features based on Spectral Responses. In GEOSPATIAL WORLD FORUM.