Molybdenum

disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic

compound composed of molybdenum
and sulfur. Its chemical formula is MoS2.
 Molybdenum disulfide

Names

IUPAC name
Molybdenum disulfide

Identifiers

CAS Number 1317-33-5  

3D model (JSmol) Interactive

image

ChEBI CHEBI:30704  

ChemSpider 14138  

ECHA InfoCard 100.013.877

PubChem CID 14823

RTECS number QA4697000

InChI
InChI=1S/Mo.2S 
Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 

InChI=1/Mo.2S/rMoS2/c2-1-3
Key: CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-FRBXWHJUAU

SMILES
S=[Mo]=S

Properties

Chemical formula MoS2

Molar mass 160.07 g/mol[1]

Appearance black/lead-gray
solid

Density 5.06 g/cm3[1]

Melting point 1,185 °C

(2,165 °F;
1,458 K) or
higher[4]
Solubility in water insoluble[1]
Solubility decomposed by
aqua regia, hot
sulfuric acid,
nitric acid
insoluble in
dilute acids

Band gap 1.23 eV (indirect,

3R or 2H bulk)[2]
~1.8 eV (direct,
monolayer)[3]

Structure

Crystal structure hP6, P63/mmc,

No. 194 (2H)

hR9, R3m, No
160 (3R)[5]

Lattice constant a = 0.3161 nm

(2H), 0.3163 nm
(3R), c = 1.2295
 nm (2H), 1.837
(3R)

Coordination geometry Trigonal

prismatic (MoIV)
Pyramidal (S2−)

Hazards

Safety data sheet External MSDS

Related compounds

Other anions Molybdenum(IV)

oxide
Molybdenum
diselenide
Molybdenum
ditelluride

Other cations Tungsten

disulfide

Related lubricants Graphite

Except where otherwise noted, data are given

for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C
[77 °F], 100 kPa).

 verify (what is   ?)

Infobox references

The compound is classified as a

transition metal dichalcogenide. It is a
silvery black solid that occurs as the
mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for
molybdenum.[6] MoS2 is relatively
unreactive. It is unaffected by dilute
acids and oxygen. In appearance and
feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to
graphite. It is widely used as a solid
lubricant because of its low friction and
robustness. Bulk MoS2 is a diamagnetic,
indirect bandgap semiconductor similar
to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.[2]

Production

Molybdenite

MoS2 is naturally found as either

molybdenite, a crystalline mineral, or
jordisite, a rare low temperature form of
molybdenite.[7] Molybdenite ore is
processed by flotation to give relatively
pure MoS2. The main contaminant is
carbon. MoS2 also arises by thermal
treatment of virtually all molybdenum
compounds with hydrogen sulfide or
elemental sulfur and can be produced by
metathesis reactions from molybdenum
pentachloride.[8]

Structure and Physical

Properties
Electron microscopy of antisites (a, Mo substitutes
for S) and vacancies (b, missing S atoms) in a
monolayer of molybdenum disulfide. Scale bar: 1
nm.[9]

Crystalline phases

All forms of MoS2 have a layered

structure, in which a plane of
molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by
planes of sulfide ions. These three strata
form a monolayer of MoS2. Bulk MoS2
consists of stacked monolayers, which
are held together by weak van der Waals
interactions.

Crystalline MoS2 is found in nature as

one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-
MoS2], where the "H" and the "R" indicate
hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry,
respectively. In both of these structures,
each molybdenum atom exists at the
center of a trigonal prismatic
coordination sphere and is covalently
bonded to six sulfide ions. Each sulfur
atom has pyramidal coordination and is
bonded to three molybdenum atoms.
Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are
semiconducting.[10]

A third, metastable crystalline phase

known as 1T-MoS2] was discovered by
intercalating 2H-MoS2 with alkali
metals.[11] This phase has tetragonal
symmetry and is metallic. The 1T-phase
can be stabilized through doping with
electron donors like rhenium,[12] or
converted back to the 2H-phase by
microwave radiation.[13]

Allotropes

Nanotube-like and buckyball-like

molecules composed of MoS2 are
known.[14]

Exfoliated MoS2 flakes

While bulk MoS2 in the 2H-phase is

known to be an indirect-band gap
semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a
direct band gap. The layer-dependent
optoelectronic properties of MoS2 have
promoted much research in 2-
dimensional MoS2-based devices. 2D
MoS2 can be produced by exfoliating
bulk crystals to produce single-layer to
few-layer flakes either through a dry,
micromechanical process or through
solution processing.

Micromechanical exfoliation, also

pragmatically called "Scotch-tape
exfoliation", involves using an adhesive
material to repeatedly peel apart a
layered crystal by overcoming the van der
Waals forces. The crystal flakes can then
be transferred from the adhesive film to a
substrate. This facile method was first
used by Novoselov and Geim to obtain
graphene from graphite crystals.
However, it can not be employed for a
uniform 1-D layers because of less
adhesion of MoS2 with the substrate
(either Si, glass or quartz). The
aforementioned scheme is good for
Graphene only. [15] While Scotch tape is
generally used as the adhesive tape,
PDMS stamps can also satisfactorily
cleave MoS2 if it is important to avoid
contaminating the flakes with residual
adhesive.[16]

Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used

to produce monolayer to multi-layer
MoS2 in solution. A few methods include
lithium intercalation[17] to delaminate the
layers and sonication in a high-surface
tension solvent.[18][19]

Mechanical properties

MoS2 excels as a lubricating material

(see below) due to its layered structure
and low coefficient of friction. Interlayer
sliding dissipates energy when a shear
stress is applied to the material.
Extensive work has been performed to
characterize the coefficient of friction
and shear strength of MoS2 in various
atmospheres.[20] The shear strength of
MoS2 increases as the coefficient of
friction increases. This property is called
superlubricity. At ambient conditions, the
coefficient of friction for MoS2 was
determined to be 0.150, with a
corresponding estimated shear strength
of 56.0 MPa.[20] Direct methods of
measuring the shear strength indicate
that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.[21]

The wear resistance of MoS2 in

lubricating applications can be increased
by doping MoS2 with chromium.
Microindentation experiments on
nanopillars of Cr-doped MoS2 found that
the yield strength increased from an
average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (0
at. % Cr) to 1017 MPa for 50 at. % Cr.[22]
The increase in yield strength is
accompanied by a change in the failure
mode of the material. While the pure
MoS2 nanopillar fails through a plastic
bending mechanism, brittle fracture
modes become apparent as the material
is loaded with increasing amounts of
dopant.[22]

The widely used method of

micromechanical exfoliation has been
careful studied in MoS2 to understand
the mechanism of delamination in few-
layer to multi-layer flakes. The exact
mechanism of cleavage was found to be
layer dependent. Flakes thinner than 5
layers undergo homogenous bending and
rippling, while flakes around 10 layers
thick delaminated through interlayer
sliding. Flakes with more than 20 layers
exhibited a kinking mechanism during
micromechanical cleavage. The cleavage
of these flakes was also determined to
be reversible due to the nature of van der
Waals bonding.[23]

In recent years, MoS2 has been utilized in

flexible electronic applications,
promoting more investigation into the
elastic properties of this material.
Nanoscopic bending tests using AFM
cantilever tips were performed on
micromechanically exfoliated MoS2
flakes that were deposited on a holey
substrate.[16][24] The yield strength of
monolayer flakes was 270 GPa,[24] while
the thicker flakes were also stiffer, with a
yield strength of 330 GPa.[16] Molecular
dynamic simulations found the in-plane
yield strength of MoS2 to be 229 GPa,
which matches the experimental results
within error.[25]

Bertolazzi and coworkers also

characterized the failure modes of the
suspended monolayer flakes. The strain
at failure ranges from 6 to 11%. The
average yield strength of monolayer
MoS2 is 23 GPa, which is close to the
theoretical fracture strength for defect-
free MoS2.[24]

The band structure of MoS2 is sensitive

to strain.[26][27][28]
Chemical reactions
Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air and
attacked only by aggressive reagents. It
reacts with oxygen upon heating forming
molybdenum trioxide:

2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2

Chlorine attacks molybdenum disulfide

at elevated temperatures to form
molybdenum pentachloride:

2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2

Intercalation reactions

Molybdenum disulfide is a host for

formation of intercalation compounds.
This behavior is relevant to its use as a
cathode material in batteries.[29][30] One
example is a lithiated material,
LixMoS2.[31] With butyl lithium, the
product is LiMoS2.[6]

Applications
Lubricant

A tube of commercial graphite powder lubricant with

molybdenum disulfide additive (called
"molybdenum")[32]
Due to weak van der Waals interactions
between the sheets of sulfide atoms,
MoS2 has a low coefficient of friction.
MoS2 in particle sizes in the range of 1–
100 µm is a common dry lubricant.[33]
Few alternatives exist that confer high
lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in
oxidizing environments. Sliding friction
tests of MoS2 using a pin on disc tester
at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction
coefficient values of <0.1.[34][35]

MoS2 is often a component of blends

and composites that require low friction.
For example, it is added to graphite to
improve sticking.[32] A variety of oils and
greases are used, because they retain
their lubricity even in cases of almost
complete oil loss, thus finding a use in
critical applications such as aircraft
engines. When added to plastics, MoS2
forms a composite with improved
strength as well as reduced friction.
Polymers filled with MoS2 include nylon
(trade name Nylatron), Teflon and Vespel.
Self-lubricating composite coatings for
high-temperature applications consist of
molybdenum disulfide and titanium
nitride, using chemical vapor deposition.

Examples of applications of MoS2-based

lubricants include two-stroke engines
(such as motorcycle engines), bicycle
coaster brakes, automotive CV and
universal joints, ski waxes[36] and
bullets.[37]

Other layered inorganic materials exhibit

lubricating properties (collectively known
as solid lubricants (or dry lubricants))
include graphite, which requires volatile
additives and hexagonal boron nitride.[38]

Catalysis

Fingerprint revealed by molybdenum disulfide

MoS2 is employed as a cocatalyst for
desulfurization in petrochemistry, for
example, hydrodesulfurization.The
effectiveness of the MoS2 catalysts is
enhanced by doping with small amounts
of cobalt or nickel The intimate mixture
of these sulfides is supported on
alumina. Such catalysts are generated in
situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or
nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or
an equivalent reagent. Catalysis does not
occur at the regular sheet-like regions of
the crystallites, but instead at the edge of
these planes.[39]

MoS2 finds use as a hydrogenation

catalyst for organic synthesis.[40] It is
derived from a common transition metal,
rather than group 10 metal as are many
alternatives, MoS2 is chosen when
catalyst price or resistance to sulfur
poisoning are of primary concern. MoS2
is effective for the hydrogenation of nitro
compounds to amines and can be used
produce secondary amines via reductive
alkylation.[41] The catalyst can also can
effect hydrogenolysis of organosulfur
compounds, aldehydes, ketones, phenols
and carboxylic acids to their respective
alkanes.[40] The catalyst suffers from
rather low activity however, often
requiring hydrogen pressures above 95
atm and temperatures above 185 °C.
Research
Hydrogen evolution

MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides

are efficient catalysts for hydrogen
evolution, including the electrolysis of
water;[42][43] thus, are possibly useful to
produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells.[44]

Microelectronics

As in graphene, the layered structures of

MoS2 and other transition metal
dichalcogenides exhibit electronic and
optical properties[45] that can differ from
those in bulk.[46] Bulk MoS2 has an
indirect band gap of 1.2 eV,[47][48] while
MoS2 monolayers have a direct 1.8 eV
electronic bandgap,[49] supporting
switchable transistors[50] and
photodetectors.[51][46][52]

MoS2 nanoflakes can be used for

solution-processed fabrication of layered
memristive and memcapacitive devices
through engineering a MoOx/MoS2
heterostructure sandwiched between
silver electrodes.[53] MoS2-based
memristors are mechanically flexible,
optically transparent and can be
produced at low cost.

The sensitivity of a graphene field-effect

transistor (FET) biosensor is
fundamentally restricted by the zero
band gap of graphene, which results in
increased leakage and reduced
sensitivity. In digital electronics,
transistors control current flow
throughout an integrated circuit and
allow for amplification and switching. In
biosensing, the physical gate is removed
and the binding between embedded
receptor molecules and the charged
target biomolecules to which they are
exposed modulates the current.[54]

MoS2 has been investigated as a

component of flexible circuits.[55][56]

In 2017 a 115-transistor, 1-bit

microprocessor implementation using
two-dimensional MoS2.[57]
Photonics and photovoltaics

MoS2 also possesses mechanical

strength, electrical conductivity, and can
emit light, opening possible applications
such as photodetectors.[58] MoS2 has
been investigated as a component of
photoelectrochemical (e.g. for
photocatalytic hydrogen production)
applications and for microelectronics
applications.[50]

See also
Molybdenum diselenide

References
1. Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
p. 4.76. ISBN 1439855110.
2. Kobayashi, K.; Yamauchi, J. (1995).
"Electronic structure and scanning-
tunneling-microscopy image of
molybdenum dichalcogenide surfaces".
Physical Review B. 51 (23): 17085–
17095. Bibcode:1995PhRvB..5117085K .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.51.17085 .
3. Yun, Won Seok; Han, S. W.; Hong, Soon
Cheol; Kim, In Gee; Lee, J. D. (2012).
"Thickness and strain effects on
electronic structures of transition metal
dichalcogenides: 2H-MX2 semiconductors
(M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te)". Physical
Review B. 85 (3): 033305.
Bibcode:2012PhRvB..85c3305Y .
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.033305 .
4. Cannon, Peter (1959). "Melting Point
and Sublimation of Molybdenum
Disulphide". Nature. 183 (4675): 1612–
1613. Bibcode:1959Natur.183.1612C .
doi:10.1038/1831612a0 .
5. Schönfeld, B.; Huang, J. J.; Moss, S. C.
(1983). "Anisotropic mean-square
displacements (MSD) in single-crystals of
2H- and 3R-MoS2". Acta Crystallographica
Section B. 39 (4): 404–407.
doi:10.1107/S0108768183002645 .
6. Sebenik, Roger F. et al. (2005)
"Molybdenum and Molybdenum
Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology. Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim. doi:
10.1002/14356007.a16_655
7. "Jordesite on Mindat.org" .
8. Murphy, Donald W.; Interrante, Leonard
V.; Kaner; Mansuktto (1995). "Metathetical
Precursor Route to Molybdenum
Disulfide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic
Syntheses. 30: 33–37.
doi:10.1002/9780470132616.ch8 .
ISBN 9780470132616.
9. Hong, J.; Hu, Z.; Probert, M.; Li, K.; Lv, D.;
Yang, X.; Gu, L.; Mao, N.; Feng, Q.; Xie, L.;
Zhang, J.; Wu, D.; Zhang, Z.; Jin, C.; Ji, W.;
Zhang, X.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, Z. (2015).
"Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum
disulphide monolayers" . Nature
Communications. 6: 6293.
Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E6293H .
doi:10.1038/ncomms7293 .
PMC 4346634  . PMID 25695374 .
10. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and
Organometallic Chemistry - 8th edition
(in German).
11. Wypych, Fernando; Schöllhorn, Robert
(1992-01-01). "1T-MoS2, a new metallic
modification of molybdenum disulfide" .
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical
Communications (19): 1386.
doi:10.1039/C39920001386 . ISSN 0022-
4936 .
12. Enyashin, Andrey N.; Yadgarov, Lena;
Houben, Lothar; Popov, Igor; Weidenbach,
Marc; Tenne, Reshef; Bar-Sadan, Maya;
Seifert, Gotthard (2011-12-22). "New
Route for Stabilization of 1T-WS2 and
MoS2 Phases" . The Journal of Physical
Chemistry C. 115 (50): 24586–24591.
doi:10.1021/jp2076325 . ISSN 1932-
7447 .
13. Xu, Danyun; Zhu, Yuanzhi; Liu, Jiapeng;
Li, Yang; Peng, Wenchao; Zhang, Guoliang;
Zhang, Fengbao; Fan, Xiaobin (2016).
"Microwave-assisted 1T to 2H phase
reversion of MoS 2 in solution: a fast
route to processable dispersions of 2H-
MoS 2 nanosheets and
nanocomposites" . Nanotechnology. 27
(38): 385604.
Bibcode:2016Nanot..27L5604X .
doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385604 .
ISSN 0957-4484 . PMID 27528593 .
14. Tenne, R.; Redlich, M. (2010). "Recent
progress in the research of inorganic
fullerene-like nanoparticles and inorganic
nanotubes". Chemical Society Reviews.
39 (5): 1423–34. doi:10.1039/B901466G .
PMID 20419198 .
15. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov,
S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.;
Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. (2004-10-22).
"Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin
Carbon Films" . Science. 306 (5696):
666–669. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..666N .
doi:10.1126/science.1102896 .
ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 15499015 .
16. Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Poot,
Menno; Steele, Gary A.; van der Zant,
Herre S. J.; Agraït, Nicolás; Rubio-
Bollinger, Gabino (2012-02-07). "Elastic
Properties of Freely Suspended MoS2
Nanosheets" . Advanced Materials. 24
(6): 772–775.
doi:10.1002/adma.201103965 .
ISSN 1521-4095 .
17. Wan, Jiayu; Lacey, Steven D.; Dai,
Jiaqi; Bao, Wenzhong; Fuhrer, Michael S.;
Hu, Liangbing (2016-12-05). "Tuning two-
dimensional nanomaterials by
intercalation: materials, properties and
applications" . Chemical Society Reviews.
45 (24): 6742. doi:10.1039/C5CS00758E .
ISSN 1460-4744 . PMID 27704060 .
18. Coleman, Jonathan N.; Lotya,
Mustafa; O’Neill, Arlene; Bergin, Shane D.;
King, Paul J.; Khan, Umar; Young, Karen;
Gaucher, Alexandre; De, Sukanta (2011-
02-04). "Two-Dimensional Nanosheets
Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered
Materials" . Science. 331 (6017): 568–
571. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..568C .
doi:10.1126/science.1194975 .
ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 21292974 .
19. Zhou, Kai-Ge; Mao, Nan-Nan; Wang,
Hang-Xing; Peng, Yong; Zhang, Hao-Li
(2011-11-11). "A Mixed-Solvent Strategy
for Efficient Exfoliation of Inorganic
Graphene Analogues" . Angewandte
Chemie. 123 (46): 11031–11034.
doi:10.1002/ange.201105364 .
ISSN 1521-3757 .
20. Donnet, C.; Martin, J. M.; Le Mogne,
Th.; Belin, M. (1996-02-01). "Super-low
friction of MoS2 coatings in various
environments" . Tribology International.
29 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/0301-
679X(95)00094-K .
21. Oviedo, Juan Pablo; KC, Santosh; Lu,
Ning; Wang, Jinguo; Cho, Kyeongjae;
Wallace, Robert M.; Kim, Moon J. (2015-
02-24). "In Situ TEM Characterization of
Shear-Stress-Induced Interlayer Sliding in
the Cross Section View of Molybdenum
Disulfide" . ACS Nano. 9 (2): 1543–1551.
doi:10.1021/nn506052d . ISSN 1936-
0851 .
22. Tedstone, Aleksander A.; Lewis, David
J.; Hao, Rui; Mao, Shi-Min; Bellon, Pascal;
Averback, Robert S.; Warrens, Christopher
P.; West, Kevin R.; Howard, Philip (2015-
09-23). "Mechanical Properties of
Molybdenum Disulfide and the Effect of
Doping: An in Situ TEM Study" . ACS
Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (37):
20829–20834.
doi:10.1021/acsami.5b06055 .
ISSN 1944-8244 .
23. Tang, Dai-Ming; Kvashnin, Dmitry G.;
Najmaei, Sina; Bando, Yoshio; Kimoto,
Koji; Koskinen, Pekka; Ajayan, Pulickel M.;
Yakobson, Boris I.; Sorokin, Pavel B.
(2014-04-03). "Nanomechanical cleavage
of molybdenum disulphide atomic
layers" . Nature Communications. 5:
3631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E3631T .
doi:10.1038/ncomms4631 .
PMID 24698887 .
24. Bertolazzi, Simone; Brivio, Jacopo; Kis,
Andras (2011). "Stretching and Breaking
of Ultrathin MoS2" . ACS Nano. 5 (12):
9703–9709. doi:10.1021/nn203879f .
25. Jiang, Jin-Wu; Park, Harold S.;
Rabczuk, Timon (2013-08-12). "Molecular
dynamics simulations of single-layer
molybdenum disulphide (MoS2):
Stillinger-Weber parametrization,
mechanical properties, and thermal
conductivity" . Journal of Applied Physics.
114 (6): 064307–064307–10.
Bibcode:2013JAP...114f4307J .
doi:10.1063/1.4818414 . ISSN 0021-
8979 .
26. Li, H.; Wu, J.; Yin, Z.; Zhang, H. (2014).
"Preparation and Applications of
Mechanically Exfoliated Single-Layer and
Multilayer MoS2 and WSe2 Nanosheets".
Acc. Chem. Res. 47 (4): 1067–75.
doi:10.1021/ar4002312 .
PMID 24697842 .
27. Amorim, B.; Cortijo, A.; De Juan, F.;
Grushin, A.G.; Guinea, F.; Gutiérrez-Rubio,
A.; Ochoa, H.; Parente, V.; Roldán, R.; San-
Jose, P.; Schiefele, J.; Sturla, M.;
Vozmediano, M.A.H. (2016). "Novel
effects of strains in graphene and other
two dimensional materials". Physics
Reports. 1503: 747.
Bibcode:2016PhR...617....1A .
doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.12.006 .
28. Zhang, X.; Lai, Z.; Tan, C.; Zhang, H.
(2016). "Solution-Processed Two-
Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets:
Preparation, Hybridization, and
Applications". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55
(31): 8816–8838.
doi:10.1002/anie.201509933 .
29. Stephenson, T.; Li, Z.; Olsen, B.; Mitlin,
D. (2014). "Lithium Ion Battery
Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide
(MoS2) Nanocomposites". Energy Environ.
Sci. 7: 209–31.
doi:10.1039/C3EE42591F .
30. Benavente, E.; Santa Ana, M. A.;
Mendizabal, F.; Gonzalez, G. (2002).
"Intercalation chemistry of molybdenum
disulfide". Coordination Chemistry
Reviews. 224: 87–109.
doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00392-7 .
31. Müller-Warmuth, W. & Schöllhorn, R.
(1994). Progress in intercalation
research . Springer. ISBN 0-7923-2357-2.
32. High Performance, Dry Powdered
Graphite with sub-micron molybdenum
disulfide . pinewoodpro.com
33. Claus, F. L. (1972), "Solid Lubricants
and Self-Lubricating Solids", New York:
Academic Press, New York: Academic
Press, Bibcode:1972slsl.book.....C
34. Miessler, Gary L.; Tarr, Donald Arthur
(2004). Inorganic Chemistry . Pearson
Education. ISBN 978-0-13-035471-6.
35. Shriver, Duward; Atkins, Peter; Overton,
T. L.; Rourke, J. P.; Weller, M. T.;
Armstrong, F. A. (17 February 2006).
Inorganic Chemistry . W. H. Freeman.
ISBN 978-0-7167-4878-6.
36. "On dry lubricants in ski waxes" (PDF).
Swix Sport AX. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
37. "Barrels retain accuracy longer with
Diamond Line" . Norma. Retrieved
2009-06-06.
38. Bartels, Thorsten; et al. (2002).
"Lubricants and Lubrication". Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Weinheim: Wiley VCH.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_423 .
39. Topsøe, H.; Clausen, B. S.; Massoth, F.
E. (1996). Hydrotreating Catalysis,
Science and Technology. Berlin: Springer-
Verlag.
40. Nishimura, Shigeo (2001). Handbook
of Heterogeneous Catalytic
Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis (1st
ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
pp. 43–44 & 240–241.
ISBN 9780471396987.
41. Dovell, Frederick S.; Greenfield, Harold
(1964). "Base-Metal Sulfides as Reductive
Alkylation Catalysts". The Journal of
Organic Chemistry. 29 (5): 1265–1267.
doi:10.1021/jo01028a511 .
42. Kibsgaard, Jakob; Jaramillo, Thomas
F.; Besenbacher, Flemming (2014).
"Building an appropriate active-site motif
into a hydrogen-evolution catalyst with
thiomolybdate [Mo3S13]2− clusters".
Nature Chemistry. 6 (3): 248–253.
Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..248K .
doi:10.1038/nchem.1853 .
PMID 24557141 .
43. Laursen, A. B.; Kegnaes, S.; Dahl, S.;
Chorkendorff, I. (2012). "Molybdenum
Sulfides – Efficient and Viable Materials
for Electro- and Photoelectrocatalytic
Hydrogen Evolution". Energy Environ. Sci.
5 (2): 5577–91. doi:10.1039/c2ee02618j .
44. "Superior hydrogen catalyst just grows
that way" (news release). share-
ng.sandia.gov. Sandia Labs. Retrieved
December 5, 2017. “a spray-printing
process that uses molybdenum disulfide
to create a “flowering” hydrogen catalyst
far cheaper than platinum and reasonably
close in efficiency.”
45. Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis,
A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S. (2012).
"Electronics and optoelectronics of two-
dimensional transition metal
dichalcogenides". Nature
Nanotechnology. 7 (11): 699–712.
Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..699W .
doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.193 .
PMID 23132225 .
46. Ganatra, R.; Zhang, Q. (2014). "Few-
Layer MoS2: A Promising Layered
Semiconductor". ACS Nano. 8 (5): 4074–
99. doi:10.1021/nn405938z .
PMID 24660756 .
47. Zhu, Wenjuan; Low, Tony; Lee, Yi-
Hsien; Wang, Han; Farmer, Damon B.;
Kong, Jing; Xia, Fengnian; Avouris,
Phaedon (2014). "Electronic transport and
device prospects of monolayer
molybdenum disulphide grown by
chemical vapour deposition". Nature
Communications. 5: 3087.
Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E3087Z .
doi:10.1038/ncomms4087 .
PMID 24435154 .
48. Hong, Jinhua; Hu, Zhixin; Probert,
Matt; Li, Kun; Lv, Danhui; Yang, Xinan; Gu,
Lin; Mao, Nannan; Feng, Qingliang; Xie,
Liming; Zhang, Jin; Wu, Dianzhong; Zhang,
Zhiyong; Jin, Chuanhong; Ji, Wei; Zhang,
Xixiang; Yuan, Jun; Zhang, Ze (2015).
"Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum
disulphide monolayers" . Nature
Communications. 6: 6293.
Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E6293H .
doi:10.1038/ncomms7293 .
PMC 4346634  . PMID 25695374 .
49. Splendiani, A.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Y.; Li, T.;
Kim, J.; Chim, J.; F.; Wang, Feng (2010).
"Emerging Photoluminescence in
Monolayer MoS2". Nano Letters. 10 (4):
1271–1275.
Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.1271S .
doi:10.1021/nl903868w .
PMID 20229981 .
50. Radisavljevic, B.; Radenovic, A.; Brivio,
J.; Giacometti, V.; Kis, A. (2011). "Single-
layer MoS2 transistors". Nature
Nanotechnology. 6 (3): 147–150.
Bibcode:2011NatNa...6..147R .
doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.279 .
PMID 21278752 .
51. Lopez-Sanchez, O.; Lembke, D.; Kayci,
M.; Radenovic, A.; Kis, A. (2013).
"Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on
monolayer MoS2". Nature
Nanotechnology. 8 (7): 497–501.
Bibcode:2013NatNa...8..497L .
doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.100 .
PMID 23748194 .
52. Rao, C. N. R.; Ramakrishna Matte, H.
S. S.; Maitra, U. (2013). "Graphene
Analogues of Inorganic Layered
Materials". Angew. Chem. (International
ed.). 52 (50): 13162–85.
doi:10.1002/anie.201301548 .
53. Bessonov, A. A.; Kirikova, M. N.;
Petukhov, D. I.; Allen, M.; Ryhänen, T.;
Bailey, M. J. A. (2014). "Layered
memristive and memcapacitive switches
for printable electronics". Nature
Materials. 14 (2): 199–204.
Bibcode:2015NatMa..14..199B .
doi:10.1038/nmat4135 .
PMID 25384168 .
54. "Ultrasensitive biosensor from
molybdenite semiconductor outshines
graphene" . R&D Magazine. 4 September
2014.
55. Akinwande, Deji; Petrone, Nicholas;
Hone, James (2014-12-17). "Two-
dimensional flexible nanoelectronics".
Nature Communications. 5: 5678.
Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E5678A .
doi:10.1038/ncomms6678 .
PMID 25517105 .
56. Chang, Hsiao-Yu; Yogeesh, Maruthi
Nagavalli; Ghosh, Rudresh; Rai, Amritesh;
Sanne, Atresh; Yang, Shixuan; Lu, Nanshu;
Banerjee, Sanjay Kumar; Akinwande, Deji
(2015-12-01). "Large-Area Monolayer
MoS2 for Flexible Low-Power RF
Nanoelectronics in the GHz Regime".
Advanced Materials. 28 (9): 1818–1823.
doi:10.1002/adma.201504309 .
57. Wachter, Stefan; Polyushkin, Dmitry K.;
Bethge, Ole; Mueller, Thomas (2017-04-
11). "A microprocessor based on a two-
dimensional semiconductor" . Nature
Communications. 8: 14948.
Bibcode:2017NatCo...814948W .
doi:10.1038/ncomms14948 . ISSN 2041-
1723 . PMC 5394242  . PMID 28398336 .
58. Coxworth, Ben (September 25, 2014).
"Metal-based graphene alternative
"shines" with promise" . Gizmag.
Retrieved September 30, 2014.

Wikimedia Commons has media related

to Molybdenum disulfide.
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Molybdenum_disulfide&oldid=813849879"

Last edited 1 month ago by Fred B…

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.