Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• HISTORY
• STEEL
• FRP/GRP
• ALUMINIUM
• BRONZE/
HISTORY(t339)
Till 100 years ago the construction was by wood and then by iron’
Steel as replacement
requirements of
• Container ships
o Yield point
o Yield strength
Ductility( Thro Bend test)—Not used for the testing for raw
materials
steel
design
workmanship
or NDTT –
levels.
MILD STEEL
HIGH TNSILE STEEL
STEEL CASTINGS
STEEL FORGINGS
Steel Manufacture
Manufactured by
o OXYGEH PROCESS
Acidic for refining pig iron low in phosphorous and Sulphur ,rich in silicon
slag
Annealing
Normalising
Quenching
Tempering
Stress relieving
Use of high strength ----------- Thickness can be less for bottom shell,
deck, framing ,BUT----- leads to larger deflections
Other factors that need to be looked upon are the Weldability and
reduced fatigue life
High Strength steels are available in three strength levels 32, 36 and
40(Kg/mm2) , when supplied in rolled or normalized condition
Also material with six higher strength levels are available –42,46,50,55
,62 and 69( Kg/mm2) , when supplied in Quenched and Tempered
condition
o Each strength level is sub divided into four grades AH,BH,CH and
DH depending on the required level of Notch toughness
Steel Castings
• Stern frames, Rudder frames, Frames for bossing and any other
structural components may be produced by Castings
Steel forgings
Self Study for the ABS( American Bureau of Shipping ----Types of steels) ,Caastings,
Forgings,
Special steel,
Non magnetic
Production of Aluminum
Two distinct groups are Non heat treated alloys and Heat treated
alloys (Subject to controlled heating and cooling cycles to improve
tensile strength)
--As per Aluminum Association serial no 5000 alloys are for the non
heat treated series and 6000 alloys being for heat treated
Advantages being
• Buoyant
Disadvantge being
Components
o Tensile strength of the Glass and resin composite is less than that of
glass filament partly becos of
Molding Process
Normal process, Pressure Bag process and filament winding(for Pipes and
pressure vessels)