Pandit and Maheshwari, J Bioremed Biodegrad 2012, 3:3

Bioremediation & Biodegradation http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000140

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Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme Production from Sugarcane

Pressmud Using Oyster Mushroom - Pleurotus Sajor-Caju by Solid State
Fermentation
Nitin Prakash Pandit* and Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari
School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Lodhipur, Delhi Road, Moradabad 244 102, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract
Cellulose is often a major component of different waste streams from various agriculture and sugarcane
industries. Bioconversion of cellulosic components into fermentable sugars has currently been accomplished with
the help of the microbial enzyme, cellulase (Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase, Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase). In
this study, Pleurotus sajor-caju was tested for cellulase production by solid state fermentation (SSF) using sugarcane
pressmud as substrate. Production rate of enzyme were optimized with different parameters like pretreatment
of substrate with NaOH, HCl, H2O2 and NaOH + H2O2 (1-5%) solutions, thickness of the substrate (0.4-2.0 cm),
incubation times (1-16 days), optimum pH (2.0-8.0) and temperature (15˚C-40˚C). The highest activities of Endo-β-1,
4-glucanase, Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase were obtained as follows: 13.94, 8.84 and 12.29 Units (μmole
of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, for the pretreatment of pressmud with 2% (H2O2+NaOH); 18.37,
12.09 and 16.47 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, when the thickness of the substrate
was 0.8 cm (10 g); 15.51, 11.09 and 13.99 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, on 10th
day of incubation; 17.65, 13.49 and 14.62 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, at 5 pH
and 18.98, 13.63 and 18.54 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, at 25˚C. The optimum
culture conditions for the production of cellulases by Pleurotus sajor-caju were 10 days of incubation time at 25˚C
and pH 5.0 when presmud was pretreated with H2O2+NaOH (2%) and the thickness of the substrate was 0.8 cm (10
g) under solid state fermentation.

Keywords: Pressmud; Cellulase; Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase; Exo-β-1,
4-glucanase; β-glucosidase; Solid-state fermentation; Pleurotus sajor-
caju
Introduction
Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops in India and plays
pivotal role in both agricultural and industrial economy of the country.
In India approximately 5.2 million tones of sugarcane pressmud are
generated as agrowaste from sugarcane industries. An agricultural
waste is a cheap source of cellulose for the production of different useful
products all over the world [1]. The most abundant renewable organic
compound in the biosphere is cellulose, which accounts for 40-50% of
plant composition and its production is expected to be 1010 tones from
cell wall of plants per year [2]. Cellulase production from agrowastes is
economical as compared to production from pure cellulose [3]. Three
major structural polymers combined to make up lignocellulose are
called cellulose (a homopolymer of β-D-glucosyl units), hemicellulose
(a cluster of heteropolymers which contain xylans, arabinans, mannans,
galactans), and lignin (an intricate polyphenolic polymer) [4].
Cellulases are a group of enzymes that break down cellulose into
glucose monomers [5]. Bacterial and fungal cellulases are traditionally
separated into three classes: Endoglucanases (EGs) (EC 3.2.1.4),
exoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) [6] based
on the ability to degrade carboxymethylated cellulose (CMC), whereas
EGs being the most efficient [7]. The Endo- β -glucanase is responsible
for the scission of the inner bonds in the cellulose chains yielding glucose
and also for single cell protein [12]. It has also importance in food
sciences like food processing in coffee, drying of beans by for efficient
purification of juices when used mixed with pectinases, paper and pulp
industry and as a supplement in animal feed industry. This enzyme
helpful for plant protoplast isolation, plant viruses investigations,
metabolic and genetic modification studies [11,13,14]. This enzyme
have also pharmaceutical importance, treatment of phytobezons (a type
of bezoar cellulose existing in humans stomach) and a key role in textile
industry especially as its detergent applications to recover properties
of cellulose related textiles and biofuels production from cellulosic
biomass [1].
Some important bacteria and fungi are the most prominent
sources of cellulase enzymes, which participate in the conversion of
cellulose to glucose [15]. Among these organisms, fungi have been
studied extensively because their elongated hyphae create mechanical
pressure on the cellulose structure, causing them to produce large
amounts of cellulose [16]. Most fungal cellulases have the capability of
decomposing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in plants by secreting
multifarious set of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes [17]. Cellulases
producing fungi include genra Aspergilli [1] Aspergillus niger and
*Corresponding author: Nitin Prakash Pandit, School of Biotechnology, IFTM
University, Lodhipur, Delhi Road, Moradabad 244 102, Uttar Pradesh, India,
E-mail: nitinpandit07@gmail.com
Received January 03, 2012; Accepted March 09, 2012; Published March 11,
2012

and cell-oligosaccharides. Exo-β-glucanase (cellobiohydrolases) cleaves
non-reducing end of cellulose with cellobiose as the main structure
[8,9]. The β - glucosidase (cellobiase) hydrolyses cellobiose to glucose
[10].
Cellulase enzyme, has its importance due to major role in industrial
applications [11]. It is used for bioremediation, waste water treatment
Citation: Pandit NP, Maheshwari SK (2012) Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme
Production from Sugarcane Pressmud Using Oyster Mushroom - Pleurotus Sajor-
Caju by Solid State Fermentation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 3:140. doi:10.4172/2155-
6199.1000140
Copyright: © 2012 Pandit NP, et al. This is an open-a ccess article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.

J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000140
Citation: Pandit NP, Maheshwari SK (2012) Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme Production from Sugarcane Pressmud Using Oyster Mushroom -
Pleurotus Sajor-Caju by Solid State Fermentation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 3:140. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000140
Aspergillus terreus, Rhizopus stolonifer [18] Trichoderma, Penicillium,
Botrytis Neurospora etc. [19]. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pretreatment of sugarcane
bagassi is one of the best-known methods of increasing the digestibility
of cellulosic materials [20]. The prime requirement for production of
any enzyme is a high yielding organism for which the selection of a
cultivation technique and composition of media and culture conditions
of supporting media should be properly formulated [21,22]. Hydrolytic
enzymes used in industries can be produced by solid state fermentation
(SSF) [23].
Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is a way of fermenting substrate in the
presence of excessive moisture in growth medium in spite of large amount
of water being provided. SSF is an environmental friendly (less waste
water production), low energy required and economical technology in
synthesizing cellulase enzyme in response to submerged fermentation
[24]. SSF from last decade has made its importance in the production
of value added products i.e., secondary metabolites, alkaloids, enzymes,
organic acids, bio-pesticides (mycopesticides and bio-herbicides),
biosurfactants, biofuels, aroma compounds, biopulping, degradation
of toxic compounds, biotransformation, nutritional improvement of
crops, biopharmaceuticals and bioconversion of agricultural waste
[25]. The present study aimed to obtain a high yield of cheap cellulase
by using Pleurotus sajor-caju (Oyster mushroom) through solid state
fermentation and also exploiting local sugarcane-waste like pressmud.
This study will help in proper disposal of sugarcane-waste resulting in
resolution of the environmental problems.
Materials and Methods
Substrate and microorganism selection
The sugarcane waste especially Pressmud (PM) was used as
Lignocellulosic substrate and it was collected from the Simbhaouli
Sugar Mill, Simbhaoli, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The substrate
was dried in oven at 70˚C and grinded mechanically with electric
grinder to make it in powdered form and sieve to 40 meshes. Pleurotus
sajor-caju was selected for production of cellulase enzyme. The pure
culture of said strain was obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh, India.
Maintanence of Pleurotus sajor-caju and preparation of
vegetative inoculum
Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with 0.1 μg/L L-arginine
added, was prepared in petri plates and formed into slants in test
tubes, which were stored at 4˚C. P. sajor-caju was grown on PDA at
temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40˚C and at pH levels of 2.0, 3.0,
4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0. Every 24 h, growth of colonies was recorded.
The maximum colony diameter was 7.5 cm. A loop full of conidia from
10-12 days old slant culture of P. sajor-caju aseptically transferred to
a cotton wool plugged Erlenmeyer conical flask containing 200 ml of
sterilized Czapek-Dox medium with following contents (3.0g NaNO3;
1.0g H2PO4; 0.01g FeSO4.7H2O; 0.01g KCl; 0.5g MgSO4.7H2O and
4g Sucrose/Lit.). The flask was incubated at 25˚C on a rotary shaking
incubator for 10-14 days and the freshly grown mycelial suspension was
used as vegetative inoculum.
Pretreatment of the substrate
As alkali treatment on lignocellulosic substrates results in a
disruption of the lignin seal, hydration and swelling of the cellulose, and
a decrease in crystallinity [26,27], pretreated lignocellulosic substrates
were used as the sole source of carbon to detect the cellulolytic activity of
the selected fungal strains. The substrate (sugarcane pressmud) powder
J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Page 2 of 5
were soaked individually in 1% to 5% NaOH, HCl, H2O2 and H2O2 +
NaOH (1:1) solutions at a ratio of 1:15 (substrate:solution), heated in
a boiling water bath for 1 hr and then cooled. All chemically treated
substrates were separated from the solution by filtering with muslin.
Excess chemicals were removed by repeated washing with tap water
until the pH was neutral. The substrates were then squeezed to remove
excess water, spread over newspaper and allowed to dry overnight in an
oven at 90˚C [28,29].
Composition of fermentation medium
Five gram of lignocellulosic substrate was taken individually in
250 ml conical flasks. To give a final moisture content of 80%, 20 ml
of distilled water was added individually to each flask. The flasks were
then cotton plugged and autoclaved at 121˚C for 20 min. Then, 3 ml
of vegetative inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju was used to inoculate 1
flask. The inoculations were done under aseptic conditions in a laminar
airflow cabinet. Substrate (5g), moisture level (20 ml) and fungal
inoculum (3 ml) were kept constant for all optimizing steps.
Selection of optimum conditions for cellulase production
under SSF
The strategy was adopted for optimizing the engaged parameters
enhancing cellulase yield was to optimize one specific parameter and
process it at the optimized level in the next experiment [30].
Optimization of pretreatment condition of substrate
The substrate (sugarcane pressmud) powder were soaked
individually in 1% to 5% NaOH, HCl, H2O2 and H2O2+NaOH (1:1)
solutions at a ratio of 1:15 (substrate:solution) and inoculated with P.
sajor-caju respectively to determine optimum pretreatment condition
at which said strain would express high cellulase activity was to select.
Optimization of thickness of substrate in fermented medium
Thickness of substrate was optimized from 0.4-2.0 cm (5-25 g)
to select optimum thickness of substrate at which P. sajor-caju would
exhibit hyper cellulase activity was selected.
Optimization of incubation period
Duplicate Erlenmeyer flasks using pressmud inoculated with P.
sajor-caju were incubated for a period of 1-16 days to select the optimum
incubation period for the production of cellulases. The growth was
assessed every 24 hrs and the best incubation period at which employed
strain would give maximum cellulase activity was selected.
Optimization of pH
pH was optimized from 2.0-8.0 (50 mM) to select optimum pH at
which P. sajor-caju would exhibit hyper cellulase activity was selected.
Optimization of temperature
Duplicate flasks inoculated with P. pleurotus were kept at 15˚C,
20˚C, 25˚C, 30˚C, 35˚C and 40˚C, respectively to determine the
optimum temperature at which said strain would express high cellulase
activity was to select.
Enzyme extraction by solid state fermentation
After incubation, in each fermented cultures, 50 ml of 0.05 M
citrate buffer (pH 5.0) was added to each flask (except in case of pH
optimization where used 50 ml of DW for each flask) and left for
shaking on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 1 h. The fermented samples
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000140
Citation: Pandit NP, Maheshwari SK (2012) Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme Production from Sugarcane Pressmud Using Oyster Mushroom -
Pleurotus Sajor-Caju by Solid State Fermentation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 3:140. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000140

Page 3 of 5

were then filtered through muslin. Because the cellulase was strongly 18
absorbed by the cellulose [31-33], 50 mL of 0.05 M citrate buffer was 16

(µmole of glucose released/min/g

added in 2 successive washings to recover the enzyme successfully. The 14
filtrates were centrifuged at 1000 × g for 30 min. The supernatants were 12

Enzyme activity
taken as crude enzyme extracts and stored at 4˚C.

substrate)
10
Endo-β-1,4-glucanase
Enzyme assay 8
Exo-β-1,4-glucanase
6
There are 3 main types of enzymes present in the cellulase system: 4
β-glucosidase

endo-β-1,4-glucanase, exo-β-1,4-glucanase, and β-glucosidase. ‘μmole 2

of glucose released/min/g substrate’ was taken as an enzyme unit. The 0
enzymes were analyzed as follows: (1) Combined assay for endo- and 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

exoglucanase and β-glucosidase: For the endoglucanase assay, 1% Incubation Time (Days)
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and for the exoglucanase assay, 1% Figure 3: Effect of incubation time on the production of cellulases by Pleu-
cellulose solution was prepared. For the combined assay of endo- and rotus sajor-caju.
exo- glucanase, Strips (1 × 6 cm) of Whatman No. 1 filter paper were
used as substrate. Standard cellulase enzyme was used as the positive
released p-nitrophenol, which was determined by spectrophotometer
control and distilled water was used as the negative control. For the
at 410 nm [34]. (2) Filter paper assay (FPase) method: 1 mL of
β-glucosidase assay, p-nitrophenyl-β-D, glucopyranoside (PNPG)
appropriately diluted enzyme solution was added in test tubes and 1
solution (0.3 g PNPG dissolved in 40 mL distilled water) was used as
mL of 0.05 M citrate buff er (pH 4.8) and 50 mg (1 × 6 cm strip) of
substrate (pH was maintained neutral: 7.0). Endoglucanase hydrolyzed
Whatman No. 1 filter paper that had been curled around a glass rod
carboxymethylcellulose was used to produce free carboxymethyl
was added. The test tubes were incubated for 60 min at 50˚C. After
glucose units. The free carboxymethyl glucose units reacted with 3,
incubation, 3 ml of DNS reagent was added. Then the tubes were boiled
5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent to form a colored complex, which
for 15 min in a boiling water bath and 1 mL of 40% sodium potassium
was detected spectrophotometrically at 540 nm [34]. Exoglucanase
tartarate was added, while the tubes were still warm. After cooling to
removed glucose from nonreducing ends of the major chain or shorter
room temperature, absorbance was measured at 540 nm [34]. Standard
chains of cellulose. The carbonyl group of this glucose and other
cellulase enzyme was used as the positive control and distilled water
reducing sugars reacted with 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid to form a colored
was used as the negative control.
complex which was detected spectrophotometrically at 540 nm [34].
β-glucosidase hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and Results and Discussion
Optimization of pretreatment condition of substrate
16
Pressmud was pretreated with different concentrations of NaOH,
(µmole of glucose released/min/g

14
HCl, H2O2 and H2O2+NaOH (1-5%). It was observed that there were
12
no significant changes in cellulases activity when the substrate was
Enzyme activity

10
pretreated with NaOH, HCl and H2O2 (1-5%) but best results were
substrate)

8 Endo-β-1,4-glucanase
obtained, for 2.0% H2O2+NaOH treatment, which gave higher yield
6 Exo-β-1,4-glucanase
of Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase, Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase as
4 β-glucosidase
13.94, 8.84 and 12.29 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate),
2
respectively (Figure 1). It may be due to increase in the crystallinity and
0
decrease in the lignin contents after treatment, so the substrate becomes
1 2 3 4 5
more acceptable for the microorganisms.
H2O2 + NaOH (1:1 % )
Optimization of thickness of substrate in fermented medium
Figure 1: Effect of H2O2+NaOH (1:1) pretreated pressmud on the production of
cellulases by Pleurotus sajor-caju. Effect of varying thickness of substrate (pressmud) ranging from
0.4-2.0 cm (5.0-25 g per flask) was investigated for the production
of cellulases (Figure 2). It was found that the highest activities of
20
Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase, Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase were
18
obtained as 18.37, 12.09 and 16.47 Units (μmole of glucose released/
(µmole of glucose released/min/g

16
14
min/g substrate), respectively, when the thickness of the substrate was
0.8 cm (10 g). As the depth was increased further, a significant loss
Enzyme activity

12
substrate)

10 Endo-β-1,4-glucanase
in enzyme activity was observed. P. sajor-caju an aerobic fungus and
8 Exo-β-1,4-glucanase
requires adequate supply of aeration. As the depth of the substrate was
6 β-glucosidase increased the metabolic pathway of the fungus effected, which reduce
4 its extracellular cellulolytic efficiency [35].
2
0 Optimization of incubation period
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

Thickness of substrate in fermented medium (cm)

In the present study, the fermentation medium was incubated for
different time intervals (2-16 days). The highest activities of Endo-β-1,
Figure 2: Effect of substrate thickness on the production of cellulases by 4-glucanase, Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase were obtained
Pleurotus sajor-caju.
as 15.51, 11.09 and 13.99 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g

J Bioremed Biodegrad
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000140
Citation: Pandit NP, Maheshwari SK (2012) Optimization of Cellulase Enzyme Production from Sugarcane Pressmud Using Oyster Mushroom -
Pleurotus Sajor-Caju by Solid State Fermentation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 3:140. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000140

Page 4 of 5

substrate), respectively, on 10th day of incubation (Figure 3). Further Conclusion

increase in the incubation period effects lethally. It might be due to the
depletion of nutrients in substrate, which resulted in the inactivation
of enzyme synthesis with the passage of time. Another reason is that
initially the substance was more susceptible, which made rapid rise
in enzyme synthesis. With the lapse of time, the susceptible portion
was completely hydrolyzed to glucose, which severely inhibited the
biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes [36-38].
Optimization of pH
The production of cellulases by P. Sajor-kaju at different pH (2.0-
8.0) of fermentation medium was also studied (Figure 4). Results
showed that the highest activities of Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase, Exo-β-1,
4-glucanase and β-glucosidase were obtained as 17.65, 13.49 and 14.62
Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate), respectively, at pH
5. Further increase or decrease in pH results in the reduction of enzyme
activity, which shows that the acidic pH is more favorable for the growth
of P. sajor-kaju strain utilizing cellulosic biomass.
Optimization of temperature
Fungal strain P. sajor-caju was also grown under all the optimized
conditions at different temperatures (15-40˚C) in order to optimize the
fermentation temperature for enhanced cellulase production (Figure
5). It was found that the highest activities of Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase,
Exo-β-1, 4-glucanase and β-glucosidase were obtained as 18.98,
13.63 and 18.54 Units (μmole of glucose released/min/g substrate),
respectively, at 25˚C. Secretion rate from the strain was better at
25˚C. Negative effects were observed on the production by increase or
decrease in the temperature.
Pressmud is a sugarcane processing byproduct; enriched
with cellulosic biomass and is a preferable solid-substrate for the
stimulation of cellulase enzymes by a number of fungal strains. The
oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju is more potent species for the
production of cellulases. Cellulase production is directly proportional
to the crystallinity of biomass from which it is produced i.e., higher
the crystallinity, better will be the yield of cellulases. Pretreatment of
solid substrate with different chemicals act as scouring, sequestering
and bleaching agent to enhance the crystallinity. It enhances the
production rate of cellulases as it breaks lignin and carbohydrate bonds
for successful degradation of cellulosic biomass by microorganisms
[39]. Pretreatment of pressmud is an important parameter for the hyper
production of cellulolytic enzymes as by this, lignin and carbohydrate
bonds are broken down and the pressmud becomes easily susceptible
to the microorganisms and ultimately the production rate enhances.
The exploitation of this process on industrial scale can be a regular and
better source of cellulases for a number of different applications.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by School of Biotechnology, IFTM University,
Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The authors wish to record his sincere thanks
to Dr. Rajiv Dutta, Director, Department of Biotechnology; Prof. R. M. Dubey, Vice
Chancellor and Prof. Anupam Srivastav, Pro Vice Chancellor, IFTM University,
Moradabad, for their valuable suggestions and encouragement during the course
of this study.
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Pleurotus Sajor-Caju by Solid State Fermentation. J Bioremed Biodegrad 3:140. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000140
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