Traffic Safety Assessment in Taguig

The Fisher Valley College
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY

No. 5, M. L. Quezon St., Hagonoy, Taguig City
(02) 839-1903 ● tfvcdbaa@gmail.com ● www.tfvcdbaa.weebly.com

Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
The number of vehicles and the need for transportation is continuously growing, and
nowadays cities around the world face serious traffic congestion problems: almost every
weekday morning and evening during rush hours the capacity of many main roads is
exceeded. Traffic jams do not only cause considerable costs due to unproductive time
losses; they also augment the probability of accidents and have a negative impact on the
environment (air pollution, lost fuel) and on the quality of life (health problems, noise, stress).
One of the main features of modern cities is the permanent growth of population and every
year new road and highways are built in most of the urban areas to accommodate the
growing number of vehicles. This increase in the number of vehicles in urban cities has led
to the increase in time losses of traffic participants, the increase of environmental and noise
pollution and also increases in the number of traffic accidents. Traffic congestion has
become one of the major obstacles for the development of many urban areas, affecting
millions of people. Constructing new roads may improve the situation, but it is very costly
and in many cases it is impossible due to the existing structures. The only way to control the
traffic flow in such a situation is to use the current road network more efficiently. A
methodology of handling city traffic in a very efficient way by proper traffic management
instead of modifying the road infrastructure is presented in this paper.


A well-designed road pattern connecting the various parts of town adds color to civil
life. The urban road system facilitates free flow of traffic with safety.
The efficiency of an urban area is greatly influenced by the urban infrastructure of
roads together with public services. It is usually found that in many urban areas, the supply
of roads has not been increased in line with demand, the roads becoming heavily congested
and parking space scarce. The automobiles of various types have become more popular for
their high speed and flexibility. The invasion of such automobiles has reached an alarming
stage in most of the towns and cities of today. The development of road system has lagged
behind and it has resulted into a number of traffic problems.
Background of the Study
The rampant road accidents affect every nation such as Philippines. According
to the latest data available from Philippine Statistical Authority, the highest number of road
crash-related death is recorded last year of 2015 at 10,012 frequency count and working
age group are found to be the most frequent victims of road crashes.
We can view our traffic from different perspectives: longer time to commute,
employee absences, stress, wasted man-hours, and added fuel expenses are just some of
them. But don’t take our word for it. Senator Ralph Recto estimates that the Philippines
suffers around a P2.6 billion (or $55.8 million) economic loss each day created by traffic
congestion. What’s more, this figure rises to P3 billion (or $64.39 million) at the peak of the

rainy season. The country loses around 0.8% of its gross domestic product because of this
problem, with a productivity loss of P800 billion ($18 billion) each year.
We can say without any hesitation that traffic is the most critical problem in the
country right now. And with a chaotic mega-city swarmed by 12 million commuters during
the day, around 367,000 vehicles (more than double its capacity) in EDSA alone, and
extremely congested areas within Taft Avenue, Munoz, Katipunan Avenue, Cubao,
Balintawak, and Baclaran, our traffic problem will continue to get worse if left to rot and
sputter on its own.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the traffic management in General Santos Avenue
Bicutan area. To be able to determine the best mean on how traffic will be lessen if not
totally eradicated in General Santos Bicutan Avenue area.
The primary purpose of the study is to determine the relationship or impact of
management policy to road accidents. Specially the research paper aim to determine the
impact of incident/ accident that took place in General Santos Avenue Bicutan.
More formally, the study aims to provide an over-all evaluation of General Santos
Avenue Bicutan traffic system’s operation. Specifically, the study seeks to answer this
general problem and intends to conduct an evaluation through the following:


1. To determine how the elements of the traffic system of General Santos
Avenue Bicutan interact, influence and affect the traffic performance. More specifically,
study attempts to;
1. How do the respondents described the accident/incident that happened at General
Santos Avenue Bicutan?
2. How do the respondents assess the traffic accident questions and statements?
3. What is the drivers driving behavior?
4. How do the respondents assess the traffic safety in General Santos Avenue Bicutan?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the assessment of respondents on traffic
accidents and traffic safety?
Theoretical Framework of the Study
The variation of traffic with in hour is called peak hour factor which is defined as the
ratio of the peak hour flow rate to the total flow. Peak hour factor of one implies the flow rate
is constant, and typically occurs at highly congested traffic.


Theoretical Framework
Accident Causation Theory
The following are the key points for this theory:
 The domino theory of accident causation was one of the earliest developed.
The theory posits that injuries result from a series of factors, one of which is an accident.
The theory is operationalized in ten statements called the Axioms of Industrial Safety.
According to this theory, there are five factors in the sequence of events leading to an
accident: ancestry/social environment, fault of person, unsafe act/mechanical or physical
hazard, accident, and injury.
 The human factors theory of accident causation attributes accidents to a chain
of events ultimately caused by human error. It consists of three broad factors that lead to
human error: overload, inappropriate response, and inappropriate activities.
 The accident/incident theory of accident causation is an extension of the human
factors theory. It introduces such new elements as ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and
systems failures.
 The epidemiological theory of accident causation holds that the models
used for studying and determining the relationships between environmental factors
and disease can be used to study causal relationships between environmental

factors and accidents.

 The systems theory of accident causation views any situation in which an
accident might occur as a system with three components: person (host), machine
(agency), and environment.
 The combination theory of accident causation posits that no one
model/theory can explain all accidents. Factors from two or more models might be part of
the cause.
 There are seven principles of behavior-based safety: intervention;
identification; identification of internal factors; motivation to behave in the desired manner;
focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior; application of the scientific
method, integration of information; and planned interventions.
 Drugs and alcohol are the root or a contributing cause of many workplace
accidents every year. Approximately 77 percent of drug users are employed, and more than
a third of all workers between 18 and 25 are binge drinkers. Alcoholism alone causes 500
million lost days annually.
 Management failures are another leading cause of accidents on the job. If
management is serious about workplace safety and health, it must establish expectations,
provide training, evaluate employee performance with safety in mind, and reinforce safe
and healthy behavior.


Conceptual Framework
Independent Variables Dependent variables
A-Demographic Profile
 Age
 Nationality
 Sex
 Marital Status
 Highest Educational Traffic
Attainment
 Gross Income
Management
B- Respondents Response Policy
 Driving behavior
 Traffic assessment
 Traffic safety

HYPOTHESES
H01. That the management is capable in managing the traffic and addressing the needs
of the motorists.
H02. That there is an improvement upon the implementation of U-turns but there is a great
risk of accident.
H03. That Indiscriminate loading/unloading and swerving of vehicles are the major causes
of traffic build-up.

H04. That newly-installed vehicles like see-through fences and footbridges does not
consequently abate accident.
H05. That yellow lanes for Buses are not beneficial to public utility vehicles.
H06. That the government should encourage the public to shift to mass transportation and
restrict the growth of car ownership.
Significance of the study
This study serves as a guide for selected individuals to enhance their awareness on
the impact of traffic management policy to road accident incidents. The researchers would
want road users to be further enlightened and add or give new knowledge to themselves
and to others. The recipient as follows will specifically benefit from this study:
Entrepreneur. Understanding and giving remedies to road accidents will be the first
gain of those who are in business since there will be less medical expenses for lesser
involved in accidents, second , business processing will be faster and thus more productive
economy will be the best output.
Future Researchers. Whatever the output is, this research paper will be a guide for
the future researchers.
Other road users. To other road users to raise awareness and to suggest preventive
measures to be involved in road accidents.


Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is to lessen the traffic congestion that every individuals
experiencing and suffering, the problem and cause of traffic within vicinity. At specific study,
it can embrace the minute task of traffic counting, origin and destination studies, and the
related traffic operations and control. Moreover, it is the dynamic process, in the sense that
it must respond to time changes of travel pattern and economic conditions.
Newly implemented projects policies, and management capabilities of officials. It also
incorporate the need to use mass transit to reduce traffic congestion. Traffic management
is a major area of concern for town planners. The efforts by traffic managers and town
planners to overcome traffic congestion are not achieving results as more and more vehicles
are added to the road network day by day which exceeds the intended physical capacity of
the road space. To tide over the traffic congestion and to ensure better traffic management,
timely availability of dynamic traffic information with traffic managers are essential to
regulate the traffic and divert the traffic to alternate routes.


Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter talks about the reviews of related literature and studies both foreign and
local perspective. The researchers read articles, journals and blog over the internet to
support this study. These resources made the research more accurate and reliable.
Foreign Literature
There currently are two major resources summarizing U.S and European experience
implementing ATM strategies. One is the report Implementing Active Traffic Management
Strategies in the U.S (Sisiopiku, 2009). The other is the report Synthesis of Active Traffic
Management Experience in Europe and the U.S (Fuhs, 2010). Although both focus primarily
on freeway applications of ATM with some discussion of urban street applications, they are
of interest to this synthesis for their definitions of ATM and in their conclusions, that are
relevant to ATM on arterials practice.
According to (Bin Islam and Kanitpong, 2008) Road safety becomes a major public Commented [MC1]: IATS Research
health concern when the statistics show that more than 3,000 people around the world
succumb to death daily due to road traffic injury. The vast majority of traffic accidents are
the result of mistakes by any of the road users involved, but more important are the reasons
that lie behind these mistakes (Almqvist and Hydén, 1994). Commented [MC2]: Foreign Lit 5
Although there has been a rate decline of motor vehicle crashes in US in years 2006
and 2007 (Crash Stats, 2007 and 2008), road accident fatalities have been on an increasing Commented [MC3]: Foreign Lit 6 and Foreign Lit 7
trend, in general, for the last decade or so. Even in India, hence traffic safety management
has emerged as a topic of discussion for researchers all over the world. Hence accident
modelling on different factors causing them has to be conducted. From the studies it was
found that speed and age along with gender has been the area of study for accident causes
in urban areas whereas in rural roads mostly all authors have limited their studies to speed
on roads and has been noted as the major cause of accidents in rural areas (Mohanty and
Gupta, 2015). To elaborate some of the common behavior of humans which results in Commented [MC4]: Journal of Transport Literature 2015
accident. A citation from (Geethabai and Pai,2016) is as follows: Commented [MC5]: Geethabai et al Vol 4 Oct-Nov 2016
1. Over Speeding;
2. Drunken Driving;
3. Distractions to Driver;
4. Red Light Jumping; and
5. Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets
Various national and international researchers have found these as most common
behavior of Road drivers, although driver behavior and driving environment also contribute
(Transportation Research Board Special Report, 2002). These leads to accidents thus, Commented [MC6]: Foreign 4

authorities should escalate the efforts to enforce regulations especially offenses of speeding
(Abu Abdo and Al-Ibrahim, 2016). The road users particularly vulnerable to rural road Commented [MC7]: Foreign Lit 1
accidents are, young drivers and motorcyclists which account for large numbers of deaths
and serious injuries. Children, pedestrians and cyclists account for far fewer casualties on
rural roads than on urban roads (primarily due to lower exposure) although cyclists are more
at risk of dying on rural roads than in urban areas (per km travelled) (Rural Road Safety,
2005). Commented [MC8]: Rural Road Safety 2005
In promoting counter measures to road accidents, (Dragutinovic and Twisk, 2006) Commented [MC9]: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research
2006
are quoted to say that road safety education should start as early as the age of 4-5 and
needs to be continued through primary and secondary school. Individual training is also
superior to group training. Group training should focus on interactions between children and
Adult-led learning and peer collaboration are powerful instruments because of the influence
of social interaction on learning (model behavior).
Traffic deaths and injuries are admittedly preventable according to Indian Journal of
Forensic and Community Medicine, but for prevention to be successful, an integrated
approach to traffic safety that addresses vehicles, road users and road system infrastructure
is needed coupled with traffic safety education and effective enforcement (Indian Journal of
Forensic and Community Medicine, 2015;2(4):242-246). Moreover, the results of (da Silva

et al., 2014) indicate that driving task experience has a statistically significant effect on Commented [MC10]: Da Silva et al 2014
overall performance and some specific performance aspects (such as car speed and
overtaking). Research results contribute and reinforce not only the importance training of
drivers of systematizing knowledge, but also the value of initial and continuous.
Local Literature
Urbanization in Philippines in Philippines is one of the fastest in Southeast Asia, as
the Philippine economy continues towards service and industrial orientation and away from
rural agriculture. Likewise, rapid urbanization led to uncontrolled developments contributing
to the deterioration of urban environment; such as increasing traffic congestion due to
improper planning and inefficient traffic management (Lidasan and Espada, 2010). In fact,
an Asian Development Bank report showed that philippine roads carry 98% share of
passenger and 58% share of cargo traffic (Napalang, 2016) and because in Metro Manila, Commented [MC11]: Local Journal 4
the locations of new commercial developments significantly follow the expansions of urban
transportation system, (Palmiano et al., 1999 in Montalbo Jr et al., 2005) once pointed out Commented [MC12]: Local Journal 2
that it is necessary to more carefully plan and control the developments.
In 2012, the road traffic accidents data of Metro Manila from 2005-2014 showed that
there is an alarming rate of road crashes which calls for road safety programs and policies
for driver and public safety in the Philippines (Lu, 2012). The Metropolitan Manila Commented [MC13]: Traffic Safety by Sophia Lu
Development Authority announced recently said that it will strictly implement the motorcycle
lane policy on major thoroughfares such as EDSA, C5, Commonwealth Avenue in Quezon

City, and Macapagal Boulevard in the cities of Pasay and Parañaque. The intensified
campaign intends to instill better discipline among riders, thereby preventing them from
affecting traffic and enhancing their safety.
According to police records, traffic accidents are caused mainly by driver’s errors
(28%), vehicle’s mechanical defects (16%), over speeding (13%), and self- accident (7%).
(PNP Traffic Management Group, 2007 in Health Policy Notes). Additionally, violation of Commented [MC14]: Health Policy Notes
Vol3Issue3November2008 & PNP Traffic Management Group,
2007
road rules form a big part of the cause of accidents (Gregory, 2016). The most common Commented [MC15]: Local 2 (word)
vehicle types involved in traffic accidents in Metro Manila last 2006 were: cars (52.6%),
jeepneys (9.6%), motorcycles (9.0%), and vans (8.69%) (Metro Manila Accident Reporting
and Analysis System, MMDA, 2006 in Tipan, 2016). Taguig, in fact, is among the cities with Commented [MC16]: Metro Manila Accident Reporting and
Analysis System, MMDA, 2006
most dangerous roads in Philippines (Thinking Machines Data Science, 2015). Commented [MC17]: Thinking Machines Data Science
Road traffic accidents registered by the Traffic Management Group of the Philippine
National Police in 2005 revealed that 1.16% of road traffic accidents were due to drunk
driving (Health Policy Notes, 2008) and although drunk driving is not among the frequently Commented [MC18]: Health Policy Notes
Vol3Issue3November2008 & PNP Traffic Management Group,
2007
committed traffic violations as reported by the Land Transportation Office (LTO), it is a
growing concern as far as road safety is concerned. Even if there is a penalty of driving
under the influence of alcohol of Php 2000, law enforcement finds it an impossible task to
determine legally and instantly the amount of alcohol or drugs in the person’s body at the

time of an accident (Johnny Angeles in The Manila Times, 2014). Another factor could be Commented [MC19]: Johnny Angeles The Manila Times
car seats since for a lot of families in the Philippines, car seats aren't typically seen as
important, or a necessity. However, child car seats, when used and installed properly, can
help save your child's life in case of an unfortunate accident. Which is why car seats should
be a top priority for parents (The Asian Parent Philippines). Commented [MC20]: The Asian Parent (Anonymous)
Foreign Study
In the National Traffic Signal Report Card (ITE, 2012), 241 agencies representing
slightly less than 40% of the traffic signal in the United States rated themselves with a grade
of failing (F) for traffic monitoring and data collection. Almost half of the responding agencies
reported that they did not have a satisfactory ongoing program for performance monitoring.
Two-thirds did not have some process to archive traffic data.
Signal priority is an intermediate step between normal signal operations and full
preemption of the signal, as occurs at railroad/highway at-grade crossing (Koonce, 2008).
Unlike preemption, signal priority does not override the signal controller to force an
immediate phase change to allow the vehicle with preemption to quickly get through an
intersection. Signal priority works within the existing signal control plan to provide improved
operations for certain vehicles, such as transit vehicles. This typically is done by extension

of the green time when a vehicle with signal priority is detected or beginning the green phase
earlier in anticipation of the arrival of one of these vehicles.
(TransCore, 2005) on reversible lanes was performed in Tucson, Arizona, where a
before and after study was done on the demand and safety impacts of removing the
reversible lane. With regard to traffic demand, the study found that traffic volumes before
the reversible lane was removed were significantly higher than after. The authors were
unable to explain why the volumes dropped. They, authors, found no trends in the traffic
volumes to suggest in major redistribution of corridor traffic resulting from the reversible
lane’s removal.
The Los Angeles DOT makes arterial speed data available to the public by means of
the web (Los Angeles DOT, 2012). Arterial speeds are computed from the occupancies of
the Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control (ATSAC) system’s midblock, advanced loop
detectors. The loop detector speeds are assigned to signalized to intersection approach
links.
One of the most important aspects helping to improve traffic behavior involves police
enforcement. The traffic departments require more traffic rules and a traffic enforcement
system, for example, to develop traffic behavior for all road users. According to World Health
organization statistics report in 2009, traffic enforcement increased the percentage rate of
wearing seat belts from 52% to 92% for front rear seat passengers in European Union

countries (World Health Organization, 2009). Seatbelts prevent around 50% of fatal injuries
in a traffic accident (Ma et al., 2012). Failing to wear a seat belt is particularly unsafe for
drivers and contributes to more fatalities than any other unsafe driving behavior (Fernando
et. al., 2012)
Factors contributing to road accidents are human errors, vehicles defect, poor road
design and poor traffic regulation enforcement but leading cause would be aggressive
driving or related to driving behavior (Paleti et al., 2010 and Abojaradeh, 2014). The driver Commented [MC21]: Foreign Study 1
Commented [MC22]: Foreign Study 9
acceleration behavior, such as speeding, braking and steering actions are found to be
related with number of road accidents (Wahlberg, 2008 and 2012). Variation in attitude
however, is found to be related with age and gender according to a study conducted in
Norway (Iversen and Rundmo, 2011) and one perfect citation for this is (Leonard, 2004) Commented [MC23]: Foreign Study 10 (word)
Commented [MC24]: Foreign Lit 8
question about the sinking of Titanic “What if the captain of the titanic ship had been
younger?”, “What it would have been when the driver of the ship is in his 40’s?” and “Was
the sinking of Titanic an older driver problem?”. Thus, the need of identification of driving
behavior, in general, is a key task to improve the detail of traffic-related studies (Biculfo et
al.,2013) like this one. Commented [MC25]: Foreign Study 2
A foreign study found the multifaceted effects of road traffic accidents on the economy
of households and the state, on the social interaction of victims and family, on the physical
safety or the survival of individuals including permanent and temporal health problems
(Debebe, 2014).

Traffic calming measures such as speed humps, road narrowing, chicanes, traffic
circles etc. can significantly lower vehicle speeds and can reduce road accidents (Harvey
1992; Garroad et al., 2002).
Local Study
Traffic management agencies and city planners will soon have access to real-time
data to better manage traffic flows on the streets of Cebu City and Metro Manila. Grab and
the World Bank have been developing free, open-source tools that translate Grab’s
voluminous driver GPS data into traffic statistics, including speeds, flows, and intersection
delays. These statistics power big data open source tools such as Open Traffic, for analyzing
traffic speeds and flows, and driver, for identifying road incident blackspots and improving
emergency response. Grab and the World Bank plan to make Open Traffic available to other
Southeast Asian city governments in the near future.
Bitzios Consulting has a growing reputation for successfully completing local traffic
and transport studies for corridors and town centres. This is because our staff have the
unique ability to use broad transport planning experience to interpret analytical outputs
specifically in terms of what they mean for the local area. We have undertaken a number
of local traffic and transport studies from network investigations to corridor assessments to
analysis of individual intersections, throughout Queensland and New South Wales. Drawing
from the extensive experience our staff have in these types of studies, we customize the

modelling/analysis application used to suit the needs and constraints of the project. Our
ability to consider the needs of a range of transport modes in assessing local networks or
intersections is a key differentiator as our approach of understanding, in detail, the local
travel patterns and travel needs of surrounding communities.
A road accident is commonly attributed to the collision of vehicles, pedestrian, or with
an object that will result to death, disability and damage to property. Road accidents were
caused by driver’s errors (26%), mechanical defect (12%), over speeding (18%), drinking
spree before driving (1%), damaged roads (5%). Daytime traffic accidents were found higher
than in the night. The study focused on the occurrence of the traffic accidents from period
2001 to 2006 and events were evaluated using the factors that contribute into the accidents
(Tamayo, 2009). Males, however, were found to be more involved in these accidents with
an average age in the range of 21 to 35 years (Geronilla and Sison, 2012). Commented [MC26]: Local Study 9
Road accidents is one of the top five causes of morbidity and mortality in South-East
Asian countries. Its socioeconomic repercussions are matter of great concern. These
accidents have been categorized by Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
as fatal, non-fatal and damage to property cases. This classification is based on the extent
of damage to human lives and to the properties. This study found out that accidents mostly
occurred during Fridays at Quezon City, Philippines (Gayo et. al., 2014)
Republic Act 10913 or the Anti-Distracted Driving Act has been in effect already, but
the dangerous habit that the law aims to stop can still be observed among drivers. Many are

still seen making calls and texting while driving. The contribution of mobile phone use to
crashes, however, is unknown in the Philippines, as data on mobile phone use is not
routinely collected when a crash occurs. (Delizo, 2016).
(Seva et al., 2012) however, studied the motorcycle accidents in the Philippines
considering personal and environmental factors. The variables considered by them for study
were age, lighting conditions, traffic movement, road character, junction type, day, surface
conditions, and driving behaviour. Logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of
an accident from the variables considered and a logit model was thus developed. According
to their study, three variables were found to be significant predictors of motorcycle accidents.
They were age, driving behaviour, and junction type. Wald’s and HosmerLemeshow test
were used by them as logistic regression for goodness of fit. The main conclusion from their
study was that the younger drivers are more likely to be involved in accidents. Conclusion
from (Libres et al., 2008) study is overtaking and speeding are frequent errors committed by Commented [MC27]: Local Study 10
PUV drivers. But not everything can be blamed on the man behind the wheel. Among the
other causes of road accidents are bad roads, and lack of traffic and warning signs, and
poor weather conditions (Esmeralda, 2013).
The current strategy in formulating and implementing policies on traffic involve direct
testing of these schemes on the streets. Oftentimes, these experiments have failed,
triggering further experimentation where trials are implemented with adjustments made on

the previous configuration or set-up. The results have been a burden to motorists and
commuters alike, which are supposed to be the beneficiaries of the improvements claimed
for the policies implemented (Regidor, 2004). A study by (Chan, 2016) found out the Filipino Commented [MC28]: Local Study 11
drivers are familiar traffic rules and signs, regardless of traffic sign shape however a study
conducted by (Felicio et al., 2015) showed that countdown timers were found to be more Commented [MC29]: Local Study 1
efficient since these were found to create a sense of urgency for drivers in the last 5 seconds.
Understanding the dynamics of vehicular traffic is important to planning and
improving shared public roadways, not only to effectively and efficiently facilitate the
controlled movement of vehicles, but also to guarantee the safety of individuals in the
vehicles. Because data from real-world traffic is difficult to measure, and conducting
replicated experiments on humans has ethical and economical questions, selecting the best
scheme out of the proposed vehicular traffic controls has been confined only through
simulation (Tataro et. al., 2015).
Synthesis
Most of the problems faced by today’s traffic networks are caused by the ever-
increasing usage of the traffic system. Traffic congestion is considered to be one of the
prominent issues that needs attention. Traffic control and management experts and policy
makers have come up with many possible solutions to solve the traffic congestion problem.
Some of these solutions focused either on increasing the number of roads or lanes to cope

with the demand, or on limiting the traffic demand by levying tolls and raising taxes for using
the system. Also, due to political concerns and feasibility constraints, both of these options
did not offer a promising solution. Another solution is to use the current system in a more
efficient way. This option offers high benefits and potential both on the short term and the
long term. This approach is worked out in this thesis, with a particular focus on the long
term.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section presents the method and procedure utilized in this study. They are as
follows; research design, population frame, sampling size, research instruments, data
gathering procedures and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
This study adapted a descriptive research method and a survey method. The
descriptive research is designed to describe the opinion of the respondents about traffic
management in General Santos Avenue Bicutan area which will be cited by the researchers

to determine the answers to the questions. In this study, the researchers will apply a survey
technique by distributing questionnaires to gain feedback from respondents and to gain
more understanding about traffic management.
Population Frame
Convenience sampling was used to attain the number of respondents on the selected
area. This sample size is necessary to determine statistical power of the findings.
The computation is below:
Variable * 5
28 * 5
= 10 total number of respondents
The researchers used Petra research to get the total respondents in General Santos
Avenue Bicutan area.
The Sampling Size
The data was collected from the drivers, vendors and commuters in Genaral Santos
Avenue Bicutan area. The total number of respondents are 160.


Research Instrument
To achieve the objectives of the study, a survey was conducted to collect data. The
survey comprises of three sections:
Validation of Questionnaire
The survey questionnaire was formulated based on the problem of the study. There
were three parts in the survey. First part was about the demographic profile of the
respondents.
Data Gathering and Procedure
A participation consent form was attached to each survey to explain the purpose of
the study. It was indicated on the survey questionnaire that their participation on this
research will be voluntary that their identity will remain and anonymous. There is no risk and
harm to completing a survey. To increase the return rate of the survey, the researchers

attached a note on each survey that says “Please complete the survey and you will get a
reward. This note indicated that each person is allowed to participate in the research only
ones to avoid duplicate samples. A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data was entered and analyzed through the SPSS. The researchers interpreted the
Gathered information with the help of the following tools, method and statistical procedures:
Frequency Distribution
It is the visual or table that displays the frequency of various outcome in a sample.
Each entry in the table contains the present frequency or count of the occurrences of values
within a particular group or interval, and the table summarizes the distribution of values in
the sampling so that the information can be interpreted more easily.
Percentage Distribution
The frequency distribution in which the individual class frequencies are expressed as
a percentage of the total frequency equated to 100. It is also used to present data but instead
of showing an actual number of occurrences of values within an interval it shows the
occurrences of values within an interval as a percentage of occurrences in the set.
Weighted Mean
An average in which each quantity to be averaged is assigned a weight. These
weightings determine the relative importance of each quantity on the average. The

Weighted Average is a procedure used by the researchers for combining the means of two
or more groups of different sizes; it takes the sizes of the groups into account when
computing the overall or grand mean.
To measure the respondent’s assessment as specified in the questionnaire. the
item means were interpreted using the Likert Scale method as indicated below.
Weight Range of Weighted Verbal interpretation
Mean
5 4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.40-4.19 Agree
3 2.60-3.39 Neutral
2 1.80-2.59 Disagree
1 1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree
Range- Among the measures of variation, this is considered the simplest. It defined
the range of the difference between the highest and the lowest value in distribution.
R=UL-LL
Where: UL – represents the upper limit


LL – represents the lower limit
Range= Upper limit – Lower limit
= 5-1
= 4
= 0.8
Likert Scale
Is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires.
The researchers used interchangeably with rating scale which emerges from collective
responses are scored along arranged. The consolidated point from the respondents answer
to each item over a five-point scale is shown below:
Rating Level of Agreement
5 - Strongly Agree
4 - Agree
3 - Neutral
3 - Disagree

1 - Strongly Disagree
Chi- square
A probability density function that gives distribution of the sum of the squares of a
number of independent random variables each with a normal distribution with zero mean
and unit variance, that has the property that the sum of two or more random variables with
such a distribution also has one, and that is widely used in testing statistical hypotheses
especially about theoretical and observed values of a quantity and about population
variance and standard deviations.
The formula for the chi-square statistic used in the chi square test is:
Here,
O = Observed frequency
E = Expected frequency
∑∑ = Summation
X2X2 = Chi Square value
Pearson’s Correlation

Pearson’s correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a linear
relationship between paired data. In a sample it is denoted by r and is by design constrained
as follows furthermore:
 Positive values denote positive linear correlation;
 Negative values denote negative linear correlation;
 A value of 0 denotes no linear correlation;
 The closer the value is to 1 or –1, the stronger the linear correlation.
SPSS Version 23
SPPSS is a software package created by IBM used for statistical analysis. SPSS
stands for Statistical Products and Software Solution. This will be used by the researcher to
input the data and interpret it.

Survey Questionnaires
To Respondents,
You are invited to participate in a research study titled” Traffic Management Policy in
General Santos Avenue Bicutan: Impact to Road Accident/Incident”. This study is being
conducted by the students of The Fisher Valley College taking up Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration.
In this study, you will be asked to complete a survey. Your participation in this study
is voluntary and you are free to withdraw your participation from this study at any time. The
survey should take only 10 minutes to complete.
I. Personal Profile

Sex: ____ Female ____ Male
Educational Attainment: others:
____ Elementary _____ College
____ High School _____ Master’s/ Doctorate
II. Questionnaire Proper. Put a check (√ ) on the blank.
III.INSTRUCTION: Put a check (√ ) on the box that corresponds your opinion about
the following questions.
5- Very Satisfied 4- Satisfied 3- Neutral 2- Dissatisfied
1-Very Dissatisfied
By completing and submitting this survey, you are indicating your consent to
participate in the study. Your participation is appreciated.
Researcher’s Name:
Cordova,Leo mark Octeza,Rubylyn
Antonio Jinke
Marketing Research Professor: Mr. Marlon B. Raquel

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT POLICY IN GENERAL SANTOS AVENUE BICUTAN:
IT’S IMPACT TO ROAD ACCIDENT INCIDENTS
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Business Administration and Accountancy
Taguig City
In Partial Fulfilment of
The Requirements for the Degree


Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
By
Cordova Leo mark
Octeza Rubylyn
Antonio Jingke

Traffic Safety Assessment in Taguig

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The Fisher Valley College

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTANCY

The Fisher Valley College

The Problem and Its Background

instead of modifying the road infrastructure is presented in this paper.

The Fisher Valley College

The efficiency of an urban area is greatly influenced by the urban infrastructure of

behind and it has resulted into a number of traffic problems.

Background of the Study

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sputter on its own.

Statement of the Problem

totally eradicated in General Santos Bicutan Avenue area.

The primary purpose of the study is to determine the relationship or impact of

general problem and intends to conduct an evaluation through the following:

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study attempts to;

1. How do the respondents described the accident/incident that happened at General

Santos Avenue Bicutan?

3. What is the drivers driving behavior?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the assessment of respondents on traffic

accidents and traffic safety?

Theoretical Framework of the Study

is constant, and typically occurs at highly congested traffic.

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Accident Causation Theory

The following are the key points for this theory:

accident: ancestry/social environment, fault of person, unsafe act/mechanical or physical

hazard, accident, and injury.

 The human factors theory of accident causation attributes accidents to a chain

human error: overload, inappropriate response, and inappropriate activities.

 The accident/incident theory of accident causation is an extension of the human

 The epidemiological theory of accident causation holds that the models

and disease can be used to study causal relationships between environmental

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(agency), and environment.

 The combination theory of accident causation posits that no one

 There are seven principles of behavior-based safety: intervention;

identification; identification of internal factors; motivation to behave in the desired manner;

focus on the positive consequences of appropriate behavior; application of the scientific

method, integration of information; and planned interventions.

million lost days annually.

 Management failures are another leading cause of accidents on the job. If

and healthy behavior.

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Independent Variables Dependent variables

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consequently abate accident.

Significance of the study

economy will be the best output.

the future researchers.

measures to be involved in road accidents.

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it must respond to time changes of travel pattern and economic conditions.

Newly implemented projects policies, and management capabilities of officials. It also

regulate the traffic and divert the traffic to alternate routes.

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Review of Related Literature and Studies

relevant to ATM on arterials practice.

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4. Red Light Jumping; and

5. Avoiding Safety Gears like Seat belts and Helmets

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2005). Commented [MC8]: Rural Road Safety 2005