Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Capacity Building
& Technology Transfer
Programme on
Alternative Materials
for Low Cost Housing
Housing in Developing Countries
– A Perspective
• Severe shortage of adequate housing and
infrastructure in most developing countries of
Asia and Africa
• Severe problems of city wastes, their
management and need to reduce waste through
clean green technologies
• Need for energy efficiency in manufacturing
sector
• Need to develop and strengthen industrial base
of domestic construction industry
Housing in Developing Countries
– A Perspective ( continued)
• Need to substitute imported building materials
and components by locally available low cost
materials
• Need to create employment and skill
improvement opportunities
• Need to develop government policies and
supportive mechanisms
• Need to develop access to appropriate
technologies and information on expertise and
delivery mechanisms.
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
¾Energy Efficient
¾Environment Friendly
¾Employment Generating
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
¾Energy Efficient
z Simple machines – saves energy in production
z Raw Materials – derived from agro-industrial
wastes and natural fibres, requires less energy
in production
z Products – when used in house, buildings
provide better thermal comfort that results in
conservation of operational energy.
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
¾Environment Friendly
zConverts agro-industrial waste into
alternative material for low cost housing,
thus improving waste management &
environmental protection
zUtilises local resources
zSubstitutes wood – preserving forest cover
zSubstitutes top soil – preserving soil for
agriculture
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
¾Employment Generating
• Simple machines – with manual
handling, increases employment for
unskilled and semi-skilled workers
• Small enterprises – can be set up at
decentralized locations
• Production of components – involves
local people after short training
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural
Fibres and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials
S. Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource Energy
N. source using natural fibre fully or partly saved Save %
& agro-waste
1. Coir fibre Coir fibre-cement Asbestos 10
(coir industry) roofing sheet & panels
2. Rice husk Rick-husk- cement Resin (PF or UF) 20
(rice mill) building board bonded particle
board timber
3. Ground nut Ground nut- hull- Resin-bonded 20
hulls (oil mills) cement building board particle board timber
4. Jute fibre Jute-fibre-polymer Timber, metal 10
(jute mills) bonded panel;
door and window
5. Cotton waste Cotton-lint-cement Gypsum, timber 25
(textile mills) bonded board
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural
Fibres and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials (Contd.)
S. Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource Energy
N. source using natural fibre fully or partly saved Save %
& agro-waste
6. Bagasse Bagasse-polymer- Timber fibres 30
(sugar mills) bonded boards (in insulation board)
7. Corn cobs Corn cobs-cement Timber, polymer 40
(corn mill) bonded boards
8. Sisal fibre Sisal fibre-polymer/ Asbestos fibre, 15-20
(sisal plant) cement bonded Timber
roofing sheet, door, window
9. Rice straw Compressed and Timber, Polymer 40
& wheat straw paper covered
(farms) board
10 Banana fibre Banana fibre + Timber, Traditional 25
(banana plant) cotton pulp/paper Timber, Traditional
pulp and polymer light weight mineral
insulation boards viz. vermiculite or mica
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
Industrial wastes, main chemical constituents, source
and potential use
S. No. Industrial Average Chemical Constituent (%) Source Particulate composite in
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO which used
1 Flyash 55 25 12 2.5 2.0 Thermal power plants Aggregate, cement, brick,
cellular concrete
2 Blast furnace slag 35 15 1.5 40 6 Steel plants Aggregate, cement, block
3 Byproduct gypsum 95 1.0 2.0 1.5 0.5 Phosphoric acid Hydrofluoric Gypsum plaster, boards,
acid plants cement additive, block
4 Mine tailings 60 5 10 12 5 Fl, Cu,Zn, Ni, Sn ore Blended cement, filler in
beneficiation concrete, calcium silicate
cellular concrete, brick
5 Byproduct lime 10 3.5 2.5 80 5 Sugar, paper, leather, Lime, masonry cement,
sludge acety lime plants mortar, plaster
6 Laterite waste 20 40 30 5 5 Cutting of laterite blocks Building block, aggregate
roads
7 Red mud 15 18 35 4 5 Aluminium plants Cement, Cement, brick paints,
(15 Tio2) tiles, filler in FRP
8. Metallurgical slag 32 35 10 2.5 1.5 Alloys plants Aggregate, blended cement
bricks and blocks
9. Broken glass 70 5 2 10 5 Glass, ceramic, brick plants Aggregate, flooring, roofing
& ceramics
10. Stone quarry waste80 5 5 5 5 Stone quarrying Blocks, aggregate, flooring
paving
11. Limestone waste 10 7 5 70 3 Limestone quarrying Aggregate, flooring, masonry
and lime kilns cement, blocks
Note : Each mineral waste has variable composition according to source of the main rock.
Technology for Alternative
Materials for Low Cost Housing
Energy Saving in Recycling of some Wastes
S. Material Total energy Total energy Saving %
No. in primary in recycled
product (MJ/kg) product (MJ/kg)