@ 2
 


a
a 
  Y
Y Y


 aa  


1)› The shortest distance between initial and final points of movement of the body is called
3
 of the body.
2)› an case of u
motion, an object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time.
3)› èetardation means   acceleration.
4)› The first kinematical equation gives relation between   and time.
5)› [hen body is performing uniform circular motion, its   changes at every point.

  

      

 Negative acceleration Body has constant velocity. A car initially at rest acquires
velocity 50km/h in 10 second.
 Positive acceleration Velocity of a body decreases. A vehicle moving with velocity
25 m/s.
 Zero acceleration Velocity of a body increases. A vehicle moving with a speed of
10 m/s stops after 5 second.

 

      

 Negative acceleration Velocity of a body decreases. A vehicle moving with a speed of
10 m/s stops after 5 second.
 Positive acceleration Velocity of a body increases. A car initially at rest acquires
velocity 50km/h in 10 second.
 Zero acceleration Body has constant velocity. A vehicle moving with velocity
25 m/s.


 

 a 

a 

›   
 
 

Ans: A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to the surroundings.
Otherwise, the body is said to be at rest. [hen we travel by a bus, we observe the trees and the
building by the side of the road moving backward, But a person standing by the side of the road
observe these trees and buildings to be at rest. This shows that motion is relative.

› au
  
  

3 3   3u 
 3

Ans: an the case of the motion of air, the rotational motion of the earth about its axis, the revolution of
the earth around the sun, we cannot directly perceive the motion of the body but we can make out
 its presence through indirect evidence such as wind, the occurrence of day and night and of
different seasons.

›
 


u
 u 

Ans: 

u
 u 

1)› The motion of the earth around the sun.

2)› The motion of the moon around the earth.
3)› The motion of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
4)› The motion of the blades of a fan (when the speed is not changed).
5)› The motion of a communication satellite (a geostationary satellite used for communication)
around the earth.

 a
a a
 

› 
33
 

a
  a
  

1. Distance is the length of the actual path 1. Displacement is the shorter distance from
followed by a body between the points under the initial point to the final point of
consideration. movement of a body.
2. at does not have direction. 2. at has direction.

› 
 3 u
 

 a   a    a   a 
1. A body is said to have uniform motion when 1. A body is said to have nonuniform motion
it covers equal distances in equal intervals of when it covers unequal distances in equal
time. intervals of time.
2. an this case, the speed of the body is 2. an this case, the speed of the body is not
constant. constant.

 a
a a a



› 
33
 3

 


Ans: 1) Distance is the length of the actual path followed by a body between the points under
consideration. at does not involve the concept of direction.

2) Displacement is the shortest distance from the initial point to the final point of movement of a
body. at involves the concept of direction. at, therefore, follows that distance and displacement are
different concepts.

›    

33 u

 

Ans: 1) An object is said to be in uniform motion when it has constant speed.

 2) For an object at rest, its speed is zero all the time. Hence, an object at rest can be considered to
have uniform motion.

› 3

 

   u3a
 
u
 

Ans: 1) [hen a body fails freely, the only force acting on the body is that due to gravity.

2) Near the earth¶s surface, this force on a given body is (practically) uniform. Hence, a body
falling freely to the ground has (almost) a uniform acceleration.(Check from unique solution)

!  
 a 

› u"#
$"
$ "
$"%


V = u + at
V = 0 + 5*5
V = 25 m/s

u"%
$"
$ "&
$"!


V = u + at

16 = u + 1*8

16 = u + 8

U = 16 ± 8

U = 8 m/s

› u"
$"#
$ "
$
"%

s = ut + ½ at2
s = (4*2) + ½* 10* (2)2
s = 8 + (½ *40)
s = 8 + 20
s = 28 m

u"!
$"%$ "
$
"#

s = ut + ½ at2
105 = (16*5) + ½ *a* (5)2
105 = 80 + ½ * a * 25
105 ± 80 = ½ * a* 25
25 = ½ *a* 25
a = (25/25) *(2)
a = 2 m/s2

› u"
$"
$
"%$"'

 V2 = u2 + 2as
(7)2 = (3)2 + 2*5*s
49 = 9 + 10*s
49 ± 9 = 10*s
40 = 10*s
S = (40/10)
S=4m

u"%$"
$
"$"

V2 = u2 + 2as
(12)2 = u2 + 2* 2*11
144 = u2 + 44
144 ± 44 = u2
100 = u2
U = 10 m/s

'


(›   
&  



33   
3   

  

3u  
3

Soln: S1 = 18 m , t1 = 3s , S2 = 22 m , t2 = 3 s , S3 = 14 m , t3 = 3 s , average speed =?

 
3"  3
 3    

= S1+S2+S3 / t1+t2+t3

=18m+22m+14m / 3s +3s +3s

=54/9 m/s

=6 m/s

Ans:  
3

   "!


(› 
 3


' u
u  
3 


Soln: S = 72 km = 72000 m , t = 4 hours = 4*60*60 s = 14400 s , average speed=?

"
 = 7200 m / 14400 s

= 720m/ 144 m/s

=10/2 m/s

=5 m/s

Ans:  
3

 
"

 ) 

a


 aa  


a)› èetardation is also called 3 .

b)› [hen a body returns to the starting points, its displacement is M.
c)› Velocity has magnitude and 3  .
d)› The CGS unit of retardation is 
 .
e)› The second kinematical equation is s = ut +   .
f)› Acceleration is the rate of change of   with respect to time.
g)› Out of the following
3 does not have direction.
h)› af the velocity of a body changes from 10 m/s to 22 m/s in 6 s , its acceleration is 
 .
i)› The distance covered by a body in time t is given by
"u  .(assuming motion in a straight
line with uniform acceleration)


* 


a)› [hen a body performs uniform circular motion, its acceleration remains constant.

Ans: False.

b)› Displacement of a body and distance covered by the body (in a given time interval) have always
the same magnitude.

Ans: False.

c)› The direction of acceleration can be opposite to that of velocity.

Ans: True.

d)› Acceleration can be perpendicular to velocity.

Ans: True.

e)› Deceleration has magnitude and direction.

Ans: True.

f)› The average velocity of a body can be zero.

Ans: True.

g)› The third kinematical equation of motion is v2= u2-2as.

Ans: False.

h)› The average acceleration of a body can be zero.

Ans: True.

 
 
  

(›  
 +3
+3
      

3 
  
%
3
33
 
   
a3
u


Ans: an relation to the motion of a body between two given points.

1) Distance is the length of the actual path followed by the body between the points under
consideration.

2) Displacement is the shortest distance from the initial point to the final point of movement of
the body.

The Sa unit of these quantities is the meter (m) and CGS unit is the centimeter (cm).

 Distance has magnitude but not direction. at is a scalar quantity. Displacement has magnitude as
well as direction. at is a vector quantity. an the definition given above, the words,
   
 
  
 
 specify the direction of displacement. [hen a body moves in a
straight line in the same direction. The magnitudes of displacement equal the distance.

(›  

3%


3
 

a3
u 

Ans: Speed is the distance covered by a body in unit time, i.e., speed=distance/time. The Sa unit of
speed is the meter per second (m/s) and CGS unit is the centimeter per second (cm/s).

(›  
 %

 
 

a3
u


Ans: Velocity is the distance travelled by a body in a given direction in unit time. i.e.,
velocity=displacement/time. The Sa unit of velocity is the meter per second (m/s) and CGS unit is
the centimeter per second (cm/s)

(›  
    + u

   + u
  %      



Ans: 1) Uniform motion is the motion in which the body covers equal distance in equal intervals of
time which are supposed to be very small. )  The motion of a body with a constant speed
along a circular path such as the motion of the blades of a fan at full speed.

2) Nonuniform motion is the motion in which the body covers unequal distance in equal intervals
of time. )  The motion of a body falling under gravity.
(›  
 %
 

Ans: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

!(›
  
u
 $   
a3
u

 

Ans: Acceleration (a) = change in velocity / time = v-u / t,

 [here u is the initial velocity of the body and v is the velocity of the body after time (called final
velocity).The Sa unit of acceleration is m/s2 and the CGS unit is cm/s2.

'(› 
  +
+  +M%

Ans: 1) 
   [hen the velocity of a body increases with time, its acceleration is
positive.

2)     [hen the velocity of a body decreases with time, its acceleration is
negative.

3)    [hen there is no change in the velocity of a body with time(i.e. the
velocity is formula), its acceleration is zero.

&(›  
 3 %

Ans: Negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration. Oè [hen the velocity of a body goes
on decreasing, its acceleration is called retardation or deceleration.`

´(›
    u 

 %

Ans: The kinematical equations of motion are

1) v = u + at (velocity-time relation)

2) s = ut + ½ at2 (position-time elation)

3) v2 = u2 + 2as (position-velocity relation)

[here u = initial velocity of the body, v = final velocity, i.e. velocity after time t and s = distance
covered by the body in time t.

#(›a 

3   
    u
 $   
  u 
    3

Ans: Consider a body moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration a.

Let u = initial velocity

V = final velocity,

T = time,

S = distance covered.

 3  

 

  


  






u --------------------------------------- 

 



P initial position, Q final position.

a›  -  

>
 >

 
A=


=


Qè = at

QS = Qè + èS

QS = Qè + PT --- (èS = PT)

Put QS = v, PT = u, and Qè = at, we get.

V = at + u

V = u + at

This is the first kinematical equation.

aa› 
-  

Let distance travelled by the object be µs¶ in the time interval µt¶ under uniform acceleration µa¶.
an figure, the distance travelled is given by area enclosed within TPQS.

S = Area of quadrilateral TPQS.

 S = area of rectangle PèST + area of triangle PèQ

S = (TS * TP) + ½ (Pè * Qè)

But TP = u, TS = Pè = t and Qè = at

S = ut + ½ a t2

This is the second kinematical equation.

aaa› 
-  

The distance µs¶ travelled by object in timeµt¶ under uniform acceleration µa¶ is given by area
enclosed within quadrilateral TPQS.
S = Area of trapezium TPQS
S = ½ (QS + TP) * TS
Put TP = u, QS =v and OS = t
S = ½ (v + u) * t ----------------------- (a)
From velocity time relation we have
 
A= i.e. t =




S = ½ (v + u) *


2as = v2 ± u2
V2 = u2 + 2as
This is the kinematical equation.