Fuzzy Control of Intelligent Indoor Exercise

Environment in Air-Polluted Area

Shaodan Zhi, Yongbin Wei, Jun Wang, Wei Zhao
Technical Center, China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited
No. 15 of Linhe Street, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, People’s Republic of China
Email: zsdwow@hotmail.com, weiyongbin@cscec.com, wang.jun@cscec.com, 380950253@qq.com

Abstract— In the air-polluted area or period, the outdoor effectiveness of the municipal emergency measures, with
activities are unhealthy and even become the triggers for lowest value controlled within 10 micrograms per cubic
different kinds of diseases because of the inhalable particles. meter which represents a good air quality.
Most of the outdoor activities are transferred into indoor
lifestyle, such as entertainments, sports and working. And it In the air-polluted area or period, lots of school,
is highly unlikely to get fresh air by ventilating directly with factories and organizations are shut down. And most of the
outside air, while CO2 content will persistently increase in outdoor activities are transferred into indoor-mode, such as
the enclosed space so as to oppress people of oxygen-poor entertainments, sports and working.
feeling. On the other hand, the rapid technology
development and the urgent requirement growth of wireless
sensors simultaneously offer a possible solution for such
contradiction. For the sake of the health and comfort of the
indoor inhabitants, a fuzzy control method is proposed in
this paper for controlling the actuators of air cleaner and
ventilator. With a good coordination between the air-
cleaners and the ventilator, an intelligent environment which
meets the comfort level with good air quality can be
achieved. Exercise experiments which last for six days are
carried out with comparisons among three controlling
algorithms in the changing outdoor environments. Results
show a satisfaction from overlapping working mode based
on fuzzy control algorithm. Such algorithm has a broad
application prospect on the existing buildings for air-
polluted area.

Keywords—Fuzzy controller; Intelligent environment; Air

quality; Comfort level

I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Fig. 1. Satellite haze image over Beijing[1]
Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon
where dust, smoke and other dry particles obscure the
clarity of the sky, being unlikely eradicated in a relative
short period of time. There are several hypotheses about
the main factors and how these inhalable particles formed.
Taking Beijing for example, it is embraced on three sides
and located where the North China Plain meets the
Taihang Mountains. Such special geographical situation
can easily gather particulates but hardly evanish. As we
can see in Fig.1, the satellite picture shows particulate haze
suspending over Beijing. Fig. 2. Air pollution PM2.5 (ȝg/m3) in 30 days of Beijing[2]
These inhalable particles (especially PM2.5, fine
particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 micrometer) Though a massive scale pollution is uncontrollable for
do harm human body directly for outdoor-activity people. individual inhabitants, it is possible to reduce the pollution
Especially in the winter, the ongoing municipal heating impacts appropriately by preventive indoor actions [3].
brings in much more power consumption which results in However, the amount of indoor oxygen is limited in the
much more air pollution. enclosed space and will decrease as time goes on, as the
Within 30 days in winter (since mid-November to mid- people number increasing or the exercises intensity. The
December), the highest level of PM2.5 triggers red alert content CO2 will persistently increase to oppress people of
and even rises to 480 micrograms per cubic meter of air oxygen-poor feeling. But we could not open the door or
while the most dangerous line is 500. As shown in Fig.2, window directly for the “fresh air” oxygen from outside
the drastic fluctuation of PM2.5 value briefly explains the polluted air because of PM2.5. Therefore, an air cleaner is

978-1-5090-0626-7/16/$31.00 2016
c IEEE 678
necessary to cooperate with the ventilator to ensure the
comfort level and good air quality at the same time. There
is an imminent need for a widely-accessible IAQ (Indoor
Air Quality) monitoring system that can provide intuitive
sense of air quality conditions in indoor environments [4].
A good air quality, however, could not be achieved by
just monitoring the air condition. A pivotal system which
should be involved to solve the indoor-air pollution is
Smart Control System, which is commonly used to
integrate various home automation devices and expanding
rapidly as electronic technologies converge [5, 6]. With the
rapid technology development, it is possible to solve the
contradiction as mentioned above.
Based on the application perspective of Internet of
Things (IoT), the sensor technology and intelligence
embedded technology can be developed to deal with the
issues especially for the decision-making level based on
indoor environment and target state estimation [7, 8]. With
forward application of wireless sensor network, the smart
home system can be designed smarter and more efficient
[9, 10].
Furthermore, the hardware system of smart home can
be designed based on ZigBee technology through the
wireless networking of multiple monitoring and controlling
devices, which provides a feasible method for intelligent
home [11]. Wireless devices based on the ZigBee protocol
are provided as individual nodes for the smart home
network. As to focus on the balance controlling of air
cleaner and ventilator, a suitable algorithm is critical that
should be developed in advance.
In addition to identifying and differentiating the
characteristics of perspective users and their possible needs
[12], there is a growing trend of automatically updating
model to reflect the pattern/schedule changes and adapting
to the user’s explicit or implicit wishes [13, 14]. For the
multifunctional controllable system, the minimum human
intervention [15] can not only liberate the inhabitant’s
labor and attention, but also be convenient to adjust the
system toward the data-based intelligent environment with
cost-effective algorithm. Thus intelligent systemic
solutions for smart home are advanced by observing,
learning and adapting the resident’s activities toward
intelligent home environments, including various
computational intelligence techniques [13].
Among these solutions, Fuzzy logic controller is the
most effective in the learning for the codependence of the
environment and emerging situations [16]. Fuzzy
algorithms involved contain several different aspects of
applications, including thermal-comfort and air-condition
controlling [17-19], human emotion analyzing [20], laser-
pointer detection for handicapped [21], characterizing
behavior of sensor nodes with soft boundaries [22], and
constructing ambient intelligent environments [20, 23, 24].
For the sake of the health and comfort of the indoor
inhabitants, a fuzzy control algorithm is proposed in this
paper in allusion to the actuators of air cleaner and
ventilator based on the data collected from monitoring
sensors to overcome the aforementioned challenge. These
function modulates are pivotal executive parts of receiving
commands from decision-making system, which calculates
corresponding control decisions and then forward them to
the intelligent environment based on the sensors on-service
to collect information from ambient environment. With the
2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ)
good coordination of working time and loads, an
intelligent environment which meets the comfort level with
good air quality can be achieved without manual operation.
II. SMART GYM SYSTEM DESIGN
The function structure of smart home contains several
aspects, including smart home host, indoor monitor &
inductor, security & intercom, and the executive module
for intelligent environment, as shown in Fig.3. All the
devices in this function structure are the related products
from UIOT-company except the intercom terminal.
The smart home host is the center for home network
and local control, which adopts ARM cortex-A8
architecture and 45nm processor. By combining the
ZigBee smart-hardware devices, the smart home host can
receive monitoring and inducting data and then direct the
executive module to work coordinately. These devices are
is based on the wireless sensors which are distributed
according to the information gathering requirements.
The smart lock and the intercom terminal can record
the access records for individual person and transmit data
to the smart home center. On the other hand, magnetic
window sensors of can detect whether the window is open
or not. Intelligent environment box can assemble different
sensors for temperature, humidity, methanol, and so on.
Since we concern the concentrations of CO2 and PM2.5
here, corresponding sensors for these two matters are
installed in the intelligent environment box to feed data
back to the host.
The final decisions for the executive module are from
the host which experts at decision-making based on the
gleaned data abovementioned. If the outdoor air quality is
good and the magnetic sensor gets a judgment of open
window, the window opener will be activated to close the
window. Otherwise, if the indoor air quality cannot reach
the air health standard, the air cleaner will be open at the
corresponding power level to eliminate PM2.5. And if the
indoor air contains too much CO2 which makes people
uncomfortable, the ventilator will be open for
corresponding work time.
Fig. 3. Smart home structure based on products of UIOT
As shown in Fig.4, there are three main parts in the
intelligent gym which are suitable for urban communities.
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 Because of the limited space, the content of CO2 will
increase immediately once there are enough exercisers
doing sports at the same time. Since a good air condition
should be guaranteed, the content of CO2 should be kept
within a certain range for these people in such enclosed
space.
Fig. 4. Partition plan of intelligent pre-fabricated gym
III. FUZZY NATURE OF HEALTH AND COMFORT LEVEL
In the beginning of this paper, we are emphatically
focusing on the balance problem between the healthy level
and the comfort level of indoor environment, involving
ventilation for Oxygen-rich air and filtration for high-
PM2.5 air. Such balance requires the solution for the
aforementioned contrast by utilizing a suitable control
algorithm. Therefore, the primary basic information is to
find the decision/strategy target for indoor-occupants’
physical health and comfort. According to IAQ Standard in
Chinese national standard (GB) and World Health
Organization (WHO), the content limits of different
physical elements are listed as seen in Table I.
TABLE I. INDOOR AIR QUALITY STANDARD PARAMETER
Data & Source
Parameter
Unit Value Source
CO2 % 0.10 GB/T 18883
PM2.5 ȝg/m3 25 (Criterion value) WHO Air-Guide
Although the above table shows the general standard
for health level, the indoor environment suitable for
exercises has the fuzzy and turbulent nature which is
varying according to the different individuals. Therefore,
thus national and world standard for indoor air quality has
to be fuzzified as the major condition factor for decision-
making of controlling. The standard as shown above
embodies the tolerated air condition which is harmless to
the occupiers’ health. Despite the minimum standard for a
good indoor air, the requirements of proper environments
are different for different individuals and exercises.
Based on the above analyses, a group of young adults
are chosen as volunteers to avoid distinct individual
differences in the physical quality and subjective tolerance
680 2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ)
in the high intensity exercises. Thus most of the comfort
or discomfort feelings will perceived by the exercisers
from the indoor environment based on the subjective
consciousnesses. Therefore, the fuzzy nature of the
comfort level has the stem from both of the subjective
exercise experience and the indoor environment. As
shown in Fig.5, there is a fuzzy mapping relationship
between the physical energy and the comfort feeling
through the CO2 perceived for indoor environment. The
more exercise volunteers are doing, the lower CO2
concentration they will need for the comfort zone. Since
the volunteers have their own evaluation system based on
their self-experience, it is necessary to build a universal
fuzzy expression for the comfort evaluation.
Fig. 5. Fuzzy mapping between the exercise energy and comfort level
The content of CO2, p tCO , is monitored based on the
2
combination of the expiration from volunteers and the
ventilating efficiency. In the same content environment,
the ith volunteer at his/her own exercise stage ei will
classify the air condition into the corresponding comfort
level ci, and ci ∈ [0,1] where value 1 means subjective
comfort feeling while 0 means discomfort. The subjective
category of the exercise stage ei belongs to one of the
fuzzy subset of Energy, i.e. energetic, sustained, endure or
exhausted. With the increasing of exercise time t (t ” 105
min, within a time domain [0,105]), the energy level would
be classified correspondingly from energetic to exhausted,
named with E1, E2, E3 and E4, respectively. The
relationship between the exercise time and the energy
estimation state is shown in Fig.6.
Membership Degree
Fig. 6. Membership degree of energy state upon exercise time
Since the feeling of human body is inseparably
connected to the environment, the energy state estimation
mentioned above should be bonded to the current indoor
CO2 content and the exercise time.
 The energy estimation would be changed according to
the changed indoor CO2 content even the exercise time is
not changed. Therefore, the energy estimation will be
redistricted for exercisers themselves, with exhausted
feelings in high CO2 environment even if the exercise time
is not as long as usual.
(
En′ (t ) = En t ⋅ (p
CO2 )
(t ) − 0.1 0.1
In this way, the exhausted volunteers have the
minimum comfort feelings toward the final decision of
controlling the ventilator and the air-cleaner, which means
their opinions have the maximum weighs on the decisions.
wEn ( pCO2 ) = 1 − ( n − 1) 4, (n = 1,! , 4)
IV. CONTROLLING STRATEGIES
Works as shown above have the primary efforts to
record the subjective feelings from the exercisers in the
same environment with different energy states. However,
the contents of PM2.5 cannot be directly felt by human
body for the tiny size of the inhalable particulates.
In order to carry out this test, the ventilator used in this
gym is same with the ones in the existing residential
buildings, which means that such ventilator doesn’t have
the function of removing PM2.5. So the ventilator need to
cooperate with air cleaner.
Since the ventilator and air-cleaner are separated as
independent systems, the smart gym system should resolve
the inconsistent between the “fresh air” and the “clean air”
especially in the hazy weather.
The ventilating rate of the ventilator can be expressed
as rv. The intermittent working style of the ventilator will
cooperate with the working of air-cleaner, which is aiming
at reducing PM2.5 with Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR)
as ra-c. Assuming the air in the gym is the same with the
outdoor before the volunteers walking in. So the indoor
original value of PM2.5 hPM2.5_IN is same with the outdoor,
hPM2.5_OUT.
Then four air-cleaners will be kept working when the
ventilator is working and hPM2.5_IN is higher than the
accepted health standard. The maximum capacity of
volunteers N (N is based on the current number, in and out)
is 40 people at the same time. The exhalant CO2 will kept
increase during the exercise time with CO2 exhale rate rex
(with minimum value at rest rex_rest), which will be effected
by the exercise state En.
Then before the ventilator works, the monitored indoor
air quality (pCO2_IN & hPM2.5_IN) can be connected with the
working states of the air-cleaner and the motion states of
the volunteers.
­ pCO2 _ IN = pCO2 _OUT + Nrex t Vgym
°°
(
®rex = rex_rest ⋅ 1 + 1 (1 − wEn ))
°
°̄hPM2.5_IN = hPM2.5_OUT − 4ra-c ta − c Vgym
After a certain time, the indoor CO2 will be
accumulated to a level which need ventilator drawing less-
CO2 air from outside.
2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ)
­° pCO2 _ IN = pCO2 _ IN + rv tv pCO2 _OUT Vgym
® (4)
°̄hPM2.5_IN = hPM2.5_IN + hPM2.5_OUT rv tv Vgym
The parameters of machines (the air-cleaner and
ventilator), the basic CO2 exhale rate of human body and
the basic outdoor atmosphere are shown in Table II.
) (1)
TABLE II. PARAMETERS OF MACHINES, HUMAN AND
AUTOMSPHERE
Parameter Unit Value
CADR ra-c m3/h 200
2
Usable area m 30
(2)
3
Ventilate rate rv m /h 300
Exhale rate rex_rest mL/min 280
Outdoor CO2 content pCO2_OUT % 0.038
The indoor air condition has been formed as a dynamic
system with the changing feelings from volunteers based
on their exercise states. The overall estimate from all of the
volunteers are counted through Eq.(8). The Comfort means
an average comfort level voted from all of the volunteers.
N
Comfort = ¦ wEn μ En ( pCO2 ) N (5)
1
On the other side, another controlling method is
proposed based on real-time threshold judgment as to
contrast with the fuzzy controlling method based on
human comfort level. Therefore, the ventilator switch
should be turned on if CO2 content is beyond the CO2
threshold. And the air-cleaner switch should be turned on
once PM2.5 content is higher than the PM2.5 threshold.
Both threshold values are determined based on the air
quality standard as mentioned in Table I.
V. EXERCISE EXPERIMENTS
Works as shown above have the primary efforts to
record the subjective feelings from the exercisers in the
same environment with different energy states. However,
the content of CO2 will directly influence human actions
while the tiny inhalable particulates usually cannot be
detected by human body. Therefore, it is necessary to keep
indoor PM2.5 and CO2 as lower as possible.
Two kinds of working modes are proposed here to
evaluate the working efficiencies of the ventilator and the
air-cleaners, which are alternative working mode and
overlapping working mode. The ventilator and air-cleaners
are open alternately in the former mode based on the
evaluation of their efficiencies and the changes of air
compositions. While in the latter mode, the ventilator and
air-cleaners can be open at the same moment as to the
(3)
ultimate target for the better air quality.
A. Alternative Working Mode
Once the volunteers walk in the gym and begin doing
exercises, the indoor CO2 will increase continuously
especially when the exercise intensity increases. If there is
none ventilator works, the CO2 content will increase to
0.699%, which is much higher than the standard value, as
shown in Fig.7.
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 And it will cost four air-cleaners working 20.25
minutes to lower the indoor PM2.5 down the standard
value, and 27 minutes to eliminate all the indoor PM2.5 on
the condition of outdoor hPM2.5_OUT is 100ȝg/m3. And the
time will be doubled once hPM2.5_OUT is 200ȝg/m3, as shown
in Fig.7.
Since the accumulated CO2 will be much higher than
acceptable comfort level, it is necessary to open the
ventilator at the correct time.
Fig. 7. Indoor air quality without ventilation
By recording the feelings of comfort level, the works
of ventilator and the air-cleaner are coordinated with their
start-stop moments and their working duration, as shown
in Fig.8.
Fig. 8. Indoor air contents of PM2.5 and CO2 with ventlation
When the outdoor PM2.5 is 100 ȝg/m3, the first start
time of ventilator will be the moment when the content of
indoor PM2.5 firstly hit zero. It is critical to open the
ventilator earlier than necessary to avoid the too much
indoor PM2.5. The accumulated CO2 will be diluted but
keep elevated once the ventilator is closed. The
intermittent ventilation can lower the CO2 content about
40% than the none-ventilation state to keep a relative
comfort environment under the precondition of lower
indoor PM2.5. Though the air quality can be controlled in
a certain health and comfort level by this mode in which
the ventilator and the air-cleaners are open alternatively, it
still has potential to be improved.
B. Overlapping Working Mode
As shown above, the working mode in which the
ventilator and air-cleaners are open alternately brings a
relative long time for accumulations of CO2 or PM2.5.
Thus the mode should be transferred into the overlapping
working mode, in which the working time of all these
devices can be overlapped or non-overlapped according to
the indoor air quality. And in this way, the indoor air
682 2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ)
quality can be controlled dynamically through the mutual-
coupling among the ventilator and the air-cleaners.
Under the same initial conditions with the previous
case, the overlapping working mode can be open directly
based on the indoor air quality. Therefore, the air quality
can be influenced by all the devices during their
overlapped working time. In this way, the air quality can
be dynamically controlled through the mutual-coupling
working mode with the ventilator and the air-cleaners.
100 0.4
50 0.2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Exercise time t (min)
Fig. 9. Indoor air contents based on overlapping working mode
Since devices are allowed to be open frequently to
control the indoor air environment, lower average contents
of CO2 and PM2.5 can be acquired by such overlapping
mode than the former one, which also are lower than the
standard values ruled in Table I.
C. Experiments within Changing Outdoor Air
The indoor air content analyses above based on two
kinds of working modes show an obviously decrease of
indoor PM2.5 and also keep the indoor CO2 within an
acceptable level. In order to consummate the dynamic
controlling process based on the hardware in the smart
gym as shown above, experiments are carried out at the
same time in the six days during March 19th through
March 24th.
According to the records once the exercise experiments
were carried out, the outdoor PM2.5 contents in these five
days are 97, 87, 157, 154㸪35 and 29ȝg/m3, respectively.
Therefore, the working times of ventilator and the air-
cleaners are changing based on their working abilities
within different outdoor environment. By taking the
advantage of intelligent indoor environment box and the
executive module, the executive time and the indoor air
contents can be recorded.
In order to obtain and verify the effects of the fuzzy
controlling strategy, another strategy based on threshold
method is added here in the executive experiment, marked
as method C. And the threshold values of this controlling
method are determined according to the standard
parameters in Table I, which represent the average value
for indoor contents.
All these three controlling strategies are implemented
at different times in the same day. To avoid the deviations
from the fatigued exercisers, the sequences of different
controlling methods are determined as in Table III. After
all these six days exercise experiments, statistics results
show the efficiencies of these three controlling methods
and also the comfortable satisfactions from exercisers.
TABLE III. SEQUENCE OF CONTROLLING METHODS
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684 2016 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ)