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The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, First Edition. Edited by Roger S. Bagnall, Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine,
and Sabine R. Huebner, print pages 3407–3409.
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah09128
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included in Illyricum and called “Illyrian” and northern ALBANIA; the term denoted most
merely on this account. Greek and Latin of the northern and central Balkans. The name
authors of the Late Republican and imperial “Illyrian” was applied to other administrative
periods used the name “Illyrian” in terms of units, such as the Illyrian customs, which
administrative organization of the Balkans, or covered a vast area from RAETIA to the Black
else in the geographical sense, since by their Sea (App. Ill. 6). Under Septimius Severus
time a great deal of the northwestern part of it began to designate the army stationed
the peninsula belonged to Illyricum (Wilkes in the Balkan and Danubian provinces and,
1992). later, the emperors originating from there.
The Illyris known to Strabo was a country In the time of Diocletian Illyricum was
stretching from the upper reaches of the the unofficial name for the “diocese of the
Adriatic down to the Rhyzonic Gulf and the Pannonias” (dioecesis Pannoniarum), which
Ardiaei, between the sea and the Pannonian included four Pannonias, two Norican prov-
peoples (7.5.3 C 314); not much different are inces and Dalmatia. Under THEODOSIUS I the
the descriptions in Appian (Ill. 1) and Cassius prefecture of Illyricum, which comprised
Dio (12 Zonar. 8.19.8). Military campaigns the Dacian and Macedonian dioceses, partly
were conducted by the Romans mainly corresponded to the former eastern Illyricum.
from their bases on the Italian side of the
Adriatic. Simultaneously, the Roman army
SEE ALSO: Adriatic Sea; Colonization, Greek;
operated also from Cisalpine Gaul, extending
Dacia; Danube; Gallia Cisalpina/
its boundaries in the direction of Illyricum,
Italia Transpadana; Julius Caesar; Illyrian
notably over the Histrians, who had been
wars; Illyricum and the Balkans, Roman
conquered in 177 BCE. From AQUILEIA the
conquest of; Macedonia; Noricum.
Romans advanced across the Ocra Pass and
founded Nauportus as an Aquileian outpost.
Under Augustus, the regions beyond Emona REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS
and the Arsia River in Histria belonged to
Illyricum (Šašel Kos 2005). Cabanes, P. (1988) Les Illyriens de Bardylis à
Vatinius, appointed by Caesar, was probably Genthios (IV e–II esiècles avant J.-C.). Paris.
the first to have governed only over Illyricum Cambi, N., Čače, S., and Kirigin, B., eds. (2002) Grčki
utjecaj na istočnoj obali Jadrana [Greek influence
(45–43 BCE), while Caesar had been
along the East Adriatic coast]. Split.
proconsul of both Galliae (Gallia Cisalpina Cavallaro, M. A. (2004) Da Teuta a Epulo:
and Gallia Narbonensis) and of Illyricum interpretazione delle guerre illyriche e histriche tra
(59–49 BCE). After the Pannonian–Dalmatian 229 e 177 a. C. Bonn.
rebellion of 9 CE, Illyricum may have been Katičić, R. (1976) Ancient languages of the Balkans,
divided into superius and inferius – parts vol. 1. The Hague.
officially called DALMATIA and PANNONIA at the Krahe, H. (1955) Die Sprache der Illyrier, part 1:
latest under Vespasian; after this division, no Die Quellen. Wiesbaden.
Roman province bore the name Illyricum. The Mayer, A. (1957, 1959) Die Sprache der alten Illyrier,
degree of acculturation of various peoples vols. 1–2. Vienna.
within these two provinces greatly varied; Müller, K., ed. (1855) Geographi Graeci minores,
vol. 1. Paris (¼ GGM).
however, the unifying factor was mainly one
Papazoglou, F. (1965) “Les origines et la destinée de
of ROMANIZATION and urbanization, which
l’état illyrien: Illyrii proprie dicti.” Historia 14:
followed local trends, their intensity differing 143–79.
from region to region. Papazoglou, F. (1978) The central Balkan tribes in
Already by the Augustan age Illyricum pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae,
no longer had anything to do with the original Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians.
Illyrian territory in southern Dalmatia Amsterdam.
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Parzinger, H. (1991) “Archäologisches zur Frage Šašel Kos, M. (2005) Appian and Illyricum.
der Illyrier.” Bericht der römisch-germanischen Ljubljana.
Kommission 72: 205–46. Wilkes, J. (1992) The Illyrians. Oxford.
Rendić-Miočević, D. (1989) Iliri i antički svijet
[The Illyrians and the Classical World]. Split.