Program's Technical Description

Design of Concrete/Steel Building according to Eurocodes

Methods of analysis, General principles
• Axes
1.

2. Modelling
The model of the structure is a 3-dimensional frame, resting on elastic soil. As a result, the soil-structure interaction is taken into
account from the begining and it is not necessary to distribute the actions due to eccentricities of the foundations.
The elastic flexural stiffness properties of concrete and masonry cracked elements are taken to be equal to one-half of the
corresponding stiffness of the uncracked elements [EC8-1 4.3.1(7)].

The torsional stifness of the cracked elements is taken to be equal to 1/10 of the correspnding stiffness of the uncracked elements.

The stiffnesses of the members are presented in the section «Analytical data for the building» of the current report. Also they can be
seen in the data tables of Fespa 401.1, 402.1 for beams and 201.1, 202.1 for vertical elements.

3. Modelling of Masses
The model's nodes are generally defined as points where the mass is concentrated. The masses related to nodes with all their degrees
of freedom restricted, are ommited.

4. Degrees of freedom
Each node of the model has six degrees of freedom. The nodes corresponding to elastic foundation have four degrees of freedom as
their horizontal degrees are restricted.

5. Analysis
For the analysis the method of the inverted stiffness matrix (GAUSS) of the spatial frame's members is followed. Work due to axial,
shear forces, bending and torsional moments are taken into account.

6. Earthquake Analysis
a. Modal response spectrum analysis, Number of mode shapes
The modal response spectrum analysis is used in accordance with §4.3.3.3.1 of EC8-1. The number of mode shapes that is taken
into account in the analysis is derived so that the requirements specified in EC8-1 §4.3.3.3.1(3) to be satisfied. See the section
«Results of spatial's frame analysis» of the current report.

b. Lateral force method of analysis

The earthquake analysis of the structure is based on the application of a static lateral force in accordance with EC8-1 §4.3.3.2.
The fundamental period of vibration T1 for the two horizontal directions is approximated by the expression (4.6) of EC8-1 [See
§4.3.3.2.2(3)-(4)].
If T12Tc and the building has more than two storeys, the seismic base force is multiplied by the correction factor λ=0.85 [EC8-1
§4.3.3.2.2(1)P].

7. Vertical component of the seismic action, Cantilevers - Beams supporting columns

If avg is greater than 0.25g, the vertical component of the seismic action is taken into account in the cases listed in EC8-1
§4.3.3.5.2(1).
In the case of beams supporting columns, beams spanning 20m or more, beam-cantilevers longer than 5m the method of spectral and
spatial superposition is followed. In the case of slab-cantilevers the vertical component of the seismic action is taken into account by
applying the equivalent static load.
For details see «Results of spatial's frame analysis» - «Eigenperiods-Spectral Accelerations».

Structural regularity
• Regularity in plan
1.
Program's Technical Description
The criteria for regularity in plan, according to EC8-1 §4.2.3.2(6), are checked. At each level and for each direction of analysis, the
structural eccentricity should be eo < 0.3*r (4.1a) and the torsional radius should be r > ls (4.1b). The torsional eccentricity and the
torsional radius checks are presented in the «General Results» of the current report.

In case the above criteria or the geometrical conditions of EC8-1 §4.2.3.2(2)-(5) are not satisfied the building is categorised as not
regular in plan. According to EC8-1 §5.2.2.2(6) or §6.3.2(4), for buildings which are not regular in plan the approximate value of
αu/α1 that may be used, when it is not confirmed through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis, is equal to the average of 1.00 and of
the value given in §5.2.2.2(5) or §6.3.1(5) of EC8-1.

2. Torsional rigidity
In case the condition of minimum torsional rigidity (4.1b) is not satisfied in one horizontal direction, the structure should be
characterised as torsionally flexible (EC8-1 §5.2.2.1(6)).

3. Regularity in elevation
For buildings which are not regular in elevation, according to the criteria in EC8-1 §4.2.3.3, the value of qo should be reduced by 20%
(EC8-1 §5.2.2.2(3) or §6.3.2(2))

For frame or frame equivalent dual concrete systems of DCH and for steel or steel-concrete moment resisting frames of DCH, with
drastic reduction of masonry infills in one or more storeys compared to the others, the seismic action effects in the vertical elements
are amplified by a magnification factor (EC8-1 §4.3.6.3.2):

ΔV
η = 1 + ΣVRw  q
Ed

where:
ΣVEd is the sum of the seismic shear forces acting on all vertical primary seismic members of the storey concerned
ΔVRw is the total reduction of the resistance of masonry walls in the storey concerned, compared to the more infilled storey above it
The magnifiction factors of the seismic action effects-η-for each floor and seismic direction, are presented in the «General Results» of
the current report
Τα σεισμικά «Εντατικά μεγέθη» όπως εμφανίζονται στον ομώνυμο πίνακα της παρούσης, ενσωματώνουν τον πολλαπλασιαστή -η-

Accidental torsional effects

• DYNAMIC ANALYSIS WITH MASSES' RELOCATION
1.
The calculated centre of mass at each floor i shall be considered as being displaced from its nominal location in each direction by an
accidental eccentricity eai=0.05*Li (EC8-1 §4.3.2)
where:
Li is the floor-dimension perpendicular to the direction of the seismic action
This way four, indipendent with each other, models are created for analysis.

2. MODAL ANALYSIS WITH TORSIONAL COUPLES / MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

The accidental torsional effects may be determined as the envelope of the effects resulting from the application of static loadings,
consisting of sets of torsional moments Mai about the vertical axis of each storey i (EC8-1 §4.3.3.3.3(1))
Mai=eai*Fi
where
Fi is the horizontal force acting on storey i, as derived in EC8-1 §4.3.3.2.3 for all relevant directions.

For DCH frames, when the masonry infills are not regularly distributed, but not in such a way as to constitute a severe irregularity in
plan, these irregularities are taken into account by increasing by a factor of 2.0 the effects of accidental eccentricity eai (EC8-1
§4.3.6.3.1).

The values of eai that are used in the analysis are presented for each floor and seismic direction in the «General Results» - «Generic
Data».

Ultimate Limit State

• Second order effects (P-delta)- Interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient
1.
The calculated values of the interstorey drift sensitivity coefficients (theta), are presented in the «Second order effects» table of the
«General Results», for every floor and seismic direction.

P ·d
θ= Vtot ·hr <0,10
tot

If 0.1θ0.2, the second order effects may approximately be taken into account by multiplying the relevant seismic action effects by a
factor 1/(1-θ). The value of the coefficient theta shall not exceed 0.3.

The component of the seismic action effects that appears in the table is increased due to second order effects

2. Global and local ductility condition

a. About the prevention of the formulation of a soft storey plastic mechanism EC8-1 §4.4.2.3(3), see the paragraph «Prevention of
formation of soft storey plastic mechanism-Capacity design of columns in flexure» of the current technical description.
b. About the capacity design rules to avoid brittle failure modes EC8-1 §4.4.2.3(7) see the paragraph «Avoidance of brittle failure
mode-Design shear forces» of the current technical description.
c. About the resistance of foundations EC8-1 §4.4.2.6 see the chapter «Foundations» of the current technical description.

3. Seismic Joint Size

The size of the seismic joint is calculated using the following relationship ds=q*de (EC8-1 §4.4.2.7).
where:
ds is the displacement of a point of the structural system induced by the design seismic action

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Program's Technical Description
de is the displacement of the same point of the structural system, as determined by a linear analysis based on the design response
spectrum.
During the determination of the displacement de, the torsional effects of the seismic action have been taken into account.
The size of the seismic joint for every level and seimic direction is presented in the «Seismic joint» table of the « General Results».

The minimum distance from the property line to the potential points of impact of the structure is estimated by taking into account the
size of the seismic joint as well as the predictions of EC8-1 §4.4.2.7(2)-(3).

Damage Limitation Requirement

The mean value of the normalised interstorey drift dr/h for every seismic direction is presented in the «General Results». It is also
checked to be within the limits defined in EC8-1 §4.4.3.2(1) (a),(b) or (c) depending on the type of non-structural elements.
The design interstorey drift dr is calculated in accordance with EC8-1 §4.4.2.2(2). The value of dr/h is multiplied by the reduction factor ν
[EC8-1 §4.4.2.2(2)].

Behaviour factor q
Reinforced Concrete
The basic value of the behaviour factor qo, depends on the ductility class, the torsional rigidity [EC8-1 §5.2.2.1(4)P-(6)], the structural type
[EC8-1 §5.1.2] and the regularity in elevation [EC8-1 §5.2.2.2(3)] of the structure and it is calculated according to EC8-1 §5.2.2.

The overstrength factor αu/α1 can be confirmed through a nonlinear static (pushover) global analysis. Otherwise, approximate
values of the overstrength factor αu/α1 should be used according to EC8-1 §5.2.2.2(2)-(5) or EC8-1 §6.3.1(5), taking into account the
regularity in plan of the structure.

Building's Analysis
• Load Cases
1.

The spatial frame analysis is taking into account the next Load Cases:
LC1 Static Load Case = Permanent Loads Load Case G
LC2 Static Load Case = Variable Loads Load Case Q
LC3 Static Load Case = Variable Loads Α Load Case QΑ (Unfavourable Load Case - in case
it exists)
LC4 Static Load Case = Variable Loads Β Load Case QΒ (Unfavourable Load Case - in case
it exists)
LC5 Static Load Case = Quasi Permanent Loads G + ψ2*Q

The other load cases are presented in the data tables 808, 809, 815 of Fespa
LC6 1st Other Load Case
LC7 2nd Other Load Case
LC8 etc...

Note:The load cases QA and QB are generated from the alternate loading of spans and floors with the design variable load, according
to EC2-1-1 §5.1.3(1)P(a) or EC3-1-1 ΑΒ.2(1)Β(α)

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Program's Technical Description

2. Imperfections for steel buildings

According to EC3-1-1, §5.3, the effect of imperfections should be allowed for in frame analysis by means of an equivalent geometrical
imperfection in the form of an initial sway imperfection Φ. The imperfections are taken into account during the analysis as additional
actions equivalent to initial lateral displacement. The forces and moments developed by the imperfections are assumed to be
permanent actions and are added to the permanent loading. The initial imperfections of lateral displacement are calculated for every
direction (0,90, 180, 270 μοίρες), but they are not combined with each other.

3. Combination of actions for designing at ULS and SLS

Combination of actions at Ultimate Limit State

SLC Fundamental combinations of actions: Σ(γg * G) + γq1 * Q1 + Σ(γqi * ψ0i * Qi) [EC §6.4.3.2]
For the unfavourable load cases, Q1 is defined sequentially as the load case Q, QA and QB (1-3
combinations)
The combination coefficients γg and γq*ψ for every static load case appear in the table 816.

SC Combination of the seismic actions with other actions: Σ(γg * G) + Εj + ψ2 * Q [EC §6.4.3.4]
The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be evaluated by taking into account
the presence of the masses associated with all gravity loads appearing in the following combination
of actions:
G + ψ2 * φ * Q (EC8-1 §3.2.4 - §4.2.4)
The values of ψ2 and φ for every floor are given in the table «Floor Data» of the section «Analytical
data for the building» of the current report.

The following combinations of seismic action with other actions are taken into account Σ{γg * G} + Εj + ψ2 * Q
SC:+x Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 0° = (Mass relocation + Χ)
SC:+x Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 90° = (Mass relocation + Χ)

SC:+z Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 0° = (Mass relocation + Ζ)

SC:+z Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 90° = (Mass relocation + Ζ)

SC:-x Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 0° = (Mass relocation - Χ)

SC:-x Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 90° = (Mass relocation - Χ)

SC:-z Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 0° = (Mass relocation - Ζ)

SC:-z Seismic Combination with seismic action direction 90° = (Mass relocation - Ζ)

Combination of actions at Serviceability Limit State

CA Characteristic combination: Σ(G) + Q1 + Σ(ψ0i · Qi) [EC §6.5.3(2)α)]
Stress limitation
Quasi-permanent combination: Σ(G) + ψ2i · Qi - [EC §6.5.3(2)γ]
Crack control and Deflection Control

4. Periods T - Response Spectrum

The values of the building's periods T, the spectrum data (seismic zone, behaviour factor q, importance class, soil type etc) and the
acceleration spectrum Sd(t) are obtained in accordance with EC8-1 §3.2.2 and presented in the «Results of the spatial frame's
analysis» - «Analysis of spectral response» and «Eigenperiods-Spectral Accelerations» of the current report.

FOR EVERY LOAD CASE THE SECTION FORCES, THE REQUIRED LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT ARE ESTIMATED.
Finally the maximum ones are applied taking into account the requirements of the standards, the relevant with the detailing of
members.

Detailing of Structural Members

Reinforced Concrete

Primary beams
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Program's Technical Description

• Resistance in bending
1.
The amount of slab reinforcement, parallel to the beam, within the effective flange width is included
in the detailing of beams against bending (EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.3.1.1 and DCH-§5.5.3.1.1).
The effective flange of the beam is estimated according to the figure 5.5 of EC8-1.

It is always applied the minimum tension renforcment ratio according to the Standard, or the 75% of the required tension
reinforcement.

2. Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution

The design bending moments of continuous beams at ULS, are derived with limited distribution of the bending moments which are
calculated using a linear elastic analysis. See EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.2.1(1)P or DCH §5.5.2.1(2)P and EC2-1-1 §5.5

Ensuring the equilibrium of the distribution of moments with the applied loads
- The moments at ULS calculated using a linear elastic analysis are redistributed. The resulting distribution of moments remains in
equilibrium with the applied loads. The moments at the support are reduced with simultaneous increasement of the moments at the
span.
- For seismic load cases and for every direction of the horizontal action, the sum of moments at the supports of a continuous
beam before and after the redistribution remains constant.
- The design moments of columns are taken as the greater of the elastic or redistributed values [EC2-1-1 §5.3.2.2(3)].

The depth of the neutral axis xu after redistribution is limited in order for the relationship of EC2-1-1 (5.10) to be satisfied:
1.25·x
δ  0.44 + d u
where:
δ is the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic bending moment, δ>0.7.

The design redistributed moment, the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic bending moment δ and the depth of the neutral
axis xu are presented for every designing position and load case in the «Redistribution of Moments» table of the «Results of beams».

Additionally the columns are loaded with the redistribution moments of beams in order to ensure the equilibrum of frames. See
EC2-1-1 §5.3.2.2(3) and the section «Capacity design of columns in flexure» of the current report.

3. Ensuring detailing for local ductility

The critical regions of beams are detailed so that the local ductility requirement to be satisfied [EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.3.1.2 and
DCH-§5.5.3.1.3]. More specifically:

a. Along the entire length of a primary seismic beam, there is at least a minimum tension reinforcement ratio which is derived from
EC8-1 (5.12).

b. At the compression zone reinforcement of not less than half of the reinforcement provided at the tension zone is placed, in addition
to any compression reinforcement needed for the ULS verification of the beam in the seismic design situation.

c. The provided compression reinforcement ratio ρ' is estimated so as the maximum permissible tension reinforcement ratio not to be
exceeded [EC8-1 (5.11)]:
fcd
ρmax  ρ'+0.0018 ·
μ φ·ε syd ·fyd
d. The maximum spacing of hoops, in critical regions does not exceed the limit defined in EC8-1 DCM (5.13) and DCH (5.29)

4. Avoidance of brittle failure mode-Design shear force

The shear resistance is checked using the capacity design shear force, which is calculated from the design value of the beam moment
of resistance ΜRb at the beam ends, in accordance with DCM-§5.4.2.2 and DCH-§5.5.2.1 At the calculation of ΜRb is also taken into
account the tension slab reinforcement in the effective width of the beam.
Inclined reinforcement is placed in DCH beams whenever it is required in accordance with EC8-1 §5.5.3.1.2(3). The inclined
reinforcement is presented in the «Shear Reinforcement» table of the current report.

5. Anchorage of reinforcement - Prevention of bond failure

Bond failure of beam longitudinal bars passing through beam-column joints is prevented by limiting the beam longitudinal bar
diametrs dbl in accordance with EC8-1 (5.50a) and (5.50b) for interior and exterior beam-column joints respectively. EC8-1
§5.6.2.2(2)P
a. for interior beam-column joints (5.50a)

d bl  7,5 ·fctm 1+0,8 ·ν d

·
h c γ Rd ·fyd 1+0,75 ·k d·ρ'/ρ max

b. for exterior beam-column joints (5.50b)

d bl  7,5 ·fctm
·(1+0,8 ·νd )
h c γ Rd ·fyd
For every joint of a continuous beam, the maximum permissible diameter dbl,max is presented in the table «Prevention of bond
failure» of the beams' results in the current report.

Primary Seismic Columns

• Prevention of formation of soft storey plastic mechanism - Capacity design of columns in flexure
1.

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Program's Technical Description
The primary seismic columns of frame or frame-equivalent concrete structures, with two or more storeys satisfy the capacity design
requirements of EC8-1 4.4.2.3. In two storeys buildings the capacity design requirements are satisfied, when at the bottom storey the
maximum normalised axial load exceeds the value 0.3. For the classification of structural types see EC8-1 §5.2.2.1(4)P - (6).

a. The ηv ratio of the shear resistance of the walls to the total shear resistance of the whole structural system, as well as the
maximum normalised axial load vd of columns are presented in the «General Results» of the current report.

b. For every beam-column joint and for every seismic action direction the sum of the design values of the moments of resistance of
the beams framing the joint, are calculated and distributed in the columns.

Slab reinforcement parallel to the beam and within the effective flange width is assumed to contribute to the beam flexural
capacities taken into account for the calculation of ΣMRb.
See ΕC8-1 §5.2.3.3(3).

The capacity moments combined with the simultaneous axial and bending lateral tension constitute the design tension of the column.
(TeXP::Σφάλμα) Απουσιάζει σύμβολο αρχής παραμέτρων '{'

Additionally the columns are loaded with the redistribution moments of beams in order to ensure the equilibrum of frames. See
EC2-1-1 §5.3.2.2(3)

See the paragraph «Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution» of the current technical description.

2. Detailing for local ductility

The critical regions of columns are detailed so that the local ductility requirement to be satisfied. More specifically:
a. Confinement reinforcement is estimated and placed (when required) in accordance with EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.3.2.2 or
DCH-§5.5.3.2.2.The mechanical volumetric ratio of confining hoops is presented in the table «Shear Reinforcement» of columns.
b. The maximum spacing of hoops, in critical regions does not exceed the limit defined in EC8-1 DCM (5.18) or DCH (5.32)
c. The distance, bi, between consecutive longitudinal bars engaged by hoops or cross ties does not exceed the limit defined in EC8-1
DCM-§5.4.3.2.2(11)b or DCH-§5.5.3.2.2(12)c.

3. Avoidance of brittle failure mode-Design Shear Force

The shear resistance is checked using the capacity design shear force, which is calculated from the design value of the column
moment of resistance ΜRc at the column ends, in accordance with DCM-§5.4.2.3 and DCH-§5.5.2.2

Additional measures are taken for DCH masonry infilled frames in accordance with EC8-1 §4.3.6.1(1)P - §4.3.6.2(4)P. Appropriate
measures are taken for the capacity design against shear resistance when there are infills with height smaller than the clear length of
the adjacent columns or when the infills extend to the entire clear length of the adjacent columns but there are masonry walls on only
one side of the column [EC8-1 §5.9].

4. Short Columns
- Avoidance of brittle failure mode
For DCH frames, where the height of the masonry infill is smaller than the clear length of the adjacent columns, the brittle failure of
columns is prevented by deriving the design shear forces in accordance with the capacity design rule (EC8-1 §5.5.2.2). Additionally
the requirements of EC8-1 §5.9(2) are taken into account.

- Ensuring elastic behaviour

For columns with shear ratio (αs=Μ/(V*h) < 2,0) the reinforcement provided ensures the elastic behaviour of the member or
ensures that the beams will fail first. In order to ensure the above the seismic moment is increased by the factor q/1.50 or
capacity design of columns in flexure is carried out.

Beam-Column Joints

• Detailing
1.
The integrity of the primary beam-column joints is ensured with appropriate detailing of the columns (spacing of hoops, transverse
spacing of longitudinal bars) in accordance with EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.3.3 or DCH-§5.5.3.3(7)-(9)

Especially for DCH structures confinement transverse and longitudinal reinforcement is calculated in accordance with EC8-1
§5.5.3.3(3)-(6)

The above mentioned checks are presented for the beam-column joints of every continuous beam in the «Verification of Beam-Column
Joints in Shear» table of the beam results of the current report.

In case the transverse reinforcement (hoops) turns out to be critical for the detailing of the column, then that is indicated by the
symbol «κπ» in the table of shear reinforcement results.

2. Concrete compression strut strength

For DCH structures the strength of the concrete compression strut, which is developed in the join core, is checked [EC8-1
§5.5.3.3(2))].

Ductile Walls

According to EC2-1-1 §9.6.1 and EC8-1 §5.1.2 a wall is a structural element supporting other elements and having an elongated
cross-section with a length to thickness ratio lw/bw of greater than 4.

• Design envelope for bending moments in walls

1.
The design bending moment diagram along the height of the wall, with hw/lw>2, is given by an envelope of the bending moment
diagram from the analysis vertically displaced. In primary seismic walls with a height to length ratio,hw/lw, not greater than 2.0, the
bending moments from analysis are not modified. See EC8-1 §5.4.2.4(4)P-(5) or §5.5.2.4.1(4)P-(5) and §5.5.2.4.2

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Program's Technical Description

2. Design envelope of the shear forces

For DCM walls the design shear forces are taken as being 50% higher than the shear forces obtained from the analysis. For DCH walls
the design shear forces are obtained from multiplying the shear forces from the analysis with the magnification factor ε, which is
calculated from expression (5.25) and cannot be less than 1.5. If the requirements of DCM-§5.4.2.4(8) or DCH-§5.5.2.4.2(8) are
satisfied, then the design envelope of shear forces in accordance with EC8-1 figure 5.4 is used. In primary seismic walls with a height
to length ratio hw/lw, not greater than 2.0 the shear force from the analysis should be increased in accordance with EC8-1
§5.5.2.4.2(2).

In the «Design envelopes for shear walls» section of the current report are presented the design envelopes for bending moments and
shear forces.

3. Detailing for local ductility

The critical regions of ductile walls are detailed so that the local ductility requirement to be satisfied. Furthermore, the ductility
requirement in ductile walls is satisfied by applying confining reinforcement within edge regions of the cross-section, termed boundary
elements (EC8-1 DCM-§5.4.3.4.2 or DCH-§5.5.3.4.5).

4. Shear Resistance
The shear resistance computations and verifications, for DCM ductile walls, are carried out in accordance with EC8-1 §5.4.3.1.1.

For DCH ductile walls, the diagonal tension failure of the web due to shear is prevented in accordance with EC8-1 §5.5.3.4.3 or by
using the more precise relationship (A.15) of EC8-3. Vertical and horizontal web bars are estimated in accordance with EC8-1
§5.5.3.4.3.

Note
The walls that participate in the calculation of the ηv ratio are presented in the «General results».
Wether a vertical member is characterised as a column or as a ductile wall, can be seen in the «General Data» table of «Columns».

Structural Steel

General - EC3 checks

• Cross-section classification
1.
The class of the cross-section is found for any possible load combination according to table 5.2 of EC3-1-1
For the load combinations that the cross-section belongs to classes 1 or 2 the plastic resistances are used, while for class 3
cross-section the elastic ones.

2. Cross-section check

- Tension
The tensile capacity of the cross-section ΝtRd according to EC3-1-1 §6.2.3 is calculated as:

A*fy A *f
ΝtRd = min[ NplRd = , NURd = net U ]
γΜ0 γΜ2

- Compression
The design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression is calculated according to EC3-1-1 §6.2.4:

A*fy
NCRd =
γΜ0

- Shear
The shear resistance, according to EC3-1-1 §6.2.6, is generally calculated as:

Av*fy
VRd =
3*γΜ0
Where Av is the shear area for the examined axis of the cross-section, which is calculated according to EC3-1-1 §6.2.6(3)

- Bending
The design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a cross-section, according to EC3-1-1 §6.2.5, can be calculated as:

W*fy
MCRd =
γΜ0
where W=Wpl for class 1 or 2 cross-sections, and W=Wel for class 3 cross-sections

- Bending and Shear

When the shear force of the cross-section is larger than 50% of the plastic shear resistance, then the interaction between bending
and shear is taken into account in the check of the cross-section by reducing the design resistance for bending. According to
EC3-1-1 §6.2.8 the design resistance of the cross-section is calculated by making use of the reduced strength (1-ρ)*fy for the
shear area.
where
2
2V Ed
ρ= ( -1)
VPl,Rd

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Program's Technical Description
- Bending and axial force
When an axial force is present, its effect on the plastic moment resistance should be taken into account according to EC3-1-1
§6.2.9.

E.g. for class 1 & 2 cross-section equation(6.41) should be checked:

MyEd α M β
[ ] + [ zEd ] < 1
MNyRd MNzRd
where the resistance MNRd and factors α and β depend on the cross-section type based on EC3-1-1 §6.2.9

for class 3 cross-section equation (6.2) should be checked:

ΝEd M M
+ Y,Ed + Z,Ed < 1
ΝRd MY,Rd MZ,Rd

3. Buckling resistance of members

Members under combined axial compression and bending should be checked according to equations (6.61) & (6.62) of EC3-1-1
§6.3.3(4):

ΝEd kyy *MyEd k *M

+ + yz zEd < 1
χy *A*fy /γΜ1 χLT *W y *fy /γΜ1 W z *fy /γΜ1

ΝEd kzy *MyEd k *M

+ + zz zEd < 1
χz *A*fy /γΜ1 χLT *W y *fy /γΜ1 W z *fy /γΜ1
where χy, χz and χLT the reduction factors due to flexural and lateral torsional buckling, respectively, which are calculated from
§6.3.1.2 & §6.3.2.3 of EC3-1-1, depending on the type of buckling
If the member is considered as laterally restrained and therefore there is no need for check against lateral torsional buckling (See
«Building's general data») or for load combinations for which the non-dimensional slenderness λLT is <0.4, then χLT =1.00

kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz are interaction factors, which are calculated according to Appendix Α of EC3-1-1

Design of steel members in structures with ductility demands DCM - DCH

• Ductile members under compression or bending-Cross-section class

1.
The ductility class and behavior factor q decide the required cross-section class for seismic combinations according to EC8-1 Table.
6.3:

DCM - 1,5 < q < 2 : class 1,2, or 3

DCM - 2,0 < q < 4 : class 1 or 2
DCH - q > 4 : class 1

2. Members under tension

In members under tension the ductility requirement of EC8-1 §6.5.4 & EC3-1-1 §6.2.3 is checked, according to which the following
should be met:

A*fy A *f
NplRd = < NURd = net U
γΜ0 γΜ2

3. Moment resisting frames

a. Beams
Check against lateral and lateral torsional buckling is performed for the beams assuming that at one end (the most stressed one
under seismic combination) a flexural plastic hinge has been formed.
For ensuring that the full plastic moment of resistance and rotation capacity are not reduced the following checks are done
according to EC8-1 §6.6.2:

ΜEd  NEd  (V +V )
1.00 , 0.15 , EdG EdM 0.50
MplRd NplRd VplRd
where VEdG is the design value of shear force due to non seismic actions and VEdM is the design value of the shear force due to the
application of the plastic moments of resistance with opposite signs at the end sections of the beam according to EC8-1 §6.6.2(2).
For class 3 cross-sections instead of plastic values of resistance, the elastic ones are used.

b. Columns
For seismic combinations, the bending moment, axial force and shear force of the columns which participate in the frame of the
structure are calculated based on capacity design according to the overstrength of the beams of the frames

ΝEd =ΝEd,G +1.1γov ΩNEd,E , MEd =MEd,G +1.1γov ΩMEd,E , VEd =VEd,G +1.1γov ΩVEd,E
where Ω is the minimum value of the ratio
ΜPl,Rd
Ω=
ΜEd
of all beams in which dissipative zones are located

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Program's Technical Description
The overstrength factors 1.1γov*Ω of ductile beams appear for any direction of the building Χ & Ζ in «Building's general checks» in
table «Capacity design of moment resisting frames» - «Ductile members», while for any column the factor 1.1γov*Ω is printed, and
can be found for any local direction y and z in which the column belongs in a frame.

4. Concentric bracings
In concentric bracings the horizontal forces are mainly resisted by axially loaded bars, which are also considered to be ductile.

a. Diagonal bracings
Horizontal forces of opposite senses are resisted only by the corresponding diagonals under tension, while the participation of the
diagonals under compression is neglected (the diagonals are not checked against compression). The diagonal elements of the
bracing can be placed either in the same opening or in another. In the last case the magnitude of Αcosφ, (where Α is the
cross-section's area and φ is the angle of the diagonal element with respect to the horizontal axis) should not change more than
5% between 2 opposing diagonal elements of the same storey. Βλ. EC8-1 §6.7.1

b. V or Λ types of bracing
In this type of bracing the participation of the compression diagonal is necessary for resisting the horizontal forces. The diagonals
may have a V or Λ shape and their common point appear on the beam's span without affecting its static continuity.

c. checks
The diagonal elements should be checked in tension, while in members belonging to V/Λ types of bracing should be checked
against flexural buckling too.

In structures with three or more storeys the non-dimensional slenderness of the diagonal members in both two axis of the
cross-section is checked according to EC8-1 §6.7.3:

Diagonals of X-bracing system : 1.3  λ  2.0

Diagonal elements (in different openings) : λ  2.0

V or Λ types of bracing : λ  2.0

d. Ductility
The diagonals of concentric bracing are considered as dissipative zones and therefore for these members the ratio of overstrength
Ω is calculated according to EC8-1 §6.7.4.1(1):
ΝPl,Rd
Ω=
ΝEd
The beams and columns of Χ or Ζ direction, in which the diagonal members lie, they are designed under an axial force, which is
calculated based on (6.12) of EC8-1 (see «Adequacy check» in Beam and Column)
ΝEd =ΝEd,G +1.1γov ΩNEd,E
The overstrength factors 1.1γov*Ω of the diagonal bracings appear for any direction of the building Χ & Ζ in «Building's general
checks» in table «Capacity design of steel frames with bracings».

Secondary Seismic Members

• Generally
1.
A certain number of structural members (eg. beams and/or columns) may be designed as secondary seismic members, not forming
part of the seismic action resisting system of the building. The strength and stifness of these elements against seismic actions are
neglected. These members and their connections are designed and detailed to maintain support of gravity loading when subjected to
the displacements caused by most unfavourable seismic conditions.

2. Analysis-Design
a. Model 1: Full model of the structure with both primary and secondary seismic members contributing to the lateral stiffness.
b. Model 2: Model of the structure in which the contribution to lateral stiffness of secondary seismic members is neglected (using
hinges at members' ends).
A. Non seismic loads
Analysis of the structure and designing of the scondary seismic members using the 1st model.

B. Seismic loads
- Analysis of the structure using the 2nd model
- Calculation of displacements de2 using the design spectrum
- Extraction of the section forces EEd using the stiffness matrix of model 1 [Κ1] and the displacements of model 2 de2 (EEd
=[K1]*de2)
- Designing of primary seismic members using EEd and the standards EC8 & EC2 or EC3
- Designing of secondary seismic members using E'Ed = [K1]*(q*de2) and the standards EC2 or EC3.
The multiplication with the behaviour factor q is aiming to satisfy the the requirement of EC8-1 §4.2.2(1)P for elastic responce
(Also see EC8-1 §4.3.4).

Note: Due allowance of 2nd order effects (P-delta efects) is made in the design of primary and secondary seismic members.

3. Contribution to lateral stiffness of secondary seismic members

According to EC8-1 §4.2.2(4) the total contribution to lateral stifness of all secondary seismic members should not exceed 15% of that
of all primary seismic members. This check is presented in the «Stiffness ratio of secondary seismic members» table of the «General
Results»

Whether or not a member has been characterised as a secondary seismic member can be seen in the «General Data» table of the
relevant member.
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Program's Technical Description

Serviceability Limit State

Reinforced Concrete

• Stress Limitation
1.
The required reinforcement, for the stress limitation to be satisfied, is calculted [see EC2-1-1 §7.2(2)-(5)]:
It is assumed a triangular stress distribution and the following stress values are assumed to be the pemissible ones:
a. Steel, σs,perm = 0,8·fyk
b. Concrete, σc,perm = 0,6·fck

The stress limitation in slabs and beams is checked using the characteristic combination actions [EC §6.5.3(2)]. For beams see Table
816.
If the stress limitation is not satisfied at the span or support of a beam or a slab, the cross-section is not adequate and additional
reinforcement is placed.

2. Crack control
For slabs or beams with overall depth less than 200mm and for the provided reinforcement, the steel stress is calculated assuming a
triangular stress distribution. The calculated steel stress is then compared with the maximum permissible steel stress for restricted bar
diameter (Table 7.2N) or restricted spacing (Table 7.3N). Alternatively the calculated crack width wk is compared with the maximum
permissible crack width wk_max (EC2-1-1 §7.3.4).

If the crack control at the span or support of a beam or a slab is not satisfied, the cross-section is not adequate and reinforcement
bars are added.

For the crack control of beams and slabs the quasi-permanent loads are used [EC §6.5.3(2)c]. For beams see Table 816.

3. Deflection control
The limit span to depth ratio,(l/d)lim, is calculated using the relationship (7.16) and then is compared with the span to depth ratio,l/d,
of the beam or slab. If the span to depth ratio,l/d, is less than the limit span to depth ratio,(l/d)lim, then there is no need for
analytical calculation of the deflections. The limit span to depth ratio is multiplied by correction factors according to the provided
reinforcement and the breadth of the effective flange beff [EC2-1-1 §7.4.2(2)].
For beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7m, which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections the
limit span to depth ratio is multiplied by the correction factor defined in EC2-1-1 §7.4.2(2).
For beams the limit, (l/d)lim, is presented in the «Control of Deflection» table of the current report.
For slabs the (l/d)lim is presented in the «Deflection check omitment condition» table of the current report. For slabs whenever it is
required the analytical deflection calculation is done under the quasi-permanent loads in accordance with EC2-1-1 §7.4.3 and
possible pre-camber of formwork is determined.

Foundations
The deformability of the foundation (including the soil-structure interaction) is taken into account in the model [EC8-1 §4.3.1(9)P].

• Design Actions
1.
The action effects of the foundation elements are derived on the basis of capacity design considerations accounting for the
development of possible overstrength [EC8-1 §4.4.2.6(2)P].

a. Footings
The design values of the action effects on the foundations are derived in accordance with the relationship (4.30) of EC8-1.
The overstrength moment of the element which is founded is taken into account.

b. Tie beam
The action effects from the analysis of the design seismic action, for tie beams, are multiplied by the value γRd*Ω=1.40 [EC8-1
§4.4.2.6(8)].

c. Foundation beam
The action effects from the analysis of the design seismic action, for foundation beams, are multiplied by the value γRd*Ω=1.40
[EC8-1 §4.4.2.6(8)].

2. Bearing capacity
The design bearing resistance is analytically calculated in accordance with EC7-1 §6.5.2.2. For clay soils, assuming undrained
conditions the design bearing resistance is calculated in accordance with (EC7-1 Annex D.3) , whereas for sand soils assuming drained
conditions it is calculated according to (EC7-1 Annex D.4).

3. Sliding resistance
Foundations are checked against failure by sliding on the base, in accordance with EC7-1 §6.5.3.

4. Soil-Structure interaction
All members resting on elastic soil are checked in the ultimate limit state under the effect of design actions and the relevant reactions
of the ground, that result when assuming elastic semi-space.

Short description of the method of analysis

In general,the seismic method of analysis follows the next steps:

• Selection of the design spectrum which depends on the seismic zone, the importance class of the building, the soil type etc.
1.

2. Idealisation of the building and determination of the building's model

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Program's Technical Description
3. Calculation of the stiffness matrix [Κ]

4. Calculation of the mass matrix [Μ]

5. Solution to the problem of shape modes for the determination of the ones with lower frequency (higher periods Ti)
For dynamic analysis with masses' relocation the above procedure is repeated for every one of the four models that are resulting from
the displacement of the masse's center by an accidental eccentricity (+x, +z, -x, -z)

6. Calculation of the maximum modal shape response for every mode shape as follows:
a. For every period Ti, the ordinates Sd(T) are derived from the design spectrum
b. Based on the ordinates Sd(T) the modal displacements are calculated
c. Calcultion of the mode shapes section forces

7. Calculation of the modal maxima section forces(Complete Quadrativ Combination CQC) EC8-1 §4.3.3.3.2(3)P

8. Spatial superposition. Calculation of the maximum displacements and values of each action effect for the two (or three) components of
the seismic action EC8-1 §4.3.3.5.1(2)b (or EC8-1 §4.3.3.5.2(4) whenever there is a vertical componenet)

9. Estimation of the probable values of other actions effects simultaneous with the maximum value obtained (Gupta) EC8-1
§4.3.3.5.1(2)c

10. The torsional rigidity and regularity in plan of the structure is checked in accordance with the criteria of EC8-1 §4.2.3.2(6) and
5.2.2.1(4)P and (6).

11. Additional rigidity check, in order to check for the first two modes of vibration if they are primarily translational.

12. Calculation of the curvature ductility factor μφ [EC8-1 §5.2.3.4(3)] for the two earthquake directions (concrete buildings)

13. Calculation of the required reinforcement in order for the building to have adequate strength and ductility:
a. Stength: Designing of members so that the strength condition,Ed < Rd, to be satisfied
b. Ductility: Ensuring of local and global ductility
The structural members are designed in such a way so that bending failure to precede shear failure. In frame structures it is
ensured that the bending strength of columns in a joint is greater than the bending strength of the beams in the joint. Also the
local ductility is ensured wherever the formation of plastic hinges is possible.

14. Whenever it is necessary a nonlinear static (pushover) analysis is performed in order to check the obtained plastic mechanisms, the
sequence in which the plastic hinges on the members of the structure are formed and the values of the overstrength ratio αu/α1
[EC8-1 §4.4.2.3(8), §4.3.3.4.2.4].

Table of symbols presented in the result tables of the current report

Α/Α Symbol Check Meaning
1. Λ For every check The element failed the check
2. & Zoellner The rib is a rectangular section
3. ! Slendreness Exceedance of the slenderness limits
4. Πλ Cantilever bending Critical is the check of the slab
5. Πρ Cantilever bending Critical is the check of the cantilever
6. * Bending of Columns The check is done for biaxial bending
7. *Γ Bending of Columns The check is done for biaxial bending with bars on the sides
8. *Π Bending of Columns The check is done for biaxial bending with bars in the corners
9. λ Bending of Columns The check is done for buckling, with bars in the corners
10. Μ Section forces of beams The span's moment is derived from the fixed-pinned beam's moment
11. Σ Section forces of beams The support's moment is derived from the 65% of the full fixed end moment
12. π Bending of Beams In the beam reinforcement is taken into account the slab reinforcement
13. ΚΟΜΒΟΣ 0 Bending of Beams Point of the maximum positive moment of the beam
14. x Shear of Beams Member under cyclique shear. Inclined reinforcement, which receives the 50% of
the shear, is required (and placed).
15. π Hoops in Columns The reinforcement is derived based on the confinement check
16. πκ Hoops in Columns The reinforcement is derived based on the shear check of the joint in order to
ensure the integrity of the joint
17. ! Foundations-Foundation Beams Exceedance of the permissible soil stresses
18. @ Foundations-Foundation Beams Negative soil stress

Bibliography
• «Numerical methods in finite element analysis», K.J. Bathe and E.L. Wilson, 1976.
1.

2. «Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings», T. Paulay and M. J. N. Priestley, 1992.

3. «Dynamics of Structures», R. W. Clough and J. Penzien, 1993.

4. «Ωπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα με βάση το νέο κανονισμό σκυροδέματος», Θ.Π. Τάσιου και Π.Ι. Γιαννόπουλου και Κ.Γ. Τρέζου και Σ.Γ.
Τσουκαντά, 1994.

5. «Seismic Design, Assesment and Retrofitng of Concrete Buildings», Michael N. Fardis, 2009.

6. «Αντισεισμικές κατασκευές Ι», Κ. Κ. Αναστασιάδη, 1989.

7. «Earthquake-resistant concrete structures», G. Penelis and A. Kappos, 1997.

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Program's Technical Description

8. «Ο νέος αντισεισμικός κανονισμός και η δυναμική μέθοδος», Σ.Π. Λιβιεράτου και Δ.Κ. Χαραμιδόπουλου, 1995.

9. «FESPA for Windows - Το επίσημο εγχειρίδιο αναφοράς», LH Λογισμική, 1998.

10. «FESPA 10 - ΕΥΡΩΚΩΔΙΚΕΣ & PUSHOVER - Οδηγίες χρήσης», LH Λογισμική, 2010.

11. «Ελληνικός Αντισεισμικός Κανονισμός - Εκδοση 2000» ΦΕΚ 2185β/20-12-1999 και ΦΕΚ 423β/12-4-2001.

12. «Ελληνικός Κανονισμός για την μελέτη και την κατασκευή έργων από Ωπλισμένο Σκυρόδεμα» ΦΕΚ 1329β/9-11-2000.

13. «Εφαρμογή Ευρωκωδίκων στο FESPA», Ιωάννη Ψυχάρη, 2010.

14. «Designers' Guide to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures», A.W. Beeby and R.S. Narayanan,
2005.

15. «Designers' Guide to EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design - General Rules», R. Frank, C Bauduin, R. Driscoli, M. Kavvadas, N.
Krebs Ovesen, T. Orr and B. Shuppener, 2004.

16. «Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2», Bill Mosley, John Bungey and Ray Hulse, 2007.

17. «Σιδηρές Κατασκευές», Τόμος Ι, Βάγιας Ι., Ερμόπουλος Ι., Ιωαννίδης Γ., Κλειδάριθμος 1997

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