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Physics
Subject :
Physics
Topic:
Optical Instruments
PHYSICS
Acknowledgement
I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who
have helped & supported me throughout my project. I will treasure the knowledge
imparted to me by Mr. M.Bagdi, my grateful thanks to him for the able
teaching and guidance, his continuous support for the project, from initial
advice & encouragement to this day. I thank Mr. Chotelal, the Lab assistant for
his cooperation.
Certificate
KendriyaVidyalayaMhow
Certificate
(Page No. Certification)
Guptacontaining32pages……….
Content
1. Acknowledgement
2. Certificate
3. Declaration
4. Introduction to Ray Optics
5. Content
6. Ray Optics
a. the human eye
i) Introduction to human eye
ii) Working of the eye
iii) Defects of vision
b. The Camera
c. The Microscope
i) Simple microscope
ii) Compound microscope
d. The Telescope
e. Early telescopes
f. Telescopes of the world
g. Hubble Space Telescope
7.Biplography
Optical Instruments
Optical instruments are the devices which help human eye
TheHuman Eye
L ight entering the eye passes through a transparent structure called the cornea,
behind which are a clear liquid (the aqueous humor), a variable aperture (the pupil,
which is an opening in the iris), and the crystalline lens. Most of the refraction
occurs at the outer surface of the eye, where the cornea is covered with a film of tears.
Relatively little refraction occurs in the crystalline lens because the aqueous humor
in contact with the lens has an average index of refraction close to that of the lens.
The iris, which is the colored portion of the eye, is a muscular diaphragm that
controls pupil size. The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by
dilating the pupil in low-light conditions and contracting the pupil in high-light
conditions.The f-number range of the eye is from about f/2.8 to f/16.
The cornea–lens system focuses light onto the back surface of the eye, the retina,
which consists of millions of sensitive receptors called rods and cones. When
stimulated by light, these receptors send impulses via the optic nerve to the
brain,where an image is perceived. By this process, a distinct image of an object is
observed when the image falls on the retina.
• Defects Of Vision
Inspite of all precautions and proactive action,our eyes
may develop some defects due to various reasons. Three of
the common optical defects of eye are
Myopia or short sightedness or near sightedness,
Hypermetropiaor long sightedness or farsightedness
Presbyopia or old sightedness
TheCamera
• The Microscope
Physics : Ray Optics
P a g e | 23
Compound microscope
Acompound microscope is an optical instrument used
for observing highly magnified images of tiny objects.
Construction:
Two convex lenses form a compound microscope. The object lens is
positioned close to the object to be viewed. It forms an upside-down
and magnified image called a real image because the light rays
actually pass through the place where the image lies. The ocular
lens, or eyepiece lens, acts as a magnifying glass for this real
image. The ocular lens makes the light rays spread more, so that
they appear to come from a large inverted image beyond the object
lens. Because light rays do not actually pass through this
location, the image is called a virtual image.
A compound microscope
TheTelescope
Telescope is an instrumentused to see distant objects
which cannot be seen by naked eyes.Two types:
Galileo Galilei born Feb. 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy] -died Jan. 8, 1642
Galileo's career took a dramatic turn. In the spring of 1609 he heard that in the Netherlands an
instrument had been invented that showed distant things as though they were nearby. By trial and error,
he quickly figured out the secret of the invention and made his own three-powered spyglass from lenses
for sale in spectacle makers' shops. Others had done the same; what set Galileo apart was that he
quickly figured out how to improve the instrument, taught himself the art of lens grinding, and produced
increasingly powerful telescopes. In August of that year he presented an eight-powered instrument to the
Venetian Senate (Padua was in the Venetian Republic). He was rewarded with life tenure and a doubling
of his salary. Galileo was now one of the highest-paid professors at the university. In the fall of 1609
Galileo began observing the heavens with instruments that magnified up to 20 times. In December he
drew the Moon's phases as seen through the telescope, showing that the Moon's surface is not smooth,
as had been thought, but is rough and uneven. In January 1610 he discovered four moons revolving
around Jupiter. He also found that the telescope showed many more stars than are visible with the naked
eye. These discoveries were earthshaking, and Galileo quickly produced a little book, SidereusNuncius
(The Sidereal Messenger), in which he described them. He dedicated the book to Cosimo II de Medici
(1590–1621), the grand duke of his native Tuscany, whom he had tutored in mathematics for several
summers, and he named the moons of Jupiter after the Medici family: the SideraMedicea, or “Medicean
Stars.” Galileo was rewarded with an appointment as mathematician and philosopher of the grand duke
of Tuscany, and in the fall of 1610 he returned in triumph to his native
land.
NewtonianReflectingtelescope
Early Telescopes
The most sophisticated optical observatory ever placed into orbit around Earth.
Earth's atmosphere obscures ground-based astronomers' view of celestial objects
by absorbing or distorting light rays from them. A telescope stationed in outer
space is entirely above the atmosphere, however, and receives images of much
greater brightness, clarity, and detail than do ground-based telescopes with
comparable optics.
The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror optics gather light from
celestial objects and direct it into two cameras and two spectrographs. The HST
has a 2.4-metre (94-inch) primary mirror, a smaller secondary mirror, and
various recording instruments that can detect visible, ultraviolet, and infrared
light. The most important of these instruments, the wide-field planetary camera,
can take either wide-field or high-resolution images of the planets and of galactic
and extragalactic objects.
The Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) located on Mount Hopkins near Tucson, Ariz., combines
the light collected by its six computer-controlled mirrors into a single image.
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Green Bank Telescope, Green Bank, W.Va