Slab

1. A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
with 12-mm-diameter steel bars with fy = 275 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa.
Determine the spacing of reinforcement bars. Mu=23× 106 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Solution:

12 mm main bars @
100 mm O.C.

Effective depth , d=120-20-1⁄2 (12)=94mm

Width, b=1000mm

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑 2
23× 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (1000)(94)2
𝑅𝑛 = 2.892𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅 0.85(21) 2(2.892)

𝜌= (1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓𝑛′ 𝑐 )= (1 − √1 − 0.85(21) = 0.01154 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑦 275

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × = 0.0284
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00509
𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01154(1000)(94) = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐

Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):

𝜋
𝑏 1000 1000𝐴𝑏 1000× (12)2
4
s=𝑁 = 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
= 1085
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝐴𝑏
2. A one-way slab having a simple span of 3 m is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced
with 12 mm tension bars (fy = 275 MPa) spaced at 140 mm o.c. Steel covering is 20
mm. Calculate the uniform live load pressure that the slab can carry. Use f’c = 20.7
MPa. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3.

Solution:
Consider 1m strip of slab, b=1000mm

Dead load: 𝑤𝐷 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑏ℎ = 23.5(1)(0.16) = 3.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

1
Effective depth: d=160-20-2 (12) = 134 𝑚𝑚

1000 1000 𝜋
Steel area, 𝐴𝑠 = × 𝐴𝑏 = × (12)2 = 807.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 140 4

𝐴𝑠 807.8
𝜌= = = 0.006028
𝑏𝑑 1000(134)

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)

𝜌𝑏 = = = 0.037 > 𝜌 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 275(600 + 275)

𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.006028(275)
𝜔= = = 0.08009
𝑓′𝑐 20.7

𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) = 20.7(0.0801)(1 − 0.59(0.0801)) = 1.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 = 0.90(1.58)(1000)(134)2 = 25.5334 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
𝑤 (3)2
25.5334= 𝑢8
𝑤𝑢 = 22.696 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑢 = 1.4𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑤𝐿𝐿
22.696=1.4(3.76)+1.7𝑤𝐿
𝑤𝐿 = 10.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝑏

10.25= Uniform pressure× 1
Uniform live load pressure= 10.25 kPa
3. Design a one-way slab to carry a service load of 4000 Pa. The slab has a length of 4m
with both ends continuous. Assume f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa for main bars and
fy=276 MPa for temperature bars. Steel cover is 20 mm. Unit weight of concrete is
23.5 kN/m3.

Solution:

Consider 1m strip, b=1000 mm

Uniform live load, 𝑤𝐿 = 4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Minimum Slab thickness from Table 2.1:

𝐿 4000
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 143𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 150𝑚𝑚 )
28 28

Weight of beam (DL):

𝑤𝐷 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ = 23.5 𝑥 (1)(0.15) = 3.525𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.4 𝑤𝐷 + 1.4𝑤𝐿 = 1.4(3.525) + 1.7(4) = 11.735 𝑘𝑛/𝑚

Maximum factored moment, Section 408.4

LL < 3DL

Effective depth, 𝑑 = 150 − 20 − 1/2(12)

Effective depth, 𝑑 = 124 𝑚𝑚

At Midspan:

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑛 11.735(4)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 11.735 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
16 16

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛𝑏𝑑 2
11.735 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (1000)(124)2
𝑅𝑛 = 0.848 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(0.848)

𝜌= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐] = [1 − √1 − 0.85(21)] = 0.0021
𝑓𝑦 415

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00337 > 0.0021
𝑓𝑦
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337
 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00337(1000)(124) = 418 𝑚𝑚2

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (12)2
4
Spacing 𝑠 = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑥 1000 = 271 𝑠𝑎𝑦 270𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 418

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a.) 3ℎ = 3(150) = 450 𝑚𝑚
b.) 450 𝑚𝑚

Thus, use 12 mm bottom bars at 270 mm o.c. at midspan

At support:

𝑤𝑢 𝐿2𝑛 11.735(4)2
𝑀𝑢 = = = 18.776 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
10 10

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛𝑏𝑑 2
18.776 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑅𝑛 (1000)(124)2
𝑅𝑛 = 1.357 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(1.357)

𝜌= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐] = [1 − √1 − 0.85(21)] = 0.0034 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 415

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600 0.85(21)(0.85)600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 = 0.75 = 0.0162 > 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦) 415 (600 + 415)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 0.0034

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0034(1000)(124) = 422 𝑚𝑚2

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (12)2
4
Spacing 𝑠 = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑥 1000 = 268 𝑠𝑎𝑦 265𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 422

Thus, 12 mm top bars@ 265 mm o.c. at support

Temperature bars (10𝑚𝑚): (𝜌𝑡 = 0.002)

𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ = 0.002(1000)(1500) = 300 𝑚𝑚2

 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (10)2
4
Spacing 𝑠 = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑥 1000 = 261 𝑠𝑎𝑦 260𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 300

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

𝑎. ) 5ℎ = 5(150) = 750𝑚𝑚
𝑏. ) 450 𝑚𝑚

Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars@ 260mm o.c.

 4. Design the one-way slab having a simple span of 3m. The slab is to carry a uniform
live load of 7,500 Pa. Assume f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 276 MPa for main and
temperature bars. The slab is not exposed to earth or weather. Use unit weight of
concrete ƴc = 23.5 kN/m3.

Solution:

Consider 1m strip of slab, b=1000mm

Uniform live load, 𝑊𝐿 = 7.5𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 7.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Minimum slab thickness

𝐿 𝑦 𝑓 3000 276
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 (0.4 + 700 ) ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20
(0.4 + 700)

ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 119𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 120𝑚𝑚)

Effective depth:

d = 120-20mm (covering) – ½ bar diameter (12mm)

d = 94mm

Weight of slab:

𝑊𝑠 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ 𝑊𝑠 = 23.5(1)(0.12)
𝑊𝑠 = 2.82𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Factored floor pressure load:

𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑊𝑠 + 1.7𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(2.82) + 1.7(7.5)

𝑊𝑢 = 16.698𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 18.785𝑥106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (1000)(94)2

𝑅𝑛 = 2.362𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢 0.85(27.6) 2(2.362)

𝜌= 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓′ ] 𝜌= 276
[1 − √1 − 0.85(27.6)]
𝑐

𝜌 = 0.009039
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 0.00507 OK

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600 0.85(27.6)(0.85)600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 276(600+276)

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.037 > 0.009039(𝑂𝐾)

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.009039(1000)(94)

𝐴𝑠 = 850𝑚𝑚2 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

Using 12-mm main bars:
𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (12)2
4
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠 = 𝑥1000 𝑠= 𝑥1000
𝐴𝑠 850

𝑠 = 138𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎

Maximum spacing required by the code:

a) 3(h)=3(120)=360mm OK
b) 450mm

Thus, use 12mm main bars at 135mm o.c.

Temperature bars: (Grade 275)

𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ 𝐴𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(120)

𝐴𝑡 = 240𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (10)2
4
Spacing= 𝐴𝑠
𝑥1000 𝑠= 240
𝑥1000

S=327mm say 325mm

Maximum spacing required by the code:

a) 5h=5(120)=600mm
b) 450mm OK

Thus, use 10mm temperature bars at 325mm o.c.

 5. A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will be reinforced
with 12-mm-diameter steel bars with fy = 275 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa.
Determine the spacing of reinforcement bars. Mu=23× 106 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Solution:

Effective depth , d=120-20-1⁄2 (12)=94mm

Width, b=1000mm

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑 2
23× 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (1000)(94)2
𝑅𝑛 = 2.892𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(2.892)

𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − = 0.01154 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 275 0.85(21)

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1 600

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 × = 0.0284
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00509
𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01154(1000)(94) = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐

Spacing of bars (for walls and slabs using unit width):

𝜋
𝑏 1000 1000𝐴𝑏 1000× (12)2
4
s=𝑁 = 𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 1085
𝐴𝑏