THAILAND

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2009
www.adb.org/statistics

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
POPULATION
Total population million; as of 1 July 55.84 56.57 57.29 58.01 58.71 59.40 60.00 60.60 61.20 61.81 62.24 62.67 63.14 63.66 64.20 64.76 65.23 65.75 66.51*
Population density persons per square kilometer 109 110 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
Population annual change, percent 1.13 1.32 1.27 1.25 1.21 1.17 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.70 0.69 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.73 0.80 1.15
Urban population percent of total population 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 32.2 32.5 32.9 33.3 33.8

LABOR FORCE a thousand; calendar year 30820 30419 31491 31716 31433 31878 32123 32575 32410 32719 33224 33813 34262 34902 35718 36120 36429 36942 37700
Employed 29956 29220 30794 30200 30164 30815 30976 31522 30105 30663 31293 32104 33061 33841 34729 35245 35686 36249 37017
Agriculture 18972 16384 17305 15879 15180 14389 13986 14145 13407 13804 13830 13612 14042 13880 13634 13617 14171 14306 14699
Manufacturing 2920 3658 3933 3886 4191 4608 4329 4303 4264 4274 4650 4927 5052 5299 5476 5588 5504 5619 5453
Mining 54 54 66 57 58 55 53 52 45 64 45 50 45 47 50 57 58 63 58
Others 8010 9124 9490 10378 10735 11763 12608 13022 12389 12522 12768 13516 13922 14615 15568 15996 15953 16261 16806
Unemployed 682 939 889 825 821 538 492 488 1413 1370 1194 1124 823 754 739 663 552 508 522
Unemployment rate percent 2.2 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4
Labor force annual change, percent 4.7 -1.3 3.5 0.7 -0.9 1.4 0.8 1.4 -0.5 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.9 2.3 1.1 0.9 1.4 2.1
Labor force participation rate percent 81.9 79.4 79.7 78.3 75.8 74.5 73.9 73.5 72.1 71.6 71.5 71.9 71.9 72.2 72.4 72.5 72.2 72.4 72.6
Male 84.5 83.6 83.7 82.2 80.3 79.2 78.7 78.4 77.7 77.2 77.1 80.6 80.6 80.8 81.2 81.1 80.9 81.1 81.2
Female 74.0 69.4 69.5 67.9 64.7 63.7 62.7 62.5 61.2 60.8 60.9 63.3 63.3 63.9 63.8 64.3 64.0 64.2 64.5

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS b billion Baht; calendar year

At Current Prices
GDP by industrial origin at current market prices 2183.5 2506.6 2830.9 3165.2 3629.3 4186.2 4611.0 4732.6 4626.4 4637.1 4922.7 5133.5 5450.6 5917.4 6489.5 7092.9 7841.3 8493.3 9102.8
Agriculture 272.9 317.1 348.1 274.1 329.8 397.9 438.1 447.2 498.6 435.5 444.2 468.9 514.3 615.9 668.8 728.1 835.8 913.9 1053.9
Mining 34.8 39.4 42.3 44.3 48.7 50.3 63.4 82.4 84.3 87.4 116.7 126.2 135.9 154.6 175.4 222.6 256.8 276.7 316.1
Manufacturing 594.0 707.9 779.0 938.4 1072.4 1251.5 1370.4 1427.7 1428.3 1514.0 1653.7 1715.9 1836.1 2061.6 2235.6 2461.3 2750.4 3023.5 3272.6
Electricity, gas, and water 47.7 53.5 65.5 77.3 84.8 101.2 106.8 119.0 142.3 130.4 146.1 166.7 175.6 191.0 210.9 220.4 238.9 248.1 261.3
Construction 136.2 168.3 190.5 220.8 267.8 302.6 341.5 271.8 178.7 166.3 150.6 154.5 165.7 174.7 194.5 214.0 231.9 246.6 256.9
Trade c 386.3 427.0 477.0 562.2 636.2 709.5 762.9 812.2 785.9 801.3 847.6 856.1 866.3 888.0 970.8 1042.0 1122.7 1192.7 1231.1
Transport and communications 156.6 177.2 205.2 237.8 269.7 303.0 341.1 369.9 360.9 376.1 395.9 427.0 449.3 457.2 492.5 519.6 569.9 622.1 633.9
Finance d 120.6 133.8 182.2 333.3 391.7 439.5 483.3 466.2 388.8 313.6 307.6 315.2 341.8 380.1 422.0 463.4 495.0 526.9 568.0
Public administration 76.6 86.9 105.4 117.7 127.5 157.6 171.3 181.1 195.3 204.2 211.0 222.2 244.8 262.3 295.9 326.1 349.9 373.2 388.6
Others e 357.8 395.6 435.6 359.6 400.7 473.1 532.1 555.2 563.3 608.3 649.3 680.7 721.0 732.1 823.2 895.3 990.2 1069.7 1120.2
Net factor income from abroad -27.4 -36.9 -63.0 -45.9 -55.8 -68.2 -102.1 -123.4 -160.0 -126.4 -76.9 -85.1 -88.6 -242.9 -291.0 -344.0 -316.8 -325.8 -419.1
GNI at current market prices 2156.1 2469.7 2768.0 3119.3 3573.6 4118.0 4509.0 4609.2 4466.4 4510.6 4845.9 5048.4 5362.0 5674.4 6198.4 6748.9 7524.5 8167.5 8683.7

Structure of Output percent of GDP at current market prices

Agriculture 12.5 12.6 12.3 8.7 9.1 9.5 9.5 9.4 10.8 9.4 9.0 9.1 9.4 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.7 10.8 11.6
Industry 37.2 38.7 38.1 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.2 39.6 40.9 42.0 42.1 42.4 43.6 43.4 44.0 44.4 44.7 45.1
Services 50.3 48.7 49.6 50.9 50.3 49.7 49.7 50.4 49.6 49.7 49.0 48.7 48.1 46.0 46.3 45.8 45.0 44.6 43.3

Expenditure on GDP at current market prices 2183.5 2506.6 2830.9 3165.2 3629.3 4186.2 4611.0 4732.6 4626.4 4637.1 4922.7 5133.5 5450.6 5917.4 6489.5 7092.9 7841.3 8493.3 9102.8
Private consumption 1235.0 1378.1 1550.5 1730.5 1958.7 2225.7 2479.8 2587.0 2505.3 2595.1 2762.9 2941.0 3120.0 3385.6 3711.3 4060.4 4376.6 4561.5 4992.5
Government consumption 205.4 231.1 280.2 316.0 354.4 414.4 469.5 476.7 511.7 533.0 557.8 581.1 603.9 636.0 720.6 843.6 927.6 1037.6 1083.8
Gross fixed capital formation 881.8 1043.6 1111.3 1252.9 1450.2 1719.1 1892.9 1598.6 1035.4 965.9 1081.4 1181.3 1243.2 1424.2 1681.8 2049.8 2197.2 2247.2 2486.6
Increase in stocks 21.2 30.3 20.1 13.5 10.7 43.0 35.2 -5.5 -89.5 -15.3 42.7 55.8 54.1 53.3 56.8 180.3 31.2 10.8 131.4
Exports of goods and services 745.3 901.5 1046.7 1201.5 1410.8 1751.7 1809.9 2272.1 2724.0 2703.3 3287.3 3380.8 3499.0 3886.6 4587.9 5218.1 5777.6 6218.2 6956.3
Less: Imports of goods and services 909.5 1065.5 1160.2 1335.7 1586.6 2033.9 2099.2 2205.1 1988.9 2120.3 2862.3 3047.6 3134.3 3485.3 4272.7 5297.5 5503.8 5544.5 6705.5
Statistical discrepancy 4.4 -12.4 -17.6 -13.5 31.1 66.1 22.9 8.8 -71.6 -24.6 52.9 41.1 64.7 17.0 3.9 38.1 35.0 -37.4 157.6

Structure of Demand percent of GDP at current market prices

Private consumption 56.6 55.0 54.8 54.7 54.0 53.2 53.8 54.7 54.2 56.0 56.1 57.3 57.2 57.2 57.2 57.2 55.8 53.7 54.8
Government consumption 9.4 9.2 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.1 11.1 11.5 11.3 11.3 11.1 10.7 11.1 11.9 11.8 12.2 11.9
Gross domestic capital formation 41.4 42.8 40.0 40.0 40.3 42.1 41.8 33.7 20.4 20.5 22.8 24.1 23.8 25.0 26.8 31.4 28.4 26.6 28.8
Exports of goods and services 34.1 36.0 37.0 38.0 38.9 41.8 39.3 48.0 58.9 58.3 66.8 65.9 64.2 65.7 70.7 73.6 73.7 73.2 76.4
Imports of goods and services 41.7 42.5 41.0 42.2 43.7 48.6 45.5 46.6 43.0 45.7 58.1 59.4 57.5 58.9 65.8 74.7 70.2 65.3 73.7
Statistical discrepancy 0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -0.4 0.9 1.6 0.5 0.2 -1.5 -0.5 1.1 0.8 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 -0.4 1.7

At Constant Prices
GDP by industrial origin at 1988 market prices 1945.4 2111.9 2282.6 2470.9 2693.0 2941.7 3115.3 3072.6 2749.7 2872.0 3008.4 3073.6 3237.0 3468.2 3688.2 3858.0 4059.6 4259.6 4369.5
Agriculture 263.6 282.7 296.3 255.1 265.9 276.6 288.8 286.8 282.6 289.2 309.9 320.0 322.2 363.0 354.4 347.9 364.0 370.5 389.4
Mining 31.1 36.1 38.0 40.8 43.8 44.7 52.9 60.0 56.2 60.9 64.2 64.6 71.7 76.6 80.8 88.1 91.5 95.0 97.2
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Manufacturing 540.9 604.3 672.6 781.9 856.5 958.4 1021.4 1036.2 923.6 1033.4 1096.2 1111.5 1190.8 1318.3 1426.3 1499.9 1589.2 1687.4 1753.2
Electricity, gas, and water 46.8 51.8 57.1 62.4 69.3 79.1 82.0 86.7 86.1 88.8 97.6 103.9 110.1 115.2 122.5 129.0 135.1 142.0 148.0
Construction 116.6 132.5 138.7 150.7 172.0 183.6 196.5 146.1 90.2 84.1 76.3 76.5 80.6 82.8 88.8 93.8 97.9 99.4 94.7
Trade c 338.1 362.6 378.7 430.3 471.1 516.6 526.6 510.6 443.1 458.3 474.8 469.6 479.7 493.7 517.3 541.9 565.9 592.1 603.5
Transport and communications 146.8 157.6 172.8 191.4 213.3 239.2 267.3 279.9 254.5 270.1 290.4 310.1 331.2 340.6 366.3 383.9 407.9 431.9 430.2
Finance d 108.1 113.5 148.4 268.4 301.3 320.2 334.7 312.5 251.3 208.2 204.3 208.2 224.1 246.4 269.3 287.6 300.2 314.6 327.1
Public administration 61.4 65.3 66.2 68.1 70.1 77.4 82.0 85.1 91.7 94.1 95.3 98.8 105.3 108.4 111.8 116.3 115.3 118.7 117.2
Others e 292.0 305.4 313.8 221.7 229.5 246.0 263.2 268.7 270.3 284.9 299.4 310.4 321.3 323.0 350.6 369.7 392.7 408.0 409.0
Net factor income from abroad -23.7 -29.7 -49.9 -34.2 -38.2 -41.0 -58.3 -64.3 -72.2 -56.5 -20.4 -25.3 -31.3 -189.9 -228.0 -243.8 -201.6 -211.6 -254.7
GNI at 1988 market prices 1921.7 2082.2 2232.7 2436.7 2654.7 2900.8 3057.1 3008.3 2677.5 2815.5 2988.0 3048.3 3205.7 3278.2 3460.2 3614.2 3858.0 4048.1 4114.8

Growth of Output annual change, percent

GDP 11.2 8.6 8.1 8.3 9.0 9.2 5.9 -1.4 -10.5 4.4 4.8 2.2 5.3 7.1 6.3 4.6 5.2 4.9 2.6
Agriculture -4.7 7.3 4.8 -13.9 4.2 4.0 4.4 -0.7 -1.5 2.3 7.2 3.2 0.7 12.7 -2.4 -1.8 4.6 1.8 5.1
Industry 16.1 12.1 9.9 14.3 10.2 10.9 6.9 -1.8 -13.0 9.6 5.3 1.7 7.1 9.6 7.9 5.4 5.7 5.7 3.4
Services 12.7 6.1 7.5 9.3 8.9 8.9 5.3 -1.1 -10.0 0.4 3.7 2.4 4.6 3.5 6.8 5.2 4.9 4.7 1.2

Expenditure on GDP at 1988 market prices 1945.4 2111.9 2282.6 2470.9 2693.0 2941.7 3115.3 3072.6 2749.7 2872.0 3008.4 3073.6 3237.0 3468.2 3688.2 3858.0 4059.6 4259.6 4369.5
Private consumption 1110.9 1171.2 1273.0 1380.2 1486.1 1601.7 1694.4 1671.2 1478.8 1542.8 1623.7 1690.6 1782.6 1898.5 2016.9 2109.3 2173.1 2207.9 2263.3
Government consumption 171.9 182.6 194.3 204.2 220.9 232.5 260.5 253.1 263.0 271.0 277.1 284.0 286.1 293.1 309.9 344.9 353.2 385.6 387.1
Gross fixed capital formation 759.9 856.2 913.1 997.7 1111.1 1236.1 1323.0 1051.3 585.3 566.4 597.4 604.2 643.8 721.4 816.4 902.4 937.4 949.3 960.1
Increase in stocks 20.7 28.4 17.8 13.8 8.3 42.9 22.5 -0.8 -69.3 -6.7 25.6 35.8 34.4 48.4 51.7 76.6 13.4 5.0 58.6
Exports of goods and services 709.6 817.1 929.9 1050.7 1200.7 1386.1 1309.5 1404.3 1520.0 1657.3 1947.1 1865.1 2088.8 2236.5 2451.2 2554.4 2788.0 2985.6 3149.6
Less: Imports of goods and services 807.0 911.4 993.1 1124.5 1286.7 1543.6 1534.3 1360.9 1066.3 1178.2 1497.7 1415.4 1609.3 1744.5 1977.9 2156.0 2227.6 2303.4 2475.3
Statistical discrepancy -20.7 -32.3 -52.4 -51.2 -47.5 -13.9 39.6 54.5 38.3 19.4 35.1 9.2 10.6 14.7 20.1 26.3 22.1 29.6 26.0

Growth of Demand annual change, percent

Private consumption 12.9 5.4 8.7 8.4 7.7 7.8 5.8 -1.4 -11.5 4.3 5.2 4.1 5.4 6.5 6.2 4.6 3.0 1.6 2.5
Government consumption 6.9 6.2 6.4 5.1 8.2 5.2 12.1 -2.8 3.9 3.1 2.3 2.5 0.7 2.5 5.7 11.3 2.4 9.2 0.4
Gross domestic capital formation 31.2 13.3 5.2 8.7 10.7 14.3 5.2 -21.9 -50.9 8.5 11.3 2.7 6.0 13.5 12.8 12.8 -2.9 0.4 6.7
Exports of goods and services 13.4 15.1 13.8 13.0 14.3 15.4 -5.5 7.2 8.2 9.0 17.5 -4.2 12.0 7.1 9.6 4.2 9.1 7.1 5.5
Imports of goods and services 23.7 12.9 9.0 13.2 14.4 20.0 -0.6 -11.3 -21.6 10.5 27.1 -5.5 13.7 8.4 13.4 9.0 3.3 3.4 7.5

Investment Financing at current prices

Gross domestic capital formation 903.0 1073.9 1131.3 1266.4 1460.9 1762.2 1928.2 1593.2 946.0 950.6 1124.2 1237.1 1297.3 1477.5 1738.6 2230.2 2228.4 2257.9 2618.1
Gross national saving 721.2 868.2 953.7 1091.8 1288.8 1490.0 1578.9 1560.5 1466.6 1395.8 1548.6 1552.9 1664.0 1691.9 1852.4 1965.6 2348.0 2704.4 2766.3
Gross domestic saving 743.2 897.4 1000.2 1118.7 1316.2 1546.1 1661.7 1668.9 1609.4 1508.9 1602.0 1611.4 1726.8 1895.8 2057.6 2188.8 2537.1 2894.2 3026.5
Net factor income from abroad -27.4 -36.9 -63.0 -45.9 -55.8 -68.2 -102.1 -123.4 -160.0 -126.4 -76.9 -85.1 -88.6 -242.9 -291.0 -344.0 -316.8 -325.8 -419.1
Net current transfers from abroad f 5.4 7.6 16.4 19.0 28.4 12.1 19.3 14.9 17.2 13.3 23.5 26.6 25.9 39.0 85.8 120.8 127.6 136.0 158.9

Savings and Investment percent of GDP at current market prices

Gross domestic saving 34.0 35.8 35.3 35.3 36.3 36.9 36.0 35.3 34.8 32.5 32.5 31.4 31.7 32.0 31.7 30.9 32.4 34.1 33.2
Gross national saving 33.0 34.6 33.7 34.5 35.5 35.6 34.2 33.0 31.7 30.1 31.5 30.3 30.5 28.6 28.5 27.7 29.9 31.8 30.4
Gross domestic capital formation 41.4 42.8 40.0 40.0 40.3 42.1 41.8 33.7 20.4 20.5 22.8 24.1 23.8 25.0 26.8 31.4 28.4 26.6 28.8

At Current Market Prices Baht

Per capita GDP 39104 44307 49410 54563 61815 70474 76847 78093 75594 75026 79098 81916 86322 92960 101087 109521 120204 129166 136863
Per capita GNI 38613 43655 48311 53772 60865 69326 75146 76057 72979 72981 77863 80558 84919 89144 96553 104209 115348 124212 130562

PRODUCTION INDEXES period averages

Agriculture 1999–2001 = 100 76.0 84.0 88.0 86.0 89.0 91.0 93.0 95.0 92.0 95.0 100.0 104.0 105.0 110.0 111.0 110.0 114.0 121.0 …
Mining 1995 = 100 72.5 83.7 87.1 92.7 97.6 100.0 117.9 140.6 143.7 152.1 163.6 166.8 184.5 191.4 206.7 224.4 232.2 244.2 253.6
Manufacturing 2000 = 100 52.1 57.1 65.0 72.8 78.6 83.4 91.2 91.8 83.3 93.5 100.0 102.7 112.0 127.7 142.6 155.6 167.1 180.7 190.2

ENERGY annual values

Crude petroleum thousand metric tons
Production 1196 1222 1317 1005 1078 960 1082 1123 1219 1417 2457 2615 3201 4179 3658 4861 5536 5774 6131
Exports – – – – – – 85 671 695 820 2825 1672 2465 3728 4101 4171 3976 2196 2144
Imports 10860 10996 13792 16096 18609 22840 29210 31190 28090 29856 27946 29795 30808 37869 43695 50806 47730 41753 44338
Consumption 12056 12218 15109 17101 19687 23800 30207 31642 28614 30453 27577 30737 31544 38321 43252 51496 49291 45331 48325

Coal thousand metric tons

Production – – 16 12 9 4 – – – – – – … … … … … … …
Exports – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 0 1 0 0 0 75
Imports 162 331 342 659 957 1515 3906 3289 1633 3278 4183 4880 5525 7110 7550 8568 11215 14202 15922
Consumption 162 331 355 672 962 1521 3906 3289 1633 3278 4183 4880 5525 7110 7550 8568 11215 14202 15847
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Electricity million kilowatt-hours
Production 44115 50121 57028 63336 70534 79734 87045 92662 89531 89159 95531 100988 108418 115852 124129 130426 136767 142538 145468
Exports 31 40 41 49 57 77 85 98 138 166 151 195 188 206 253 501 586 750 773
Imports 652 595 480 645 874 698 806 807 1623 2256 2980 2881 2812 2473 3377 4372 5156 4488 2784
Consumption 38342 43398 52118 58302 65752 74318 81064 86462 84591 85261 92467 97887 105182 112142 120299 126521 133572 138593 140740

Retail prices Baht/liter

Gasoline, premium 9.2 10.1 9.3 9.1 8.6 9.1 9.3 10.5 11.9 12.0 15.6 15.5 15.3 16.6 19.1 23.9 27.6 29.2 35.6
Diesel 6.7 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.4 7.6 8.6 9.5 9.2 9.0 12.9 13.4 13.1 14.0 14.6 20.0 25.6 25.7 31.2

PRICE INDEXES period averages

Consumer (national) 2002 = 100 | 2007 = 100 62.8 66.4 69.2 71.5 75.1 79.4 84.1 88.8 96.0 96.2 97.8 99.4 100.0 101.8| 89.4 93.4 97.8 100.0 105.4
Food 60.0 64.2 67.1 68.5 73.3 79.2 86.2 92.2 101.0 100.2 99.0 99.7 100.0 103.7| 87.6 91.9 96.1 100.0 111.6
Nonfood 65.3 68.4 71.0 74.0 76.8 80.1 83.0 86.8 93.1 94.0 97.0 99.2 100.0 100.7| 90.6 94.5 98.9 100.0 101.7
Consumer (Bangkok) 2002 = 100 63.2 66.6 69.0 71.6 75.7 80.0 84.7 89.1 96.0 96.4 97.9 99.5 100.0 101.6| 89.8 93.7 97.9 100.0 104.6
Food 60.2 64.0 66.4 68.7 74.1 80.0 87.2 92.4 100.7 100.2 99.4 99.8 100.0 103.6| 88.9 92.9 96.3 100.0 110.1
Nonfood 65.9 69.0 71.4 74.3 77.3 80.5 83.3 87.2 93.4 94.3 97.2 99.4 100.0 100.6| 90.4 94.3 99.0 100.0 101.3
Producer 2000 = 100 … … … … … 84.2 85.7 90.1 101.0 96.3 100.0 102.5 104.2 108.4 115.7 126.3 135.2 139.6 156.9
Implicit GDP deflator 1988 = 100 112.2 118.7 124.0 128.1 134.8 142.3 148.0 154.0 168.3 161.5 163.6 167.0 168.4 170.6 176.0 183.8 193.2 199.4 208.3

Price Indexes annual change, percent

Consumer price index 5.9 5.7 4.2 3.3 5.0 5.7 5.9 5.6 8.1 0.2 1.7 1.6 0.6 1.8 2.8 4.5 4.7 2.2 5.4
Food price index 8.0 7.0 4.5 2.1 7.0 8.0 8.8 7.0 9.5 -0.8 -1.2 0.7 0.3 3.7 4.4 4.9 4.6 4.1 11.6
Producer price index … … … … … … 1.8 5.1 12.1 -4.7 3.8 2.5 1.7 4.0 6.7 9.2 7.0 3.3 12.4
Implicit GDP deflator 5.8 5.7 4.5 3.3 5.2 5.6 4.0 4.1 9.2 -4.0 1.3 2.1 0.8 1.3 3.1 4.5 5.1 3.2 4.5

MONEY AND BANKING billion Baht; as of end of period

Money supply (M1) g 195.4 222.4 249.7 296.2 346.4 388.3 423.7 428.8 441.7 575.0 525.7 579.4 663.5 | 750.2 829.9 890.2 911.5 999.9 1041.2
Currency in circulation 137.5 149.3 180.2 208.6 241.9 284.1 304.3 334.0 318.3 472.4 406.8 440.9 496.0 | 538.9 597.2 630.7 652.9 720.1 752.3
Demand deposits (excluding government deposits) 58.0 73.1 69.6 87.6 104.5 104.2 119.4 94.8 123.4 102.6 118.8 138.5 167.5 | 211.3 232.7 259.5 258.6 279.8 288.9
Quasi-money 1333.7 1610.0 1868.1 2210.9 2482.9 2922.3 3303.0 3910.6 4311.6 4279.7 4507.0 4664.2 4715.4 | 6312.1 6641.6 7036.7 7661.9 8109.6 8907.5
Money supply (M2) h 1529.1 1832.4 2117.8 2507.1 2829.4 3310.6 3726.7 4339.3 4753.4 4854.7 5032.7 5243.7 5378.9 | 7062.3 7471.4 7926.9 8573.4 9109.5 9948.7
Foreign assets (net) 307.1 413.7 449.0 453.9 147.9 3.4 -78.7 -559.1 68.6 672.7 1030.1 1326.4 1688.4 | 1856.5 2104.7 2393.8 2951.7 3598.9 4142.0
Domestic credit 1531.7 1768.6 2087.0 2560.4 3313.3 4071.4 4638.6 6237.4 6163.4 5905.2 5466.3 5135.0 5535.1 | 7720.5 8079.8 8452.3 8546.5 8883.8 9565.9
Claims on government sector i 17.5 -86.7 -147.8 -205.5 -284.0 -393.6 -466.1 -426.4 -1.0 65.1 130.0 173.7 176.5 | 657.7 627.4 555.3 412.5 483.7 533.4
Claims on private sector j 1427.8 1742.5 2099.3 2614.1 3399.4 4207.2 4820.2 5902.3 5484.6 5215.2 4385.4 3959.8 4579.3 | 5946.8 6616.6 7144.6 7468.7 7826.2 8513.0
Claims on other financial institutions 86.4 112.8 135.5 151.8 197.9 257.8 284.4 761.6 679.8 625.0 951.0 1001.5 779.3 | 1116.0 835.8 752.4 665.3 573.9 519.4
Other items -309.7 -349.9 -418.2 -507.3 -631.9 -764.2 -833.3 -1339.0 -1478.6 -1723.2 -1463.8 -1217.7 -1844.6 | -2514.7 -2713.1 -2919.2 -2924.8 -3373.2 -3759.3

Money supply (M2) annual change percent 26.7 19.8 15.6 18.4 12.9 17.0 12.6 16.4 9.5 2.1 3.7 4.2 2.6 … 5.8 6.1 8.2 6.3 9.2
M2 percent of GDP at current market prices 70.0 73.1 74.8 79.2 78.0 79.1 80.8 91.7 102.7 104.7 102.2 102.1 98.7 119.3 115.1 111.8 109.3 107.3 109.3

Deposit Money Banks

Demand deposits 58.1 73.0 75.1 92.4 117.1 157.5 172.4 174.0 112.4 112.1 129.5 144.1 166.3 219.7 259.3 299.7 296.7 357.5 350.3
Savings deposits 398.3 443.0 528.0 677.2 750.5 734.7 808.4 848.2 961.0 1124.6 1354.0 1624.2 1797.9 2259.5 2585.2 2678.0 2370.2 2656.6 2773.0
Time deposits 975.3 1223.6 1421.2 1644.2 1868.4 2331.5 2681.1 3271.3 3596.6 3413.4 3410.6 3316.6 3230.5 2949.2 2816.0 3181.1 3848.4 3514.4 3957.7
Domestic credits outstanding k 1086.3 1333.2 1617.3 2032.4 2630.1 3286.4 3739.2 4669.8 4308.2 3939.3 3399.6 3328.3 3273.1 3398.9 3828.1 4148.0 4379.5 4883.0 5824.2

Interest Rates percent per annum; as of end of period

On deposits
Savings l 11.0 8.5 6.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.0 2.5 1.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.9 2.5 0.8 0.8
Time: 6 months m 14.3 10.5 8.5 7.0 9.1 10.6 8.9 10.8 6.0 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.0 1.0 2.8 4.1 2.1 1.8
12 months n 13.8 10.5 8.5 7.0 9.3 10.6 8.9 11.5 6.0 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 4.5 2.3 1.9

GOVERNMENT FINANCE billion Baht; fiscal year ending 30 September

Central Government
Total revenue and grants 401.2 467.5 490.4 561.9 657.0 765.5 854.2 849.2 732.4 713.0 747.9 834.1 871.7 1045.6 1168.7 1321.0 1429.7 1492.4 1547.2
Total revenue 394.6 462.5 487.0 558.2 653.1 761.8 851.1 846.2 727.9 709.0 743.5 830.3 868.6 1043.0 1166.4 1319.1 1428.0 1490.7 1547.2
Current revenue 394.6 462.5 487.0 558.2 653.1 761.8 851.1 846.2 727.9 709.0 743.5 830.3 868.6 1043.0 1166.4 1319.1 1428.0 1490.7 1547.2
Taxes 361.8 424.2 436.0 499.7 589.1 690.3 771.4 754.0 641.6 612.7 651.3 687.4 763.8 897.6 1023.6 1161.2 1274.6 1313.1 1388.1
Nontaxes 32.8 38.3 50.9 58.6 64.0 71.5 79.7 92.2 86.3 96.2 92.2 143.0 104.8 145.5 142.9 157.9 153.4 177.6 159.1
Capital receipts … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Grants 6.6 5.0 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.1 3.0 4.5 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 0.0
Total expenditure and net lending 297.9 348.4 411.2 494.7 578.2 645.2 739.7 937.3 1034.5 1144.7 852.9 921.1 1311.3 1041.4 1196.6 1311.3 1450.3 1606.9 1583.3
Total expenditure 297.9 348.4 411.2 494.7 578.2 645.2 739.7 937.3 1034.5 1144.7 852.9 921.1 1311.3 1041.4 1196.6 1311.3 1450.3 1606.9 1583.3
Current expenditure 248.0 277.0 320.3 360.3 401.6 440.5 501.7 604.0 757.6 921.2 657.0 750.5 1155.0 921.1 1084.5 1145.5 1293.4 1466.0 1459.6
Capital expenditure 50.0 71.4 90.9 134.5 176.6 204.8 237.9 333.3 276.9 223.5 195.8 170.7 156.3 120.3 112.1 165.8 156.9 140.9 123.7
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Net lending … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Current surplus/deficit 146.6 185.5 166.7 198.0 251.5 321.3 349.4 242.2 -29.7 -212.2 86.5 79.9 -286.4 121.9 82.0 173.6 134.6 24.7 87.6
Capital account surplus/deficit -50.0 -71.4 -90.9 -134.5 -176.6 -204.8 -237.9 -333.3 -276.9 -223.5 -195.8 -170.7 -156.3 -120.3 -112.1 -165.8 -156.9 -140.9 -123.7
Overall surplus/deficit 103.3 119.0 74.6 56.8 68.0 107.6 99.3 -104.9 -328.8 -457.4 -139.4 -136.6 -439.6 4.1 -27.9 9.7 -20.6 -114.5 -36.1
Financing -103.3 -119.0 -74.6 -56.8 -68.0 -107.6 -99.3 104.9 328.8 457.4 139.4 136.6 439.6 -4.1 27.9 -9.7 20.6 114.5 36.1
Domestic borrowing -70.8 -122.5 -63.8 -60.3 -64.9 -115.1 -102.2 94.7 257.4 404.8 73.2 114.3 500.7 29.8 46.2 56.1 71.3 198.5 77.0
Foreign borrowing -32.4 3.6 -10.8 3.6 -3.1 7.5 2.9 10.2 71.4 52.6 66.3 22.3 -61.1 -33.9 -18.2 -65.8 -50.7 -84.0 -40.9

Government Finance percent of GDP at current market prices

Total revenue 18.1 18.5 17.2 17.6 18.0 18.2 18.5 17.9 15.7 15.3 15.1 16.2 15.9 17.6 18.0 18.6 18.2 17.6 17.0
Total expenditure 13.6 13.9 14.5 15.6 15.9 15.4 16.0 19.8 22.4 24.7 17.3 17.9 24.1 17.6 18.4 18.5 18.5 18.9 17.4
Overall surplus/deficit 4.7 4.7 2.6 1.8 1.9 2.6 2.2 -2.2 -7.1 -9.9 -2.8 -2.7 -8.1 0.1 -0.4 0.1 -0.3 -1.3 -0.4

Expenditure by Function, Central Government

Total 298.0 348.5 420.0 494.8 578.3 645.3 739.8 937.5 1035.0 1144.9 857.9 921.2 1311.4 1041.5 1196.8 1311.3 1450.3 1606.9 1583.3
General public services 69.0 70.0 65.1 75.1 82.1 75.2 89.4 103.2 105.8 130.9 161.1 148.6 484.5 222.9 279.8 322.3 433.3 525.6 357.6
Defense o 69.1 80.9 96.4 105.1 122.5 133.4 142.2 155.2 140.6 130.9 127.8 134.0 137.2 138.6 148.9 158.9 172.1 179.0 217.4
Education 61.7 73.5 89.6 109.9 126.9 144.9 159.0 194.8 196.4 200.5 198.4 199.8 226.5 235.3 263.0 265.8 276.5 332.0 361.8
Health 20.7 25.8 32.6 32.7 42.2 48.4 55.3 70.4 70.1 66.9 65.0 66.0 88.4 97.1 102.1 97.3 108.4 255.2 158.4
Social security and welfare 10.9 12.7 16.3 16.7 19.6 22.4 26.8 31.5 32.9 35.7 48.0 114.1 81.3 109.2 132.5 102.5 110.8 7.3 123.3
Housing and community amenities 6.7 8.7 11.5 15.2 24.3 31.0 40.7 51.7 40.6 47.6 39.6 50.1 54.3 22.2 9.5 27.1 35.4 10.1 31.2
Economic services 58.7 75.2 106.0 136.3 154.2 182.4 218.6 317.9 435.1 522.2 209.4 201.7 230.3 207.5 242.7 323.2 261.9 278.9 316.6
Agriculture p 28.4 34.4 49.4 48.7 58.5 66.7 70.2 73.8 59.6 67.1 72.2 68.6 84.1 71.5 69.1 68.5 61.7 92.5 85.7
Industry q 2.2 1.0 1.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.4 4.3 8.3 6.7 7.1 7.5 7.5 6.4 7.7 8.7 1.1 6.8
Electricity, gas, and water r 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.3 6.3 2.3 2.4
Transport and communications 20.1 29.4 39.2 64.3 67.2 89.2 109.7 143.0 135.8 105.1 99.3 83.7 75.9 54.9 65.7 71.3 57.6 54.0 62.3
Other economic services s 5.7 8.1 13.5 18.9 23.3 21.5 33.5 94.7 233.0 340.0 29.6 40.6 61.1 72.2 99.6 173.4 127.7 129.0 159.5
Others t 1.1 1.6 2.5 3.9 6.5 7.6 7.7 12.7 13.5 10.1 8.5 6.9 8.9 8.7 18.3 14.1 52.0 18.7 17.0

EXTERNAL TRADE billion Baht; calendar year

Exports, fob 589.8 725.6 824.6 935.9 1137.6 1406.3 1412.1 1806.7 2247.5 2215.2 2773.8 2884.7 2923.9 3325.6 3873.7 4438.7 4937.4 5242.0 5853.6
Imports, cif 844.4 958.8 1033.2 1166.6 1369.0 1763.6 1832.8 1924.3 1774.1 1907.4 2494.1 2752.3 2774.8 3138.8 3801.1 4754.0 4942.9 4870.2 5944.0
Trade balance -254.6 -233.2 -208.6 -230.7 -231.4 -357.3 -420.7 -117.6 473.4 307.8 279.7 132.4 149.1 186.9 72.6 -315.3 -5.6 371.8 -90.4

External Trade annual change, percent

Exports 14.2 23.0 13.6 13.5 21.6 23.6 0.4 27.9 24.4 -1.4 25.2 4.0 1.4 13.7 16.5 14.6 11.2 6.2 11.7
Imports 27.4 13.5 7.8 12.9 17.4 28.8 3.9 5.0 -7.8 7.5 30.8 10.4 0.8 13.1 21.1 25.1 4.0 -1.5 22.0

Direction of Trade million US Dollars; calendar year

Exports, total 23072 28938 32474 37502 46694 60201 57214 59303 56294 58493 68964 65115 68852 80320 96216 110160 130556 152460 173235
1. United States 5240 6068 7303 8005 9526 10078 10026 11154 12175 12667 14706 13246 13522 13669 15492 16950 19626 19250 19754
2. Japan 3969 5135 5686 6300 7728 9477 9373 8733 7475 8259 10164 9964 10001 11395 13452 14979 16492 18122 19724
3. China, People's Republic of 269 335 386 430 930 1642 1868 1744 1769 1861 2806 2863 3553 5707 7098 9105 11810 14834 15976
4. Singapore 1696 2336 2822 4459 6167 7917 6749 6406 4698 5073 5997 5287 5554 5873 7009 7641 8411 9535 9844
5. Hong Kong, China 1038 1348 1507 1960 2387 2921 3240 3407 2785 2979 3474 3298 3699 4331 4924 6123 7214 8686 9774
6. Malaysia 575 684 842 1041 1668 1554 2014 2483 1780 2124 2813 2722 2835 3887 5295 5781 6656 7792 9717
7. Australia 373 463 525 512 643 777 840 931 980 1315 1615 1358 1640 2167 2460 3151 4379 5726 7512
8. Indonesia 154 214 283 202 441 811 846 1377 986 970 1338 1366 1678 2274 3207 3954 3336 4768 6138
9. United Kingdom 936 1028 1172 1188 1345 1619 1837 2022 2121 2090 2357 2328 2391 2587 3021 2784 3421 3552 3847
10. Netherlands 1115 1248 1405 1157 1259 1801 1792 1825 2181 2197 2245 2028 1890 2373 2589 2755 3260 3801 3978

Imports, total 33421 37990 40687 46319 55790 80478 76542 64127 44297 50350 61924 62057 64721 75824 94407 118143 130605 141346 178526
1. Japan 10144 11038 11905 13963 16442 21625 20449 16165 10175 12256 15315 13881 14902 18267 22379 26026 26034 28674 33648
2. China, People's Republic of 1107 1149 1219 905 1388 2096 1953 2260 1822 2495 3377 3711 4928 6067 8182 11153 13801 16382 19935
3. United States 3600 3989 4776 5379 6450 8507 9240 8670 6053 6443 7291 7198 6197 7185 7270 8724 9782 9653 11375
4. Malaysia 1125 1190 1595 1674 2641 3235 3606 3019 2198 2512 3344 3078 3640 4540 5549 8092 8599 8703 9876
5. United Arab Emirates 306 297 316 447 570 678 779 846 723 872 1766 1529 1428 2039 3711 5699 7219 6898 10734
6. Singapore 2480 2990 2970 2969 3439 4162 4004 3147 2383 2980 3416 2854 2904 3270 4153 5375 5760 6343 7169
7. Korea, Republic of 1046 1593 1786 1948 1978 2474 2684 2251 1496 1770 2165 2121 2527 2919 3590 3888 5198 5338 6795
8. Saudi Arabia 412 414 519 484 528 573 619 856 541 666 1159 1349 1225 1716 2324 4044 4261 4618 7306
9. Indonesia 198 220 291 513 452 672 939 884 897 1107 1299 1364 1559 1771 2323 3130 3484 4025 5385
10. Australia 561 662 912 951 1071 1320 1401 1286 896 977 1160 1380 1506 1585 2210 3255 3453 3838 5123

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS million US Dollars; calendar year

Current account -7137 -7383 -6088 -6126 -7801 -13234 -14350 -3110 14291 12466 9328 5114 4685 4784 2767 -7642 2315 14049 -178
Balance on goods -9833 -9507 -7871 -8516 -8730 -14652 -16148 -4624 12235 9272 5466 2494 2739 3759 1460 -8254 994 11572 237
Exports 22881 28330 32244 36553 44649 55731 54667 56725 52878 56801 67889 63070 66092 78105 94941 109362 127941 150048 175297
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Imports -32714 ### ### ### ### -70383 -70815 -61349 -40643 -47529 -62423 -60576 -63353 -74346 -93481 ### ### ### ###
Services and income 2484 1825 1137 1640 -199 931 1037 1039 1641 2841 3277 2021 1343 84 -827 -2391 -2049 -1462 -5186
Credit 8486 9497 10828 13211 14213 18664 20995 19528 16547 17749 18103 16943 18810 18953 22297 23805 29501 37394 40684
Debit -6002 -7672 -9691 ### ### -17733 -19958 -18489 -14906 -14908 -14826 -14922 -17467 -18869 -23124 -26196 -31549 -38856 -45871
Current transfers 212 299 646 750 1128 487 761 475 415 353 585 599 603 941 2134 3003 3369 3939 4771
Credit 278 412 1001 1223 1903 1191 1653 1393 822 805 951 987 980 1326 2483 3351 3766 4397 5328
Debit -66 -113 -355 -473 -775 -704 -892 -918 -407 -452 -366 -388 -377 -385 -349 -348 -396 -458 -558
Capital account … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Financial account 9744 11338 9652 10515 12183 21949 19504 -4343 -9742 -7908 -10261 -3474 -1845 -4759 3628 11085 6806 -2413 12788
Direct investment 2402 1415 1544 1573 875 1183 1406 3298 7360 5742 3371 4631 3164 4614 5786 7545 8487 9381 7255
Portfolio investment 457 48 531 5465 2663 4116 3701 4558 331 -106 -712 -881 -1606 -73 3071 5510 4232 -6664 -5649
Other investment u 6885 9875 7577 3477 8645 16650 14397 -12199 -17433 -13544 -12920 -7224 -3403 -9300 -5229 -1970 -5914 -5130 11182
Net errors and omissions 1183 198 -521 -475 -207 -1479 -2985 -3196 -2815 26 -684 -323 1394 118 -660 1979 3621 5466 12084
Overall balance 3790 4153 3043 3914 4175 7236 2169 -10649 1734 4584 -1617 1317 4234 143 5735 5422 12742 17102 24693
Reserves and related items -3790 -4153 -3043 -3914 -4175 -7236 -2169 10649 -1734 -4584 1617 -1317 -4234 -143 -5735 -5422 -12742 -17102 -24693

Balance of Payments percent of GDP at current market prices

Exports 26.8 28.8 28.9 29.2 30.9 33.2 30.0 37.6 47.3 46.3 55.3 54.6 52.1 54.8 58.8 62.0 61.8 61.0 66.5
Imports -38.3 -38.5 -36.0 -36.1 -37.0 -41.9 -38.9 -40.7 -36.3 -38.8 -50.9 -52.4 -49.9 -52.1 -57.9 -66.7 -61.3 -56.3 -66.4
Balance on goods -11.5 -9.7 -7.1 -6.8 -6.0 -8.7 -8.9 -3.1 10.9 7.6 4.5 2.2 2.2 2.6 0.9 -4.7 0.5 4.7 0.1
Current account balance -8.4 -7.5 -5.5 -4.9 -5.4 -7.9 -7.9 -2.1 12.8 10.2 7.6 4.4 3.7 3.4 1.7 -4.3 1.1 5.7 -0.1
Overall balance 4.4 4.2 2.7 3.1 2.9 4.3 1.2 -7.1 1.6 3.7 -1.3 1.1 3.3 0.1 3.6 3.1 6.2 7.0 9.4

INTERNATIONAL RESERVES million US Dollars; as of end of period

Total 14273 18416 21182 25440 30279 36945 38645 26893 29536 34781 32661 33041 38915 42148 49831 52065 66985 87455 111008
Gold, national valuation 968 899 823 967 947 963 914 713 711 718 645 686 869 1071 1167 1374 1693 2234 2347
Foreign exchange 13247 17287 20012 24078 28884 35463 37192 25697 28434 33805 31933 32350 38042 40965 48498 50502 65147 85110 108317
Reserve position in the Fund 45 222 335 373 416 474 480 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 165 188 143 111 213
SDRs 13 8 12 22 32 45 60 482 391 258 83 5 4 0 1 1 1 0 131

EXCHANGE RATES Baht per US Dollar

End of period 25.29 25.28 25.52 25.54 25.09 25.19 25.61 47.25 36.69 37.47 43.27 44.22 43.15 39.59 39.06 41.03 36.05 33.72 34.90
Average of period 25.59 25.52 25.40 25.32 25.15 24.92 25.34 31.36 41.36 37.81 40.11 44.43 42.96 41.48 40.22 40.22 37.88 34.52 33.31

EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS million US Dollars; as of end of year

Total debt outstanding and disbursed 28094 37703 41784 52638 65533 100039 112838 109699 104917 96770 79720 67191 59381 51793 51295 51411 55023 63067 …
Long-term debt 19771 25211 27057 30004 36354 55944 65122 69434 72019 69920 61778 52287 47071 40837 39807 35397 37211 41427 …
Public and publicly guaranteed 12460 13240 13282 14697 16203 16826 16887 22292 28088 31306 29463 26218 22534 17712 15311 13628 11704 9841 …
Private nonguaranteed 7311 11971 13775 15307 20152 39117 48235 47142 43931 38615 32316 26069 24537 23125 24496 21769 25507 31585 …
Short-term debt 8322 12492 14727 22634 29179 44095 47715 37836 29660 23418 14880 13223 11919 10956 11488 16014 17812 21640 …
Use of IMF credit 1 – – – – – – 2429 3238 3431 3062 1681 391 – – – – – …

External debt as percent of GNI 33.3 39.0 38.3 42.7 46.1 60.6 63.5 74.6 97.2 81.3 66.0 59.7 48.5 37.9 33.3 30.6 27.8 26.5 …
Total long-term debt as percent of total debt 70.4 66.9 64.8 57.0 55.5 55.9 57.7 63.3 68.6 72.3 77.5 77.8 79.3 78.8 77.6 68.9 67.6 65.7 …
Short-term debt as percent of total debt 29.6 33.1 35.2 43.0 44.5 44.1 42.3 34.5 28.3 24.2 18.7 19.7 20.1 21.2 22.4 31.1 32.4 34.3 …
Debt service as percent of exports of goods and services 16.9 13.0 13.7 13.0 13.4 11.6 12.6 15.5 18.4 21.8 16.3 25.4 23.2 15.5 10.6 13.6 9.3 8.1 …

Debt service million US Dollars; transactions during the year

Principal repayments on long-term debt 2983 2253 3190 4243 5141 4398 4306 6177 7811 9438 8945 15720 15811 12559 10795 16472 12743 13473 8758
Interest on long-term debt 1355 1770 1871 1854 2019 2646 3111 3468 3750 5649 3776 2617 2094 1719 1269 1084 1104 905 1054
Interest on short-term debt 650 874 834 328 692 1543 2107 2150 1066 1014 905 562 419 382 384 503 761 789 …

Average terms of new commitments

Interest percent per annum 4.8 5.0 6.0 4.7 4.8 5.7 4.7 6.0 5.0 3.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.8 3.7 5.4 5.4 …
Maturity years 22.3 19.0 18.9 19.7 17.0 14.8 17.0 12.4 12.8 18.5 28.9 7.3 24.9 6.6 5.0 10.3 5.6 1.6 …
Grace period years 7.2 4.7 6.0 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.9 5.9 3.5 5.1 6.8 2.3 4.6 3.6 5.0 7.2 1.9 9.9 …
Grant element percent 38.4 33.4 26.7 35.4 31.5 25.6 33.6 22.1 24.9 39.9 59.7 28.9 45.3 27.5 22.3 25.6 13.3 28.1 …

a Labor force refers to persons aged 15 years and over, and includes seasonally inactive labor force. Prior to 1998, data are averages of the first and
third rounds, except for 1990 where data refer to the third round only. From 1998 onward, data refer to the average of four survey rounds.
b Data to
Prior after 1992
1993, have
item been
refers toupdated to conform
wholesale and retailwith theFor
trade. latest Thailand
1993 onward,Standard
it refersIndustrial Classification.
to wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles,
c and
Priorpersonal
to 1993, and
itemhousehold goods. insurance and real estate. For 1993 onward, it refers to financial intermediation, real estate, renting and
refers to banking,
d business activities.
e Prior to 1993, item includes ownership of dwellings. For 1993 onward, it refers to hotels and restaurants; education; health and social work; other
community, social, and personal service activities; and private households with employed persons.
f Derived from balance of payments data.
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
g Refers to narrow money from 2003 onward.
h Refers to broad money from 2003 onward.
i Includestonet
Refers claims
claims on on government,
nonfinancial local
public government,
enterprises andand public
claims on nonfinancial
business andcorporations from 2003
household sectors untilonward.
2002. From 2003 onward, includes other
j nonfinancial corporations and other resident sectors.
k Refers to loans and overdrafts.
l Actual ranges of rates are: For 1990, 10.00–12.00%
13.00–15.50%;and 1992,
1992, 6.00–6.50%.
8.00–9.00%; 1994, 8.25–10.00%; 1995, 10.25–11.00%; 1996, 8.50–9.25%; 1997,
m 10.00–11.50%;
Actual ranges ofand 2001,
rates are: 2.25–2.50%.
For 1990, 12.00–15.50%; 1994, 8.25–10.25%; 1995, 10.25–11.00%; 1996, 8.50–9.25%; 1997, 10.00–13.00%; 1999,
n 4.00–4.25%; and 2001, 2.75–3.00%.
o Includes public order and safety.
p Refers to agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
q Refers to mining, manufacturing, and construction.
r Refers to fuel and energy.
s Computed as residual.
t Includes environmental protection and recreation, culture and religion.
u Includes “Use of fund credits and loans.” The series has been adjusted to incorporate data from external debt survey for 1995–2000. From 2001, the
series includes data from the International Investment Position statistics.

Sources:

Population For 1990–1999, Official communication, 26 April 2004. National Statistical Office.
For 2000–2008, Official communication, 22 April 2009; past communication. National
Economic and Social Development Board.
Official communication, 19 May 2009; past communication; Official website
Labor Force (http://web.nso.go.th). National Statistical Office.
Official communication, 22 April 2009; past communication. National
National Accounts Economic and Social Development Board.

Production Indexes
Agriculture FAOSTAT Database Online. Food and Agriculture Organization.

Mining Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication. Bank of Thailand.

Manufacturing

Energy
Crude Petroleum Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication. Bank of Thailand.
For 1990–1993, Official communication, 20 April 1995; past communication.
Coal National
For Statistical
1994–2008, Office.
Official communication, 24 April 2009; past
communication. Bank of Thailand.
For 1990–1991, Official communication, 13 April 1993. National
Electricity Statistical
For Office.Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
1992–2008,
National Statistical Office.
Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
Retail Prices Bank of Thailand.
Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
Price Indexes Bank of Thailand.
Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
Money and Banking Bank of Thailand.

Government Finance Official communication, 25 April 2009; Ministry of Finance.

Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
External Trade Bank of Thailand.
Direction of Trade Statistics CD-ROM, May 2009.
Direction of Trade International Monetary Fund.
Official communication, 24 April 2009; past communication.
Balance of Payments Bank of Thailand.
International Financial Statistics CD-ROM, May 2009.
International Reserves International Monetary Fund.
Exchange Rates
Global Development Finance Online. World
External Indebtedness Bank.