Engr.

Jesus Rangcasajo
ECE 321 Instructor
jesusrangcasajo@gmail.com
 Electronic devices capable of amplification or
increasing the amplitude of power, current or voltage
at its output.
 Circuits designed to increase the amplitude of level of
an electronic signal.
 Used as boosters.

AMPLIFIER

input output
 Op-Amp
 is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high
input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and
low output impedance (less than 100 W)

Note:
The op-amp has two inputs and one output
 Basic Op-Amp
One of the input terminals (1) is
called an inverting input terminal
denoted by ‘-’

The other input terminal (2) is

called a non-inverting input
terminal denoted by ‘+’
 Op-Amp Gain
Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-
loop or closed-loop.

1. Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no

feedback from output back to the input. In the open-loop
configuration the gain can exceed 10,000.
2. Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to
control the gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This
feedback is a negative feedback. A negative feedback
reduces the gain
 Virtual Ground Principles
 A very important principle in Op-amps circuit analysis.

 It states that the differential input voltage is ZERO,

meaning V+ = V-.

 It seems that the two inputs are short circuited but,

actually not.

 There is even no current flow from V+ to V-.

 + −

Virtual Ground Principles

𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉+ − 𝑉−
𝑉+
0 = 𝑉+ − 𝑉− + 𝑉𝑜
−
𝑉+ = 𝑉− 𝑉−
 Op-Amps
Configuration
 Inverting Amplifier

 The signal input is applied to the inverting (–) input

 The non-inverting input (+) is grounded.
 The resistor Rf is the feedback resistor. It is connected from
the output to the negative (inverting) input. This is negative
feedback.
 𝐼𝑓

𝑉𝑎

𝐼1
By virtual ground:

𝑉+ = 𝑉− = 𝑉𝑎 =0

Finding a relation between Vo and V1, considering the op-amp is

IDEAL, so there is NO CURRENT that flows into the device and 𝐈𝟏 =
𝐈𝐟

𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝒇
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
 𝐈𝟏 = 𝐈𝐟

𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓

𝑉1 − 0 0 − 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓

𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉1
𝑅1

The negative sign denotes a 180 phase shift between input and output
Noninverting Amplifier
Unity Follower
Summing Amplifier
 Integrator

 The output is the integral of the input.

 This circuit is useful in low-pass filter circuits
Differentiator

 The differentiator takes the derivative of the input.

 This circuit is useful in high-pass filter circuits.

 Example:

What is the output voltage and Gain?

What output voltage results in the circuit above for an
input of Vi =-0.3 V?
Thank you!