1.) Define solid, liquid & gas.

 Gas - One of four main states of matter, composed of

molecules in constant random motion. Unlike a solid, a gas has no
fixed shape and will take on the shape of the space available. Unlike
a liquid, the intermolecular forces are very small; it has no fixed
volume and will expand to fill the space available.

 Solid - A solid is a state of matter characterized by

particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively
stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much
closer than the particles in a gas or liquid. The reason a solid has a
rigid shape is because the atoms or molecules are tightly connected
via chemical bonds. The bonding may produce either a regular lattice
(as seen in ice, metals, and crystals) or an amorphous shape (as seen
in glass or amorphous carbon). A solid is one of the four fundamental
states of matter, along with liquids, gases, and plasma.

 Liquid - A liquid is one of the states of matter. The

particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a
definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consists
of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds.

2.) Properties of solid, liquid, & gas.

 Properties of solid
 Metallic solids - In metallic solids, metal atoms occupy
the lattice sites. The valence electrons are free to move
throughout the whole array of atoms. Example: silver,
copper and iron

 Ionic solids - The atoms are held by strong attractions for

one another. The substance are arranged in a specific
pattern. Based on the repetitive pattern of such substances
gives information about ionic sizes. Example: sodium
chloride, calcium sulfate and sodium carbonate

 Molecular solids - The fundamental particle in this type of

solids are molecules. The molecules are bonded by strong
covalent bonds, so interaction in this type of solids are
very weak. Examples: aspirin, dry ice and sugar.

 Covalent solids - Each cell in this type of solids is

covalentely bonded to each other. The whole covalent
molecule is a giant molecule and poor conductors having
 very high melting points. For example, graphite, diamond,
quartz are covalent solids.

 Properties of liquid
 The properties of liquids are easy to observe and describe.
The attractive and repulsive force between the particles in
a liquid is comparatively less than solids. These forces
are inversely related to the distance between the
particles. In liquid particles are very close to one
another and the inter molecular attractions in a liquid are
strong enough to affect its physical properties. Liquid
particles are touchingly close to one another. Since the
strong force between liquid particles hold them together,
the volume of liquid is constant. The given number of
liquid particles will occupy a much smaller volume than the
same number of particles as others.

 At the boiling point of liquid particles the force of

attraction that holds the particles is overcome and liquid
particles start transferring to gaseous particles. But if
the stick togetherness is high, then it takes more motion
to separate the particles within the liquid, where boiling
occurs. The flow of liquid depends on the viscosity of the
liquid. For example, water flows more easily than syrup and
syrup flows more readily than honey. It is the internal
resistance based on inter molecular attraction measures the
viscosity of the liquid.

 Properties of gas
 Gases have different set of properties that is totally
different from solids and liquids. Gases do not have
definite shapes. The force of attraction between molecules
is very negligible in the case of gases as compared to
solids and liquids. The distance between the molecule is
much larger when compared to the atomic distance in solids
and liquids. Molecules of gases move in straight lines and
undergo random collisions with other molecules and occupy
the complete space available in the container unlike solids
and liquids.
 Gases have high compressibility, the volume of given mass
can be easily compressed by increasing the pressure.
  Unlike solids and liquids, gases exert pressure in all
directions. The exert pressure is equal and uniform on the
walls of the container.
 Gases possess low density, the inter molecular distance
between the molecules of gases very large and hence the
number of a gas is much lower compared to solids and
liquids.
 The space between the molecules of gases is very large
because of the inter molecular distance between the gas
molecules is large. So gases diffuse readily.

3.) Differentiate:

 Pure substance vs. Mixture

Pure substances are further broken down into elements and

compounds. Mixtures are physically combined structures that can
be separated into their original components. A chemical substance
is composed of one type of atom or molecule.

 Elements vs. Compounds

An Element is a pure chemical substance made of same type

of atom. Compounds contain different elements in a fixed ratio
arranged in a defined manner through chemical bonds.

 Homogenous vs. Heterogeneous

A Homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and

composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly
referred to as solutions. A Heterogeneous mixture consists of
visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or
states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.