Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Units of Measurement:
Unbalance
Misalignment
Bent shaft
Looseness
Eccentricity
Resonance
Anti-friction bearing
Journal bearing
Aerodynamics and hydraulic problem
Electrical problem
Gear problem
Belt-drives problem
Units of Vibration:
Units of Amplitude
Displacement: The distance a structure moves or vibrates from its reference or rest
position.
Velocity: Rate of change of displacement. It is the measure of the speed at which the
mass is vibrating during its oscillation.
Acceleration: It is the rate of change of velocity. The greater the rate of change of
velocity the greater the forces (F=ma) on the machines.
A frequency that is an integral multiple (´2, ´3, etc.) of a fundamental (´1) frequency.
Sub-harmonic. A frequency that is an integral submultiple (´1/2, ´1/3, etc.) of a
fundamental (´1) frequency.
Vibration components (on rotating machinery) that are related to shaft speed.
Sub-sychronous. Components of a vibration signal whose frequency is less than 1´ shaft
speed.
Fig. 6: Dominant frequency vs Nature of Fault
Effect of Vibration:
Data has shown that out of all failures and downtimes in any individual plant around 10-15% are because of vibration
induced fatigue. The major effects of vibration are as follows:
Vibration causes dynamic stresses (fatigue) in a piping system. If this stress is more than critical value it will
initiate a crack which will propagate slowly and end in the failure of the item in concern. The more fatigue
sensitive places are the weld point connections where the branch and header is joined together.
In addition to dynamic stresses, vibration results in wearing of surfaces in contact due to cyclical relative
motion between them. This phenomenon is known as Fretting.