Designation: E543 – 09
Standard Specification for
Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E543; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for
agencies performing nondestructive testing (NDT).
1.2 When using this specification to assess the capability of,
or to accredit NDT agencies, Guide E1359 shall be used as a
basis for the survey. It can be supplemented as necessary with
more detail in order to meet the auditor’s specific needs.
1.3 This specification can be used as a basis to evaluate
testing or inspection agencies, or both, and is intended for use
for the qualifying or accrediting, or both, of testing or
inspection agencies, public or private.
1.4 The use of SI or inch-pound units, or combination
thereof, will be the responsibility of the technical committee
whose standards are referred to in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
Contact Testing
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-
tions on Ferrous Castings
E127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum
Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
E164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Industry
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.09 on
Nondestructive Testing Agencies.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved
in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E543 - 08a. DOI: 10.1520/
E0543-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and
Tubing
E214 Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the
Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves3
E215 Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electromag-
netic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube
E243 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Copper and Copper-Alloy Tubes
E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Zone of
Welded Pipe and Tubing
E309 Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-
bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E376 Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by
Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Exami-
nation Methods
E426 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Austen-
itic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys
E427 Practice for Testing for Leaks Using the Halogen
Leak Detector(Alkali-Ion Diode)
E428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other
than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic
Testing
E431 Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semicon-
ductors and Related Devices
E432 Guide for Selection of a Leak Testing Method
E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
tion
E479 Guide for Preparation of a Leak Testing Specification
E493 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
Leak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing Mode
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Mate-
rials
E498 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
Leak Detector or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Tracer
Probe Mode
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.
 E543 – 09
E499 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
Leak Detector in the Detector Probe Mode
E515 Test Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Tech-
niques
E545 Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct
Thermal Neutron Radiographic Examination
E566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting
of Ferrous Metals
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-
tures During Controlled Stimulation
E570 Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-
netic Steel Tubular Products
E571 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tubular Products
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
E592 Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter
Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 14 to 2 in. (6 to
51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm)
Thick with Cobalt-60
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
Sensors
E664 Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenu-
ation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion
Method
E690 Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current)
Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes
E703 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting
of Nonferrous Metals
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality
Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
(IQI) Used for Radiology
E748 Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Mate-
rials
E749 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During
Continuous Welding
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
mentation
E751 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During
Resistance Spot-Welding
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
amination of Electronic Devices
E803 Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neu-
tron Radiography Beams
E908 Practice for Calibrating Gaseous Reference Leaks
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-
tic Emission Sensor Response
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
graphic Film Processing
E1001 Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Disconti-
nuities by the Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method
Using Longitudinal Waves
E1004 Test Method for Determining Electrical Conductiv-
ity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Method
2
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-
tallic Castings
E1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-
ments
E1033 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Type F-Continuously Welded (CW) Ferromag-
netic Pipe and Tubing Above the Curie Temperature
E1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fi-
berglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
E1118 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Re-
inforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
E1139 Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic
Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
E1211 Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using
Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1212 Practice for Quality Management Systems for Non-
destructive Testing Agencies
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
Industrial Radiographic Films
E1312 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Ferromagnetic Cylindrical Bar Product Above the
Curie Temperature
E1315 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel with
Convex Cylindrically Curved Entry Surfaces3
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1359 Guide for Evaluating Capabilities of Nondestructive
Testing Agencies
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
E1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1496 Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional
Measurements
E1571 Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferro-
magnetic Steel Wire Rope
E1606 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Exami-
nation of Copper Redraw Rod for Electrical Purposes
E1629 Practice for Determining the Impedance of Absolute
Eddy-Current Probes
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
(EMATs)
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic
Emission Sensors
E1816 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing Using Electromag-
netic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques
E1888/E1888M Practice for Acoustic Emission Examina-
tion of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Rein-
forced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores
E1901 Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinui-
ties by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic
Methods
E1930 Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmo-
spheric and Low-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using
Acoustic Emission
 E543 – 09
E1932 Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small
Parts
E1961 Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth
Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search
Units
E1962 Practice for Ultrasonic Surface Testing Using Elec-
tromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques
E2001 Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for
Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor
Response Using an Acrylic Rod
E2076 Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Rein-
forced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
E2096 Practice for In Situ Examination of Ferromagnetic
Heat-Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing
E2191 Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-
Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emis-
sion
E2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics
E2223 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
Steel Pressure Vessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics
E2261 Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alter-
nating Current Field Measurement Technique
E2338 Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using
Conformable Eddy-Current Sensors without Coating Ref-
erence Standards
E2373 Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
Verification
E2375 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products
2.2 Other Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
Certification in Nondestructive Testing Personnel4
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)5
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Additional definitions are contained in the
specific specification or in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 agency—the public, independent, or in-house nonde-
structive testing organization selected by the authority to
perform the examination(s) required by the purchase order or
specification.
3.2.2 authority—the owner, prime contractor, engineer, ar-
chitect, or purchasing agent in responsible charge of the work,
or duly recognized or designated representative.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The agency and the authority may be
the same in some cases.
4
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000
Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
3
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This specification is applicable where the systematic
assessment of the competence of a nondestructive testing
agency by a user or other party is desired.
4.2 It is intended that the requirements specified in this
specification apply to independent, public, or in-house agencies
to the extent required by the purchase order or specification.
This specification does not apply to in-house equipment,
methods, and examinations used for the exclusive purpose of
internal process control. It is intended that this specification
apply to all examination(s) used for the final acceptance
examination(s) if such examination(s) are required by the
purchase order or specification.
4.3 Criteria are provided for evaluating the capability of an
agency to properly perform designated examinations and
establishes essential characteristics pertaining to the organiza-
tion, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the agency.
This specification may be supplemented by more specific
criteria and requirements for particular projects.
5. Organization of the Agency
5.1 The following information concerning the organization
of the agency shall be provided by documentation:
5.1.1 A description of the organization including:
5.1.1.1 The complete legal name and address of the main
office,
5.1.1.2 The names and positions of the principal officers and
directors,
5.1.1.3 The agency’s ownership, managerial structure, and
principal members,
5.1.1.4 The functional description of the agency’s organiza-
tion structure, operational departments, and support depart-
ments and services. This may be demonstrated in the form of
charts that depict all the divisions, departments, sections and
units, and their relationships,
5.1.1.5 All relevant organizational affiliates of the agency
and the principal officers of affiliates and directors of the
affiliates where applicable,
5.1.1.6 External organizations and organizational compo-
nents and their functions that are utilized for significant
technical support services, and
5.1.1.7 A brief history of the agency including its relation-
ship with its organizational component affiliations and other
supporting information.
5.1.2 A general description of the type of users of the
agency’s services.
5.1.3 A listing of the relevant technical services offered.
5.1.4 A list giving applicable dates of the qualifications,
accreditations, and recognition of the agency by others.
6. Responsibilities and Duties
6.1 A nondestructive testing agency’s capabilities should
include, but not be limited to, one or more of the following
methods: magnetic particle, penetrant, radiographic/
fluoroscopic, ultrasonic, eddy current, and leak testing.
NOTE 1—A comparison of selected NDE Methods is provided as
Appendix X1.
6.2 It is the responsibility of the agency to ensure that:
 E543 – 09
6.2.1 It performs only examinations for which it is ad-
equately equipped and staffed.
6.2.2 Its employees perform only examinations for which
they are adequately qualified.
6.2.3 Its equipment is calibrated and personnel are certified
in accordance with applicable specifications.
6.2.4 All equipment is properly maintained.
6.2.5 It informs the authority of any discrepancy or limita-
tion imposed on the testing accuracy by such factors as surface
finish, form, shape, or procedure.
6.3 The following duties are those usually performed by the
agency:
6.3.1 To perform all examinations in accordance with speci-
fied standards or quality-control criteria, or both. (The neces-
sary documents shall be furnished by the authority, or the
agency, or both, as specified in the applicable purchase
agreements.) The agency should call to the attention of the
authority at once any irregularity or deficiency noted in the
documents.
6.3.2 To submit promptly to the authority formal reports of
all examinations that indicate compliance or noncompliance of
the material with 6.3.1. The agency should be prepared to
substantiate examination results when required.
6.4 The agency may, in accordance with an agreement with
the authority, report only compliance or noncompliance with
the applicable specifications or control documents. The author-
ity reserves the right for disposition of noncomplying material.
6.5 The authority may, at its discretion, inspect the proce-
dures, equipment, and personnel program of the agency.
7. Personnel
7.1 The agency shall document the following:
7.1.1 Written outline or chart defining operational personnel
positions and their lines of responsibility and authority.
7.1.2 Summary job description for each professional, scien-
tific, supervisory, and technical position category, documenting
the required education, training, or experience, or a combina-
tion thereof.
7.1.3 Records or resumes that document the qualifications,
work experience, and training history of each person in a
position described in 7.1.2.
7.2 The agency shall make available a description of its
means of ensuring the continued competence of its personnel to
perform NDT, including the maintenance of written records to
document the results.
8. Personnel Qualification/Certifications
8.1 Nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel shall be quali-
fied and certified in accordance with a nationally or interna-
tionally recognized NDT personnel qualifications practice or
standards such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-
410, or a similar document. The practice or standard used and
the applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual
agreement between parties.
PROCEDURE MANUAL
9. Minimum Requirements
9.1 Each agency shall have prepared a written Procedures
Manual for the type of work for which the agency is con-
4
tracted. The manual shall be prepared in accordance with the
requirements of Practice E1212. Additional requirements or
clarifications are contained in 9.2 through 9.6. The manual
shall be of sufficient detail to provide complete guidance for
their use by the agency’s personnel.
9.1.1 The agency management shall designate a person or
persons within the agency who has responsibility for maintain-
ing the agency’s quality system. This person(s) shall have
direct access to top management. This person shall conduct and
document an internal audit at least once every year to verify
that the quality system is functioning properly.
9.2 Process Control (Operational Procedures)—This sec-
tion shall contain the information necessary to control the
various activities necessary for the examination of materials.
Items covered shall include receiving and preparing material,
identification and marking, test procedures and specifications
to use, reports, and return of material.
9.3 Personnel Qualification—The requirements, procedures
for training, certification, and recertification for each level of
qualification.
9.4 Equipment Maintenance and Calibration—This section
shall contain all of the following:
9.4.1 Inventory Listing—All available equipment shall be
listed with the following information noted:
9.4.1.1 Name of the manufacturer.
9.4.1.2 Equipment model and serial number.
9.4.1.3 Characteristics subject to calibration.
9.4.1.4 Range of operation and range of calibration.
9.4.1.5 Reference to recognized standardization procedures
acceptable to the authority, if applicable.
9.4.1.6 Frequency of calibration.
9.4.1.7 Allowable tolerances or maximum sensitivity.
9.4.1.8 Source of verification.
9.4.2 Calibration—Each instrument or machine, when cali-
bration is required, shall have either a calibration sticker
affixed, or record of certification on file, containing the
following:
9.4.2.1 Instrument calibrated.
9.4.2.2 Serial number.
9.4.2.3 Calibration date.
9.4.2.4 Calibration next due.
9.4.2.5 Name of individual who performed last calibration.
If calibration is not required, a sticker, stating no calibration is
necessary shall be affixed, or a record shall be on file to this
effect.
9.4.3 The equipment shall be calibrated against currently
certified standards calibrated by accepted government or in-
dustrial agencies (or shall indicate that it is calibrated as used,
or that no calibration is necessary) at least at the following
specific intervals in accordance with a written procedure which
shall also specify who is to calibrate each equipment type:
9.4.3.1 Magnetic Particle:
(1) Timer and Ammeter—Check every 90 days, unless
subjected to electrical repair or inadvertently damaged, at
which time calibration is required prior to use.
(2) Black Lights—Maintain a minimum level of intensity,
as specified by the agency.
 E543 – 09
(3) Suspension Concentration Test—Check prior to use or
daily, whichever is less restrictive.
9.4.3.2 Penetrant:
(1) Penetrants and Emulsifiers—Check monthly for con-
tamination.
(2) Dryers—Check monthly for thermostat accuracy.
(3) Black Lights—Maintain a minimum level of intensity,
as specified by the agency.
9.4.3.3 Radiographic—Calibrate densitometers prior to
each use, utilizing calibrated film strips.
9.4.3.4 Ultrasonic—The authority shall approve the re-
quired calibration intervals.
9.4.3.5 Leak Testing:
(1) The equipment shall be calibrated at the beginning of
each shift.
(2) The standards shall be calibrated at 6-month intervals.
9.4.3.6 Eddy Current—Calibration of the system at the start
and end of each run and at the beginning of each shift (or turn)
using the reference standard (secondary) is normally required.
This or other required calibration intervals shall be approved
by the authority.
9.4.3.7 Written records of the results of the checks and
calibrations are to be maintained at a central location. The
above checks are minimum and do not relieve the responsibil-
ity of constantly checking and immediately repairing any item
which may affect test results. A history of the repairs, modifi-
cations, or substitutions shall be maintained.
9.5 Equipment Operation and Technique File:
9.5.1 Each type of equipment in use shall have a complete
manual which contains all information necessary to operate
and maintain the equipment in accordance with applicable
codes and specifications. The manual shall include the main-
tenance procedures and schedules for each type of equipment
and the calibration schedule of each type of equipment.
9.5.2 A technique file should be maintained for each type of
equipment. It should be available for the guidance of the
technician. The manual shall include:
9.5.2.1 Summary of test procedure.
9.5.2.2 Step-by-step preparation of material for examina-
tion.
9.5.2.3 Reference standard.
9.5.2.4 Control of essential variables, such as the time
required for each test step (if applicable).
5
9.5.2.5 What indications should appear at each step.
9.5.2.6 Indications and their evaluations.
9.5.2.7 Recording of test results.
9.6 Records and Documentation:
9.6.1 Records—All applicable records pertaining to 9.2
through 9.5 shall be maintained in a central file and in other
accessible files as necessary, and should be available for
examination by the authority.
9.6.2 The internal process forms or job record forms shall be
filed with the written report to the authority and become a part
of the permanent record. They should include the following
minimum information:
9.6.2.1 Order and reference numbers.
9.6.2.2 Specification.
9.6.2.3 Type of test and procedure identification.
9.6.2.4 Serial or part numbers, alloy numbers, heat and lot
numbers, as applicable.
9.6.2.5 Special instructions from the customer.
9.6.2.6 Customer’s (authority’s) name.
9.6.2.7 Results of the examination.
9.6.2.8 A notation of all known deviations from any stan-
dard test method(s) referenced and all requirements of the test
method(s) that were not performed by the agency.
9.6.3 All applicable internal reports should be signed by the
technician performing the work and by Level II or Level III
personnel. A procedure for auditing of reports by Level III
personnel must be included.
9.6.4 Personnel qualification records should be developed in
accordance with 8.1 and be available in an active file as long as
employment continues. When personnel leave the agency, the
records may be transferred to an inactive file but should not be
discarded for a period of five years or as otherwise specified.
9.6.5 Specification File—The company should maintain an
orderly file containing all codes, specifications, and amend-
ments under which it is performing work. The company does
not have to possess codes and specifications for which it has no
use.
10. Keywords
10.1 equipment calibration; laboratory evaluation; NDT
laboratories; personnel certification; quality control; quality
manual
 E543 – 09
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. EQUIPMENT FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
A1.1 General
A1.1.1 The agency responsible for nondestructive examina-
tion of material should be equipped with, or have access to, at
least the equipment listed for the applicable processes.
A1.1.2 Nondestructive testing systems can include multiple
examination stations with extensive supporting mechanisms
and controls. Others may be simply utilizing only manual
application of a basic instrument.
NOTE A1.1—Sections A1.2 through A1.8 of this specification are
intended to be educational although they do contain some mandatory
requirements. Section 2 provides a list of documents which include
specific requirements in the applicable test methods.
A1.2 Magnetic Particle Equipment
A1.2.1 Equipment for Magnetization of Parts shall be ca-
pable of inducing a flux density of sufficient intensity and
direction to perform the required examination. Either a-c or d-c
(fullwave or half-wave rectified) equipment or permanent
magnets shall be used as specified by the contract, purchase
order, or specification to produce the required magnetization.
A1.2.1.1 The part or a section of the part may be magne-
tized by induction or by passing current through the part or
section by permanent conductors, contact plates, clamps, or
prods. After proper cleaning of the part, the magnetic particles
may be applied either wet or dry.
A1.2.1.2 The magnetic field is induced in the part by the use
of any of the following:
(1) Yoke—Used to magnetize sections of parts. It is a
U-shaped iron core with a coil around the cross bar or a
U-shaped or flexible permanent magnet. The magnetic field
across the open ends is used to induce a magnetic field in the
part or section. The yoke’s fixed or movable legs are used with
the open ends in contact with the part. The yoke is normally
operated by line voltages (110 or 220 V).
(2) Coil—Used to magnetize parts or sections. It is a
current-carrying conductor formed into a coil of several turns.
The magnetic field inside the coil is used to induce a magnetic
field into the part or section.
(3) Prods—Used to magnetize sections of parts. They are
rods, normally 1⁄2 to 1 in. (12.7 to 25.4 mm) in diameter and 8
to 10 in. (203 to 254 mm) in length, made of copper with a
handle on one end. The ends of a pair of prods are placed on
the part and current passed from one prod to the other through
the part. The magnetic field is produced in the area between the
prods.
(4) Clamps—Used to magnetize sections of parts. They are
spring-loaded clamps with braided copper pads on the inside of
the jaws. The clamps are clamped onto the part and a current
is passed from one clamp to the other through a part.
(5) Pads—Used in stationary equipment to magnetize
parts. They are braided copper or lead pads placed at each end
6
of the part. Current is passed from one pad to the other through
the part. Pads are normally used with stationary equipment and
rigged so that the pads are in contact with the part under
pressure.
A1.2.1.3 The coils, prods, clamps, and pads are energized
with high-amperage low-voltage currents. Therefore, equip-
ment must be available to transform line current and, when
required, to rectify it. The equipment should contain an
ammeter to indicate the magnetizing amperage, suitable
switches, and, when required, timers to control the length of
time that the current is applied. If different amperages are
required, the equipment shall produce the maximum required
amperage with a suitable control for reducing the amperage to
the required lower levels. Cables should be of adequate but not
excessive length and large enough to carry the required
amperage.
A1.2.1.4 Magnetic particles may be applied either wet or
dry. Dry particles should be applied uniformly with a dusting
or light blowing action. Wet particles should be applied by
aerosol cans or by hosing. Provisions should be available to
ensure that the required amount of particles are in suspension
when the spray is applied and to periodically check the
concentration of the solution.
A1.2.1.5 Adequate lighting shall be available when the parts
are viewed for indications. When fluorescent dyed particles are
used, ultraviolet light (3200 to 3800 Å (320 to 380 nm)) must
be available. Adequate white light must be available when
viewing visible dyed particles and should be available for use,
as needed, when viewing fluorescent dyed particles.
A1.2.2 Equipment for Demagnetization should be capable
of demagnetizing all part configurations, to the minimum
residual field specified in the specification or purchase docu-
ment, regardless of size and configuration. Demagnetization is
normally accomplished by stepping down a-c or d-c voltage
while the direction of the d-c is changed between each step, or
by withdrawing the part from an a-c field. Demagnetization can
be accomplished by induced fields or by passing a current
through the part. Induced fields using coils are generally the
most effective method. Facilities should include a coil, cables
(when required) and equipment to produce adequate voltages
and amperages, reversing and stepdown switches, and a meter
to indicate residual external magnetic fields.
NOTE A1.2—See Guide E709, Reference Photographs E125, Terminol-
ogy E1316, and Practice E1444 for other requirements for magnetic
particle inspection.
A1.3 X- and Gamma-ray Radiographic Equipment
A1.3.1 Radiation Source—The radiation source shall be
capable of producing sufficient energy and intensity to examine
materials in accordance with required specifications. Either
X-rays or gamma rays may be used unless otherwise specified
by the contract, specification, or purchase order.
 E543 – 09
A1.3.1.1 X-ray equipment should contain voltage and am-
perage controls (when applicable) and meters, a timer to time
the length of the exposure, or other approved controls, and
provisions for positioning the tube head and the part being
X-rayed (when applicable). The voltage and amperage range of
the equipment must be adequate to penetrate the thickness of
the material to be evaluated and produce acceptable film
densities.
A1.3.1.2 Gamma rays are produced by radioactive materi-
als, such as cobalt-60 and iridium-192. Different isotopes emit
gamma rays in a specific energy range. The isotope (size,
energy level, and strength) should be selected in view of the
application (material, thickness, required image quality indica-
tor, sensitivity) and a reasonable exposure time.
A1.3.2 Safety and Monitoring Equipment consistent with
good practice and current regulations should be available and
normally includes safety switches, survey meters, film badges,
dosimeters, signs, ropes, lead-lined room, and so forth, as
applicable. Also, lead sheet, shot, or leaded rubber should be
available to control or reduce scattered radiation.
A1.3.3 Radiographic Quality Level and Identification
Equipment. Image Quality Indicators (IQI’s) are used to
evaluate the sensitivity of both setup and processing tech-
niques. They must be made from material that is radiographi-
cally similar to, and that represents the specified percentage
thickness of the material to be evaluated. The IQI’s must be
clean and properly identified. Blocks shall be available on
which the IQI can be placed during the exposure, if required.
The thickness of the blocks should be approximately equal to
the thickness of the sections being radiographed and radio-
graphically similar. When exposing nonhomogeneous speci-
mens such as electronic components or other complex struc-
tured devices, IQI’s shall be selected to produce similar image
densities to that of the area of interest of the device being
radiographed. Lead numbers and letters of adequate size and
thickness should be available for film identification purposes.
There should be a sufficient number of each letter and number
to put all required identification on the film. However, alter-
native methods of permanent film identification are permitted.
Examples are light box exposures and permanent white ink.
A1.3.4 Imaging Systems—The imaging system, that is, film,
fluoroscope, and so forth, shall be capable of recording or
displaying an image to the sensitivity and contrast required by
the applicable specification, purchase order, or contract. Film,
or paper if permitted, should be stored in a cool, dry place that
is completely protected from direct or scattered radiation
(background radiation excluded). Various types of intensifying
screens are used in industrial applications, with the most
common being lead compound (or lead oxide) and fluorescent.
When intensifying screens are employed, they should be clean
and free of scratches, wrinkles, surface contamination, and any
other conditions that may interfere with the production of a
quality radiograph.
A1.3.5 Processing and Viewing Equipment—Processing
equipment, such as darkroom facilities, densitometers, and so
forth, shall be adequate to ensure that the quality intent of the
applicable specifications is maintained.
7
A1.3.5.1 A darkroom or other suitable facility must be
available to handle film when loading exposure holders, cutting
preloaded strip film, and when removing the film from the
holder for processing. The darkroom should be equipped with
both safe and white lights and a work area to handle the film.
A1.3.5.2 When hand-processing equipment is used, facili-
ties must be available to process the film, in developer solution,
stop bath or fresh water rinse, in fixer, and in a final fresh water
rinse (preferably not the rinse used between develop and fix),
and should include the use of a film dryer and a timer with an
alarm. A time/temperature relationship for film processing
must be maintained.
A1.3.5.3 When automatic processing equipment is used, it
must be clean and time/temperature relationships and replen-
ishment rates must be maintained.
A1.3.5.4 Facilities for viewing the radiograph and for mea-
suring photographic or optical density must be available. The
viewing equipment should include both high- and normal-
intensity lights or separate viewers. A light transmission-type
densitometer should be available to measure film density. A
reflection-type densitometer should be available to measure the
density of X-ray paper.
A1.3.6 Reference Standards—Reference standards must be
in accordance with authority-furnished standards or specifica-
tions, or both, and when possible, should be established by the
use of the applicable set of ASTM reference radiographs.
NOTE A1.3—See Guides E94, E431, and E592, Practices E747, E801,
E1025, and E1742, Test Methods E746, E1030, and E1032, and Termi-
nology E1316 for additional information concerning radiographic exami-
nation, and Guides E999 and E1254 for information on film processing
and storage.
A1.4 Neutron Radiographic Equipment
A1.4.1 Neutron Beam— The neutron beam shall consist
mainly of collimated thermal neutrons, free of excessive
scattered neutrons and, for the direct exposure method as
defined in Practices E748, free of excessive gamma radiation.
The degree of collimation, (L/D ratio) and neutron to gamma
ratio shall be sufficient to provide clear images of objects in the
area of interest. Other standards or Method E545, or combina-
tions thereof, should be used as appropriate to verify sensitivity
and beam quality.
A1.4.1.1 The neutron source shall provide adequate neutron
flux to produce the specified radiographic quality in a timely
exposure. The source aperture or other method of collimation
must be well defined to provide the image sharpness required.
Method E803 can be used to make an analytical evaluation of
the effective L/D ratio. The neutron source may be a reactor,
accelerator, or radioisotope provided the requirements of the
specification can be met.
A1.4.2 Safety and Monitoring Equipment, consistent with
good practice and current regulations should be available and
normally includes area monitors, safety switches, survey
meters, film badges, dosimeters, signs, personnel barriers,
adequate gamma and neutron shielding, etc., as appropriate to
ensure the safety of operating and visiting personnel.
A1.4.3 Imaging System—Normally, only single-emulsion
film is used for direct neutron exposures. Other films that meet
the requirements of the specification may be used. The film
 E543 – 09
should be stored in a cool, dry place free of stray radiation.
Conversion screens should be maintained in a clean condition.
Vacuum cassettes are usually used to obtain uniform pressure
contact between the film and conversion screen. Finished films
should be free of lint images and excessive film or foil flaws in
areas of interest with no scratches or mottling. A dust-free
atmosphere, such as a filtered laminar flow work bench, is
recommended for loading film into the cassette.
A1.4.4 Processing and Viewing—Processing equipment,
such as darkroom facilities, densitometers, etc., shall be
adequate to ensure that the quality intent of the applicable
specifications is maintained.
A1.4.4.1 A darkroom or other suitable facility must be
available to process film. The darkroom should be equipped
with both safe and white lights and a work area to handle the
film.
A1.4.4.2 When automatic processing equipment is used, the
time/temperature relationships and replenishment rates must be
maintained. When hand-processing equipment is used, facili-
ties must be available to process the film.
A1.4.4.3 Facilities for viewing the radiograph and for a
light-transmission densitometer for measuring optical density
should be available.
A1.5 Liquid Penetrant Equipment
A1.5.1 Liquid penetrant inspection equipment consists of
the necessary apparatus to apply the penetrant, wash the
surface of the part, dry the part, and apply a developer, and a
properly lighted area in which the part can be inspected. There
are two basic liquid penetrant methods and three types of
penetrant systems. Each system requires slightly different
facilities and apparatus for proper processing of parts. The two
liquid penetrant methods are fluorescent and visible. The three
types of penetrant systems are water washable, post-emulsified,
and solvent removable (see Test Method E165).
A1.5.2 Equipment generally consists of either immersion
dip tanks or spray apparatus (spray guns, aerosol cans, etc.) or
brushing arranged in a logical order to allow for smooth flow
of parts when the applicable sequence of operations (penetrant
application, dwell, penetrant removal, drying, developing,
examination) are followed as specified in Test Method E165 or
other contract documents.
A1.5.3 Adequate lighting shall be available when the parts
are viewed for indications. When fluorescent dyed particles are
used, ultraviolet light (3200 to 3800 Å (320 to 380 nm)) must
be available. Adequate white light must be available when
viewing visible dyed particles and should be available for use,
as needed, when viewing fluorescent dyed particles.
NOTE A1.4—See Test Method E165, Terminology E1316, Reference
Photographs E433, and Practice E1417 for additional information con-
cerning liquid penetrant inspection.
A1.6 Ultrasonic Equipment
A1.6.1 Ultrasonic Instrumentation—The ultrasonic instru-
mentation shall be capable of generating and detecting pulsed
ultrasonic energy over an adequate frequency and power range
to ensure proper examination in accordance with the applicable
governing specification. The instrumentation and accessories
8
should include, when applicable, ultrasonic unit, search unit,
tank, bridge, recorder, couplant, and reference blocks.
A1.6.1.1 Ultrasonic Unit— This unit should include a
pulser circuit, receiver circuit, CRT display or acceptable
equivalent signal display.
A1.6.1.2 Search Unit— The cable, search unit, and search
tube (when immersion scanning is required).
A1.6.1.3 The ultrasonic unit and search unit as a system
should meet the performance requirements of the authority as
determined by Practice E317.
A1.6.1.4 When immersion testing is required, a tank or
bubbler system is necessary to furnish a water path between the
search unit and the part. The tank should be equipped with a
bridge and a manipulating system to hold the search unit. The
bridge should be of sufficient strength to provide rigid support
for the manipulator.
A1.6.2 Reference Standards:
A1.6.2.1 When reference blocks using flat-bottom holes are
required, the holes should be processed and monitored in
accordance with the requirements of Practices E428 or E127.
A1.6.2.2 When contoured surfaces are to be examined,
reference standards conforming to the general geometry of the
part or section should be used.
A1.6.2.3 Reference standards must be in accordance with
authority-furnished standards or specifications, or both, and
when possible, should be established by the use of the
applicable ASTM standard.
NOTE A1.5—See Practices E213, E273, E127, E114, E164, E214,
E317, E428, E587, E664, E797, E1001, E1315, E1774, E1816, E1901,
E1961, E1962, E2001, E2192, E2223, E2373, E2375, and Terminology
E1316 for additional information concerning ultrasonic testing.
A1.7 Leak Testing
A1.7.1 Equipment:
A1.7.1.1 Helium leak testing requires a mass spectrometer
that is peaked for helium and that has a sensitivity of at least
one decade less than the minimum leakage rate being tested.
Pressure chambers capable of withstanding positive and
vacuum pressures may be required for some methods.
A1.7.1.2 Radioisotope leak testing requires a tracer gas
pressurization system that has been approved and licensed by
the appropriate state or federal agencies, or both. Also scintil-
lation crystal detectors and Geiger Mueller counters are re-
quired which are capable of detecting emissions of the tracer
being used.
A1.7.1.3 Halogen leak testing requires a standard probe-
type halogen leak detector.
A1.7.1.4 Bubble leak testing requires baths of the appropri-
ate size that are capable of heating the detector fluid to the
specified temperature. Also, pressure vessels may be necessary
for pressurization of the test specimens prior to immersion in
the detector fluid.
A1.7.2 Reference Standards:
A1.7.2.1 The helium leak standard shall have a leak rate at
least as small as the limit being tested.
A1.7.2.2 The Krypton 85 standard shall be encapsulated in
the same type glass, wall thickness, and geometrical shape as
the sample vials used to determine specific activity.
 E543 – 09
NOTE A1.6—See Practice E427, Guide E432, Test Methods E493,
E498, E499, and E515.
A1.7.2.3 The halogen standard, with the response correction
factor, shall be so contoured that the maximum leak will read
on the upper 9⁄10 of the scale.
A1.8 Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Equipment
A1.8.1 Electronic Apparatus—The electronic apparatus
shall be capable of energizing the test coils or probes with
alternating currents of suitable frequencies and power levels
and shall be capable of sensing the changes in the electromag-
netic response of the sensors. Equipment may include a
detector, phase discriminator, filter circuits, modulation cir-
cuits, magnetic-saturation devices, display (recorder, scope or
meter, or both) and signaling devices as required by a particular
application.
A1.8.2 Test Coils— Test coils may be of the encircling or
probe-coil type and shall be capable of inducing an electro-
magnetic field in the test specimen and standard and sensing
changes in the electric and magnetic characteristics of the
specimen.
A1.8.3 Standards:
A1.8.3.1 Sorting Standards—In sorting, known reference
standard(s) are required.
A1.8.3.2 Coating Thickness Measurements Standards—
Calibration standards of uniform thickness are available in
either of two types: foil or coated substrate.
A1.8.3.3 Conductivity Standards:
(1) Primary Standards—Those standards which have a
value assigned through direct comparison with a standard
calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards or have been
calibrated by an agency which has access to such standards or
have been calibrated using equipment/methods which are
traceable to NIST such as d-c resistance measurement tech-
niques. The primary standards are usually kept in a laboratory
environment and are used only to calibrate secondary stan-
dards.
(2) Secondary Standards—Those standards supplied with
the instrumentation or standards constructed by the user for a
specific test. These standards are used to calibrate the instru-
mentation during most examination of materials.
A1.8.3.4 Discontinuity Standards:
(1) The standard used to adjust the sensitivity of the
apparatus shall be free of interfering discontinuities and shall
be of the same nominal alloy, heat treatment, and dimensions
as the products to be examined. It shall be of sufficient length
to permit the spacing of artificial discontinuities to provide
good signal resolution and be mechanically stable while in the
examining position in the apparatus. Artificial discontinuities
placed in the product to be examined shall be one or more of
the following types:
(a) Notches—Notches may be produced by Electric Dis-
charge Machining (EDM), milling, or other means. Longitudi-
9
nal or transverse notches, or both, may be used. Orientation,
dimensions, configuration, and position of the notches affect
the response of the eddy-current system.
(b) Holes—Drilled holes may be used. Care should be taken
during drilling to avoid distortion of the piece and hole.
NOTE A1.7—See Practices E215, E243, E309, E376, E426, E566,
E571, E690, E703, E1004, E1033, E1312, E1606, E1629, E2096, E2261,
and E2338 for additional information concerning electromagnetic (eddy-
current) examination.
A1.9 Acoustic Emission Equipment
A1.9.1 Acoustic Emission Instrumentation—The acoustic
emission (AE) instrumentation shall be capable of detection of
stress waves (acoustic emission) over an adequate frequency
range and propagation distance to ensure a proper examination
in accordance with the applicable governing specification. The
instrumentation should include, when applicable, sensors, pre-
amplifiers, filters, and a processing unit.
A1.9.1.1 Sensors—Sensors transform particle motion into
electrical signals that can be processed by the instrumentation.
Acoustic emission sensors are typically piezoelectric devices,
but other types, for example, fiber optic or laser based, may
also be used.
A1.9.1.2 Pre-Amplifiers—Pre-amplifiers are typically used
between the sensors and the processing unit. Pre-amplifiers
boost the AE signal from the sensor and provide the electronic
drive necessary to assure signal integrity (through long cable
distances) to the processing unit.
A1.9.1.3 Filters—Both analog and digital filtering can be
used to eliminate noise and undesirable acoustic activity (for
example, low-frequency machine vibrations), outside of the AE
analysis frequency range. Filters can be used in both pre-
amplifiers and the processing unit.
A1.9.1.4 Processing Unit—The processing unit includes 1
or more AE processing channels, each typically consisting of:
a filter, amplifier, data acquisition circuitry, AE signal or
feature processing, a user interface (for example, a keyboard or
keypad input and display) and data storage or results output
capability (for example, pass-fail indicator, bar graph, alpha-
numeric readout). The processing unit must be capable of
acquiring data and performing data analysis functions per the
examination specifications.
A1.9.2 Reference Standards
A1.9.2.1 Because of the large variability of acoustic emis-
sion sources, due in part to material and loading, reference
standards for acoustic emission examination should be specific.
Material, geometry and loading conditions should be carefully
controlled to provide reference signals for data analysis.
NOTE A1.8—See Practices E569, E650, E749, E750, E751, E976,
E1067, E1118, E1139, E1211, E1419, E1781, E1888/E1888M, E1930,
E1932, E2075, E2076, E2191, and E2374 for additional information
concerning acoustic emission examination.
 E543 – 09

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Comparison of Selected NDE Methods

Typical
Properties Sensed Representative Selected ASTM
Method Discontinuities Advantages Limitations
or Measured Applications Standards
Detected
X and gamma Changes in density Voids, porosity, Castings, weldments, E94 E431 E592 Detects internal Relative insensitivity to
radiography from voids, inclusions, inclusions, cracks, assemblies, explosives, E746 E747 E801 discontinuities; useful thin or laminar flaws
material variations, corrosion. detection of corrosion/ E999 E1030 on a wide variety of such as fatigue cracks or
placement of internal material loss, location/ E1032 E1316 materials; portable; delaminations which are
parts. dimension of internal E1742 permanent record. perpendicular to the
structures. radiation beam.

Neutron Compositional Presence, absence, Ordnance, Castings, E545 E748 E803 Good penetration of Relatively unportable.
radiography inhomogeneities or mislocation of O-Rings E1496 most structural metals; Thick sections of
components or high sensitivity to hydrogen-containing
variations of suitable favorable materials; materials; limited facilities
composition permanent record. High
spatial resolution

Liquid penetrant Surface openings. Cracks, porosity, laps, Castings, forgings, E165 E433 E1316 Inexpensive; easy to Discontinuity must be
examination and seams. weldments, metallic and E1417 apply; portable. open to an accessible
nonmetallic components. surface; false indications
often occur.

Eddy current Changes in electrical Cracks, seams, laps, Bars, rods, wire, tubing, E215 E243 E309 Moderate cost; readily Conductive materials
examination and magnetic voids, and variations local regions of sheet E376 E426 E566 automated; portable; only; shallow penetration;
properties caused by in alloy composition metal, alloy sorting, and E571 E690 E703 permanent record if geometry sensitive;
surface and near- and heat treatment. thickness gaging. E1004 E1316 needed. reference standards
surface discontinuities. E1606 E1629 often necessary.
E2261 E2338

Microwave Anomalies in complex In dielectrics: Glass-fiber-resin Non contacting; readily No penetration of metals;
examination dielectric coefficient disbonds voids, and structures; plastics; automated; rapid comparatively poor
surface anomalies in cracks; in metal ceramics; moisture examination. definition of flaws.
conductive materials. surfaces: surface content; thickness
cracks. measurement.

Magnetic particle Leakage in magnetic Surface or near- Ferromagnetic products E125 E709 E1316 Stable; inexpensive Ferromagnetic materials
examination field flux caused by surface cracks, laps, such as weldments, E1444 only; surface preparation
surface or near-surface voids, and nonmetallic castings, forgings, and may be required; false
discontinuities. inclusions. extrusions, and other indications often occur.
basic steel products.

Magnetic flux Leakage in magnetic Surface or near- Ferromagnetic products E570 E1571 Sensitivity to typical Ferromagnetic materials
leakage field flux caused by surface cracks, laps, such as weldments, discontinuities; readily only; proper
examination surface or near-surface voids, and nonmetallic castings, forgings, and automated; moderate magnetization of part
discontinuities. inclusions. extrusions, and other depth penetration; sometimes difficult when
basic steel products. permanent record, if parts do not have
needed. uniform cross section.

Ultrasonic Changes in acoustic Cracks, voids, Weldments, plates, tubes, E114 E127 E164 Excellent penetration; Requires acoustic
examination impedance. porosity, lamination, castings, forgings, E213 E214 E273 readily automated; coupling to surface;
delaminations, and extrusions; thickness E317 E428 E494 good sensitivity and reference standard
inclusions. gaging. E587 E664 E797 resolution; requires usually required; highly
E1001 E1315 access to only one dependent upon operator
E1316 E1774 side; permanent record, skill; relative insensitivity
E1816 E1901 if needed. to laminar flaws which
E1961 E1962 are parallel to the sound
E2001 E2192 beam.
E2223 E2373
E2375
Sonic examination Changes in acoustic Disbonds, Laminated structures; Simple to implement; Geometry sensitive; poor
impedance. delaminations, cracks, honeycomb; small parts. readily automated; definition.
or voids. portable.

10
 E543 – 09

TABLE Continued
Typical
Properties Sensed Representative Selected ASTM
Method Discontinuities Advantages Limitations
or Measured Applications Standards
Detected
Ultrasonic Same as ultrasonic Used primarily for Examination of a limited Produces a viewable Cost; limited to small
holography examination. evaluation of region of the structure in image of discontinuities. regions of the structure;
discontinuities each image. poor definition compared
detected by other to radiography.
methods.

Infrared testing Surface temperature; Voids or disbonds in Laminated structures; Produces a viewable Cost; difficult to control
anomalies in thermal nonmetallics; location honeycomb; electric and thermal map. surface emissivity; poor
conductivity or surface of hot or cold spots in electronic circuits; definition.
emissivity, or both. thermally active insulated structures;
assemblies. refractory lined structures
and machinery.

Strain gauges Mechanical strains. Not used for detection Stress-strain analysis of Low cost; reliable. Insensitive to preexisting
of discontinuities. most materials. strains; small area
coverage; requires
bonding to surface.

Brittle coatings Mechanical strains. Not commonly used Stress-strain analysis of Low cost; produces Insensitive to preexisting
for detection of most materials. large area map of strain strains.
discontinuities. field.

Optical holography Mechanical strains. Disbonds; Honeycomb; composite Extremely sensitive, Cost; complexity;
delaminations; plastic structures; tires; precision produces map of strain requires considerable
deformation. parts such as bearing field; permanent record skill.
elements. if needed.

Leak detection Pressure changes, Leaks in closed Vacuum systems; gas E427 E432 E479 Good sensitivity; wide Requires internal and
bubbles, acoustic hiss, systems. and liquid storage E493 E498 E499 range of external access to
or the passage of a vessels; piping. E515 E908 E1316 instrumentation system; contaminants
tracer fluid through a available. may interfere; can be
pressure boundary. costly.

Acoustic emission Stress wave energy Cracks, structural Crack detection and E569 E650 E749 100% volumetric Structure must be
generated by growing anomalies, leaks, also location during proof E750 E751 examination in real loaded, sensors must be
flaws, areas of high delamination, fiber testing, crack time, complicated in contact with structure.
stress, leaks. fracture and matrix propagation, composite, geometries, very high
failure in composite structures, metal sensitivity, permanent
materials. structures, rotating record, accurate flaw
equipment. location.

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11