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AP Chemistry - F block
The objective of the experiment was to understand and be able to identify all the types of bonds
by conducting different experiments. The experiments conducted to understand their bonds were
– solubility, conductivity, melting point, pH level, polarity. The substances given were B, R, P, I.
We heated the substances in an aluminum foil. Tried dissolving them in distilled water, hexane
The real-world significance, Iodine is used to cure people exposed to radiation by reducing the
harmful accumulation of radioactive substances in the thyroid. Iodine is also used for treatment of
a number of different eye conditions. It also naturally protects against UVB radiation.
RESULTS
Solubility: Use a spatula to take the unknown substance from the container and put into the well
plate. Then add enough distilled water so that the substance can dissolve into it. Use a glass
stirring rod to stir the solution. The substance is also tested the same way in ethanol and hexane.
and I dissolved in Hexane, showing Non-polarity. Substance R is most likely metallic as it did
Table 1: Solubility of unknown substances (BRPI) in Distilled water, Hexane and Ethanol.
solution.
solution.
Conductivity: The substance that dissolved in water were then tested for conductivity. A
conductivity probe connected to the TI-nspire was used to get values in (ms/cm). Then recorded
the result.
Substance R 3577
pH Test1: The substances that dissolved in water were then tested for pH level. Use the litmus
paper and put one end into the solution and check for color change.
Observations: As substance R changes the color to green, it shows us that it is an alkali.
dissolve in water.
Substance R Green
Melting Point: Use the ring stand as a base on which a candle is placed. Use an aluminum foil to
make a small cup shape container. Place substance into the cup by using a spatula. Then use a
Substance B Low 12
Substance I Low 14
Magnetism: Bring a magnet near the substance to check for magnetic properties.
Observations: This test was conducted to make sure that substance P was a metal.
Table 5: Magnetism of Unknown Substances.
P Paramagnetic
I No magnetic properties
B – Iodine
R – Sodium Bicarbonate
P – Iron
I - Wax
DISCUSSION
Error Analysis
In any experiment conducted, there is always human errors. In the experiment, we conducted
there were a few errors that could not be solved completely. Example, while checking the
conductivity of the solution, the result value kept fluctuating making it difficult to determine a
constant value. To solve this, we should either take many values and find an average or get a
third person to double check the value. Additionally, the melting point experiment had a few
errors. If we had used a Bunsen burner instead of a candle, the heating process would have been
more efficient and we could reach higher temperatures as compared to using a candle. In the
same experiment, the time taken for the substance to melt was not accurate.
Expected Results
Substance B: Iodine. The substance gave a purple flame when it was heated. It was a purple solid
Substance R: Sodium Bicarbonate. The substance turned the litmus paper green showing pH >8.
Substance P: Iron. It is magnetic and has a very high MP and is dark black/grey color.
Substance I: Wax. Low melting point and Buoyancy in water. Odorless. Non-Polar.
Looking at the results we can say that the purpose of the experiment was accomplished. The
experiments- solubility, polarity, melting point and conductivity determined the unknown
substances. The result was compared and matched the actual values.
Real World Significance: Iodine is used to cure people exposed to radiation by reducing the
harmful accumulation of radioactive substances in the thyroid. Iodine is also used for treatment
of a number of different eye conditions. It also naturally protects against UVB radiation.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Melting point for Ionic compound are higher than polar covalent compound in insoluble
compounds.
2. Some of the solids when immersed into water were soluble while the others are
while wax and iron were insoluble. Those which conduct electricity in water were the
they were soluble and had a high melting point than they would have been a metallic bond,
If not they were non-polar covalent, On the other hand, if they were insoluble and had a
high melting point then they were ionic bonds, if not they were polar covalent.
4. Not all ionic compounds will dissolve in water as they contain high polarizing ions, they
5. Distilled water, is a pure substance and has no concentration of any other element, which
6. Most metal oxides will form basic solutions with a Ph greater than 7. No, nonmetal oxides
7. Wax is an organic compound that has no charge on the molecules, Sugar is organic as well
but consist of as well some charged molecules and that’s why it doesn’t dissolve in water.
MLA Citation
Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM. “12 Uses For Iodine (And Other Useful Tips,
Research & Resources).” Dr. Group's Healthy Living Articles, Global Healing Center, Inc, 21 Apr.
2016, www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/uses-for-iodine/.