The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful(© 70 by te Bard of Trae oth Uninet of ts Manse athe Unite Sr of ror Lira of Congo Calg CaN 89005 OBTE @ ee Fre Gp Rhemsbee, 2006 305-SL 225 j Ceeoasanpect fs the Unery of ns, ty Gendt Calg ‘Cmts fr Avan Stay, Heaeeeh Don at ery Dept ‘Sie te aah othe by pvt le nw, nel, 30546 27 64 110 139 154 179 203 Contents Introduction Elitsm and Democracy in Classical Athens ‘The Avistocracy of the Roman Republic (Charity and the Defense of Urban Elites in the Taalian Communes Politics and Comimanty i Eltsabethan London ‘An East European Elite tn the Eighteenth Contury: ‘The Rumanian Uniate Hierarchy Bureaucracy and Patronage: The View from an Elghteonth-Century Russian Letter Writer Elites in Confit in Tsarist Rusia: The Brionsk Company yous r. MCKAY ‘The Suroteal ofthe Victorian AvstocracyStyle and Status: High Society in Late Nineteenth-Century New York rneventc corte yanen tor may vary fom oly to ity and, where sveral groups contest ender- hip, within the same ety. Urban pacilates dat mafntaln hogemeny over ‘slong period nontalze the challenge of new men by elther coaption et tlfective exclusion. Longevity erates a stable, omogencous elite struc te, Rapid socal change, esteniveinttational and tedheloglal Inno. vatlon, lrgetnfosioos of new blood, and spectacular economic growth, ‘on the ether hand, make i diel for these groups to perpetuate them ‘cle through family fie and tis and patican socal and politcal orguniations, 'osrevolatonary patrcats in Philadelphia, Boston, end Now York Initally developed sindar ife patems. A residue of the clonal elite ‘combined with new men emerging fom the polileal and ecoacmio di ‘upton of th 1770 end 1780 tll dhe gap Llt by the departed Toes Formerly grt provinll ports, thse atic developed into aor nations ‘commercial enters, Social prominence in Bost, Philadelphia, and New ‘York derived from wealth end power accumulated in forlga tad, Banke fing veal estat, lw, and poles, By the fst decade of the lnoteenth ‘contury an eaclve of eminent politicians and businessmen associated with ri gu oct ad profeenal groupe cone hit Boat cha te Botenend Pulodhs the menbee ‘eve tereantte-Federalist elites founded dynasties. Ther deccendants opti inhsted stats by dotting subsoqt int Em ‘nd cultural enterpiss in thee loabites, To thls day, Boston Brab> yh nha the Arc Pll Sony fr 4307 eat at ead see tate met ES tet eg ld ‘Gist fare sch ence Ft SS a os sin pd Yinelphn gene inns enti od Yl ae erg ens sme {hE cane epi as CASEIN pity ete tl ee iy ef Caan eC iP eee tn Het arn se Fp of Fale SII mast Ewa Ae re Soc nl i mel nade of es Re ang noon, esl ng ed stems SSG SURE en een “itsinsupaee dopo ped pee Rew ePes docael a ie way ea wr do scl TASES Rt Stl iat as SRSRE Sot a Moe el ache ‘ee Win de Mas See oa fe wma ae wa hades Sha ie SESS Tp poms gest he tet tes Siena cay ape ts ae Soden pce et Noe esas parece Ath ee ih Erected Eee pe Ae cee See Sh aa gs Ergal c ntat sn foetal a wor aes Eset lene ae dom aly se nh ch, Ehud icon nna pep ttf eonng ‘Sheth et ipsa Sn ohn aut dra Nor Yt aso mabe rig. ri peed Ee ‘Seppe sper lb lynn Soraya ty yey len Saya pac! ites, on io cnet on ta i Mee ie De Pi Sakae aaa rome oe a ee Seng nb hy tah Capi ry ade en Bienes 2 cyaloearetiviatcrrat gota ine Gavi, Fane optic ef Moses» wa tet = Prada ansll Matn Th Pang ft Sues ant.260 The Bich, the Well Bom, and the Powerful This study foenss on one eaclive, tho "beautiful people” of late inoteethcntury New Yack. This ote sought to etal Meade by determining sca site snd prsige in fadcoabte New Vox we sfrtope ofthe aac ort were tel othe oonieon that tus derived frum repute, ic fiom a wellpublcaed role and Image that served to integrate the group and to cra and lap fallowers. Wile th technique, forthe Four Hun were conniosy dasgned by socal sien el society leaders to acum this pores, tht values were les alan snows: Notas of piety, propre ad sot legucly reece the ‘onfuing td outing ocr famous tppercia Neat Tat ‘he conditions tht made tamothe century New York vost ele lyated or infrous (depending spon the srr) Dogar tea clon tn the 84, wher Php Hone and Gaoge Tenpcon Saat, a, Hey Callas Brown, i the Caen el Alms, "rn a Fei ot Foe (Men ek sap aie, 6 had Daly Be fT Hor comput ny af Hat a Now Yar Gay tics oe Pa. ?Miatcoth Canny Hien Basta and New Yak” Youral Sead Hien Bal Tekan ed The Diy of 7 ‘ Te Me en wa Na tte A PEO AB at at Eso arto sacly, Ren Ye snp les ance). Go Ny ‘ir fot Saban Su fa eh eae corte yauen abt splendid dances, parce, and sumptuous diamers at which ok fanatics amined with wealthy newcomers* The poroussea of high sucky, cone sequence of the rupid turnover offs persoanel, we lavish expenditure predigured tho next generation of fasilmabe New York ‘elatvely stable eter along the eastern seaboard, in Chaseson, Phitadelphis, and Boston, did not recelve tis ype of ern fom di ‘grnfled’ gontiomen. Patsican Philadelphia's Katrin, Nathaniel Burt, ‘tes only one antebellum aristocrat hort to the eye upper class Ts xii, Sidaey Fisher, found Faladelphia society dell, vlan, and unde ‘mined by upstart wh crowded got old face Despite this condemn io, eft that “the diference between the best Plaladciphis nnd New York society” lay intho "unpretending, degsnt, cordial and en” ways of old Philadelphia, Fisher atebuted the atmomphee tothe eearclly of “tras {who} have not hold some pation for several generations, wich lreumstance had protuced an ait of refinement, dignity and simply of manner wanling it New Tork and also «great degree of tatinacy eming {he diffrent fails who compose our socity asthe fathers al grand, fathers knw eachother. “The suse of group docline expressed by suine New Yorkers as ely 55 the 180s awaited, in Boson, tbe late noteenth-contry nostalgia of haces Francis Adams, Jr, James Hosell Lowell, and Charles io Now ton, the inay of Henry and Brooke Ads, nad the extalysmnie frei ‘ofthe Adamaes, Norton, Barnett Wendl John Torey Mor, and Wilia ‘Sturgis Bigelow.* At tis tne the Brabmins were teatened by the sane ‘ype of elie that New Yor’ Inickerbacker ud mercantile cites began {oreeperonce two generations caer, Despite nouveau riche intruders, mid-niacteenth-century New York saciety retuned a tesidue of tadion, graciousness, and todety. O10 atch and English families somained socially prominent, Fomor hostos, as, Mrs. James D. Roosevelt, Ms. Hamilton ish, Mew, Honey Brevon, fad Mrs, Willa Schermerora, were liked by marrage and bint (6 ‘ld fames, Compared to he frenetic dxzae of the postivil War smart oe, sorely showed restraint in the frequency, splendor, atl ont of It fae! Recoling from tho exceses ofthe Four Hundred, cmmmenttors of Smickerbocker descent, Edith Wharton, May King Van Remoelecy, aad xh Tuba, Hane Digg ok Sy, Mellin, See, ness on vs Cech ihe a aap of "ha wrlage on i Pell Pata pte ag mad Fiber to oS ote Naan of pinion and dein sx Jor, Age, agicaig aed Doubts and Dinter Catal Thought fe arcs, aoe Ae {Boe a 96s.282 The Rl, the Well Born and the Poser ‘iam Ingetham Kip, celabatod th antebellom sonal extabihment at ‘a comparative model of polite dxportment an patreian stably. Perhapt ‘hel View seas somewhat distorted by the perpeetive of their avn die placement or by mellowed childhood memorien, After World War, when Newport and Fifth Avenuo gave way to tho performers, athlete, Jeb: antes, and intomatonaladventrers of eal apsnty, weniger of Ns. As tor ciel, once considered valgatitelopes, macy complained about vanishing vediton, refinement, and established soil rane Fonner exrpeter Tsao Browa‘s appearance asthe Sst of 2 sve of lasers of New Yor society alos tho walghtert evidence of the advent ofthe aries, He was followed by Wand MaAlister,« suave cexcookiseper, and lary Lehr, a ponurious Belmore fop. Duving the Syor dhe exrafteman from opper Now York State becaun sexton of Cre (Cue by his own adnission "te most fashionable and exclusive of oar ‘etroplitan ‘cours of Heaven’! Crace Church, ae opposed to the old fused shrines of Trinity end St, Mark, catered to the "pomp snd vane tes" of the ich sot? Through tho =8ser and 2660 Brown reigned at arbiter logantertum. He escaped an uaprocedented postion among the ‘lder eastern seaboard elites and played a sole that remained unique to New York. Previous Toadors of polite society, a Mrx. Phoebe Rash of Philelphi, a Ms. Harrison Gray Ou of Bast, of a Mes Jol Jay of Now Yor, sot tho tone from witha Brown and hr succasors Ward Mo- Aller and Hany Lehr originated Se outsiders and remained in varying degrees employees and cleat of the act they decd. "Tho socal eter peforaved a vital funtion in New Yorks permeable and shifting socio. Since the well-heeled wave often not the wellborm, ‘hese Sars sorted out peeteno fom presence and balanoed wealth tnd hinh in order to logitimate the fragile exclasivenees of the els fash. fnnahle ele, Brown, and Iter MeAllistar and Lehi, counseled osterse fn every procedure from seating muses to” patenting the proper ori. Brown's excellet memory for lincge, socal eredentals, and io: rapa! detats proved invalusle fn his ef function, advising on in tation. A_consummatesoob, he separated soley ita “old fly, good Hock” ore newr man” who “had beter and his ps and cc wil ip Wien es Eig “Now Ys Sac nthe Okan Tae” Wa "Prk By (Rew ec 87). th Ws eed aR Sesame ah fe Sar varpenre corte samen 26 him up” When exiplayed by the recently arved, the seston cuutoned guests from old Famis, “This [flat] 8 mined, very mined” Bat there ‘Mere limits even to Browns suzerainty. "I caanot uadertake to contal Society beyond fifth strct” ho warned a the eloe of his reign" Upper Pith Avenue, beyond Brown's domain, became the center of postbeinn fashionable Now York In the 28or and 1850 loading horteses, Mes, Willian Astor, Mrs Wiliam K. Vanderbilt (later Mew Oliver Heard Perry Hebmont), and Mas Styvesant Fish, long with their najr demos, Ward Medlister a Hany Lear, rade the Soal attempt to argantea orelth, birth, and se Into a coherent social system. Several beste tats ifrentate thie 0- ‘ety ftom establishment i oer East Coast contre. Nev Yorkers wore ‘tnique in adiaion of new wealth, female domination, exteavagant If ‘pl, itera sialy fo soclal sovereignty, sive fr publicty, and ‘ference o lve responsi. "SW thee are en sboot four humred people in fashionable New. ‘York seisty” suerte Ward McAlister, who coined the term in 888."TE ‘you go otal that noraber you sre people wo are eitir nota ease In ‘hall sam or ake otherr-not at case The ballroom to which he re fered was, of coarse Mrs Astor After four Yoars of incessentpresare, Mealliterdivigod the mimes of he members tothe Now York Times in 852: Actually the Bit cqntaned 275 individual Uae Mrs, Ast an her court chamberlain agreed corti select sooty. For Mealister, the ip seprevented the "crtane del xis” of New York, the lending mem fof Mis, Astor cice aed ho matrons and petrarche of the assembly balls! Much infonnation about fashionable New York can be gleaned fon sn examination ofthe geogeaphlal origins, oocupatios, vintages of ‘weal and fam buckgrouade af the Four Hundred ‘Ninctoenthstatnry sviaa paticate along the Atlantic seaboard have generally boon snglur, The gentry of sntebelom Chalenton had for ‘enne frat that ety or stoning low-eosntry plantation perishes, Prominent Phadelphie cans were alo geographically homo. {oneoss. The Rosegarton, Fiing, Markos, and Botre dynasties originated merge Mats tat Ay ef Pro fmd vg ens ees St at ont Wi phos interview, fx New York Dey Tribuon, 25 Mar. 298823. ee means sop istatramet anew eateennst aks seas264 The Bich, the Well Bom, and the Powerful in cightooth century Geran Prone West India, aed Portuguese bith los ut this ab end ested with Bavarian orn ker Fronds ME Drea in the 2890 When the Foor Hundied emerged thse as had ‘ben Filadelphie bred for sveralgonerstons, alike thee predcesos [ist-Civil War famly founders did aes Sn distant la Willan Eng, th wits mgt was from West Vsgaiay and Pemnyivania Railroad president AlxnoderJ- Cast was born In Pitsburg’ Proper Boston was even move inbred. After the 9805 wen ADBUE snd Aes [Lawrence aed Nathan Appleton Ifo Now Hiampebive aod Masact setts to become Tabla teste Gens, very fow oul gaied neces ce in acbiol Boon lesinder Acta Swiss wn sie, yn 8s nal iy te xn Members of old lnickerbokerfaiiessnilaly sprang from New York ity or trom family estates inthe Hodson Rivervale. Bat the Pout Hunced wasnt exusvly deed from this group, hence te gograph cal exigins were sore diverse than those of aes ws ioe’ OF tho 481 memben of the smart set whom birthplaces have boom, daily {sed Oy cate fom New York Gy, go rom lore inthe United States (sory New York State, New England, Now Joey, Maryland, emsyvania, and Ohio), Among the lasemnmed grodp, 13 came from sug gD Lem Fao, 8 abel. Pid Cnn 0 poPape me tS tna Ya ancnt Ss, e Pon opal ig vagy of we _goraeg af le Fur bi er ota y wseach et Cgeee dat Sara et ice ok Fee er mi tml oe oie Read neal War Ne ah eae pen Wane Feminine of Ne Yet eV on Ssh N ald omy ayo eh Na at Hot Vl Sate or po fi Weta at with whe nets geet a (Chicago); Jue Geet Wien god Ja Pe, ales Apter Cs y Aner 1 vols (New Yay 1880-99} Tinie othe Mon of A as (New Ys, es “t Gry Sew Tora (Now Toy 808 New Yoo Canal ‘econ, ju (1674971); ew Yok Tier ara, “ale fn ‘im alone ant ob ebay ee Dna fe = oe “bed Monhise 4 je o50), (ee Ya ab) en Mini Ter sind yo he hackgna of netstat cn el ‘aon tn Ne Ft Sos Jy "Risa Scag ia “ee raqpanre cores Jamun 265 i ef en om rg io Ye stash ens Sam aes et ria a cc oY aes Tn Seen tet a Dol ss roid Sn Ih rie eis ged ae mr Sim ee ih a pon sl esa asa ceo Sart ply re oa SGT She pace ee lem ni Sani rts Rane ioe ny ek yo Se cae ar arena ie dy rw ge spied et tp miro sane acd ela et acy et tanning yan veins i ie le ip ticory ra h ta n sc ge y e a seuss ah snes peo Scores safes wiseciecrsncean gmc shgily gurantee done Soren reer el Mg et Sy SELLS rll pase Bnd ton Nee ee tne Deva ohana beh ee ee co ae eer ke en serie mai “ 1 ane of Ne Ys dew pl de aaltepet sei ec laa aan» ps ea fein of esr eet Cdn ebro Cn ae rei eae wince ig cy ty ct dng ae Mie diel te aches coast neg aia eel bo ben pete ty at ay ten Se pak pt he ee tg Toe Os el nn i erp Soci E Sap alee nao ents nye nee! ge eta eke cg wool SS ee Sc ao Povo Cc oor Whe ksd; Snir ry “Meco ard Uri as SS Pe epee Seas ate fad265 The Rich, the Well Bom and the Forel tn New York was suo more cont than lowhers Unlike te mace sab ied wen pats the Fou Hone nededconspouneconscnp- tion forth pully necessary to achieve and ssa ata Jn sg he New Tork Tabane phe alist of Amekan sion sires" Among the 1.8 New Torker nthe compilation, go woe eo {he FowrHunired,Anober gener the st were pou or eileen forhad maid offspring of Now York mailionires Sigil over lal of Ms Astor's cir mare or would probly ert gent fortunes Ts ‘roe incled moni las uch asthe Aitors and Wander ad the Feluely new monied men ike Willan C, Whitry Tne Fibune stay, Based ot opinions from bank, lawyers, and trees rather th ot prabate documents or Hits, prslytnderesinates the mor of zillion: Iriel tht many of the Four deed whe dit oe spear fon then or were nt tnttcly tld fo those who tppened, bore shomilnare Acaeinpoint ie Matthew Astor Wil, a Arar grandson Urlited the Tune bt sot certs ala, “some of New Yorks gre ortnes were presented in Mr, Astor’ circa others were not. Th ret Jews bang tnd serene fate twee absent frm Mister alton. New mosey wa netics di "Pile east ernest he Gols id the Hanan ee ‘excluded. Converl, Inickebackertilionsite Roosevelt, Say. ‘ests ad Hlinans were notin Mex. Astor's st, porhape Beene thoy tonsidted the group vlan urns. Despite the sence of tase mck owed milion, na ofthe wet n high cty war decnly aged OF tho igt wl datenined vintage of fortone ony 9 (lawyer Hcy Le Burnt banker Fran K. Sep and MeAdlnery ene Posy fll ‘ae. Another 4 tnheted weelth made in th provns enero, and {he reminder were bequeathed toe snc sceumlagone [Abou 14 ‘romtof thor with reed vatage of wealth could be conedare wouvent eke ke, fit orscand gnsrtion newly case Unt Une 90 Pe ent rikown vintage ere pre or Sr cisen moet othe Four “Hesdred woul il veer ch frat east hee generations “his age segment of Serio welt say accent forth lack of ‘vocational achievement within the gros. Waren eompored 298 of ie 275 pools on MeAilitor® it. Nowelt Mis. Steen Ven Hensler eager {Jute CennellStrow) swe appaenty the ly pomnn wth ‘oation oe han that of ley maton. Try ofthe ana nop Testn, Biographical sores it thom a retired busoeete, Say ay tex, gentomen farmers, clubmen,sporamen, vor fom eter ine, Iii on fnherted Incas. or Simply wih no oosmpatin, Discontng Aon Makes Feb Mey ragpeate corun yauen 267 Mex Cre, these to groups make up 167 members of the eet st three ths ofthe cal ube, wth no occpation gute high society. ‘Thetemates weve sly lawyer er, cpals ae salon Hut sms of thse may have boon pimarly cored wh mci. The Zee Guttgs the Four Handed wees aw andrea eat, Duk hey is Gelomged ton np of alent pnybye led “he duds Bae "scar andr example oth flyin epating voton Tom avoction, was designated ar oth lawyer and labman, "Fortin widens for et of sec eon the wold of society tnt nt eny 2 Medic et speared in Whe Wha. {isang selon the ag eden. whic inked prominent srt rman see Jory 605 eta thers wh led btoen +98 Seen have cry a saer eto, hddig them weer, wot tr subtly wel he ty segment of tho Four Huron tht ed Te come pot ote iol eevee oe? “Ane gos the Hou Hated apr to embody he gles of an ottanttecacy. Mow of tam oes fom fie fod nd ot steal tthe aft were pay bn in or near New York iy. Say ment tne cco ght wey see fo Noe Yous cel Rogier f 1h. anditonanisgy and common ano Inte pny the goup™ Clare amination th ot cede of She Four ee, ve, el nprenon sort mi iteding sone fais whos fortsner we astro gencation foe and dls to th 1. Vane lng oi JFovp nthe Aton did not een sora promieat wt fer ie Eredar Otters such cher ho, irdeto wealth {rom oly point cla with no stil sending od thea {esque ae MekTnter hams vest ey dings be {en fence and high socal tated nce oth in seman “nung in Rew fois Soul Repay wassucly toe cate of sei ol than was wet, The ge conan spent Stic mes acing Jy Gold, Andrea Camel, and ee ae en Por tue hans, Te widerpead ini ht xt mong Sender of asta enttnge many provid eet oenee eriogitmte pts, Tse, opt hse ave tamara {he cotequat ntnelatonshpe hive ben ema In developing et osptve uason, The aot sre of eel Boston, Pl SSRIS PE Ray Cong) tg ne Whe hl a ee rh se Bubs tts Bloc, Pole509 The lo, the Wel Horm, andthe Fora dkiphia, and Chaeton depend not on intermariage lone bt on union tong ld fans. Many Lackttonker tlcments of te out Fused wor tc ach ther ugh the cei il a, mother gues nt group~the Habit, Duo rad Marts ot predic of uch tee onde o measure tho arto component inthe Fow Hunde, four suhgrougs mst be diferente ickebockers, lfsping of pat ‘ent pata nother place, destadant of mercantile Tams ona Ely New Yor bln th i War en thw ong fo a os cage efor of reat ni nee. Soe fonts ofthe amet sea it hee egg te ashes cant ‘qin ale the nals. Calter onnucins have boon esl because tee tenuous Fats dd no deae sch sates Henly Ie Burt for exp was an Ohioan with Van Cand grestnany ut Idid not move it Inihevbocker eles Fomty Background of the Four Hove ro Se “ot ied 22 sn Kalcher Bo ltring of ter trates = i ret cane an = 388 Undseagued x Bo “Tater oe ofthe Four Hondo conse of akarbocker sod paticns rom oer placs Aon te emer wee four Laagstoes {re Van Remon,» Bury, a Sey anda Debs eee as ter wre hve Blinoe Bro hice Fads Wilags ta hee orion Beha One Descendants rom hte to ele epeeaned teary on af thw known gemlogen Ss ese oes Montes of got merce ser copored cnet one-th of Shu wih dnoveed age Lien splledamong le snarta es Aso, Sows Hany nd other Airing af is eal nese ety res tn Aa the Gi War, it oh sah ory wure marvin ky Knol cay aad gs el ‘Stone tem nto Now ark AMINE eo “he teat subgroup come of socety rs sucha the gil Many ine fem he ‘Wat Wit ysis elnged oa ita New England New Ye Stab tt ay tckgroends were sere mato, steed fahinaie Now York trough wes pares! ne eae ravens corte yanen 209 supreme enc) and sl in navigating the soul and ret of high socket. ‘Desc of New Yor’ antebellum meant ay o ony ot Ihave pase muster in polite sky, alihouh thet pce in the Four Hafod as ecu. Even if they ae ake with aitocrate core. how (br, toe ind of MeAllsters chon were ot among the manorbor ‘That to Ue velsve poorly o Me Astra se when compared to genta Boston, Chsleton, ned Phiadlps st Acceptance of oF ‘olte veut fron te edionl acess of Now York eis, bem {ho recent formation ofthe Four Hundeed, and frm the lser per. {ones ef asripion in New Yor vs cde than in hove of ae ld Cite, Bt te artocratecleneo a fachlonable New York sakes Senbie the soi elemento the easter soaboard rather hn the Parvensscey of mower cer ike Lo Anglos snd Chis. “bs bres ee anh sey ct pn the backgrounds of te Teading hostnes of Hho Foor Handed. Ms Stayyoat ich (Mason Groves Ato), socal prominent dough bo family, wedded «son! te Kcerbckorgty: ix Win K. Ven Stu (Aah Ste) mid th ld commerce gan sd p> pled Her spouses fay tothe piamacl of set sot. es. Willian stor (Careline Webster Schemarhom) drew on ber ov colon ate eden a three generations of Astor oney to hecome the whlsptod {Goeon of tho sna st Tn seal gometia wanguation, ono of he $B opang oso snr into patricia snoer of bincbleod igus mnt the Aor mls scaly etoemed, aad he tid, with 3c Gebealogial pretensions clovated the Vanderits to high soda re Specablity "The same pattern reposted lf ong mcendary Dgres Sims. Ogden Mille merged the Lsigaton samo wth «Carn ning fortune! Mis, Ogden Cole n he ster hand, marred int old New ‘ork realestate fmyy sad Hermann Osis, dugiter of en Ish inmigrant wi made tion from the Comstock Lode, wedded the or ‘fa Bremenbom sipping te Sunted wide Oy this congregation of wealth and bith was the “Faubourg Saint Contain st” of knocker fie Mrs, Hama: Fish Min Thesdowe Resnoet Ses ad Mer Lewis Moris Ruhefure proided over the ils woest,snpublicendactie, Tho self Ennnind world of prs t the Acsdey of Mano abd gut evenings lower Mantnttan brownstones ilered. yea fom th soll 5 ie nc eco nh re eh 2, ga er Sieg Gb AetTidoomo Medline ey bee, Weer, Sage ee SILA Rie ae Sogo Ades, Vane 28-80,