Sample Questions-1

The aircraft specifications are: span of the wing,15 m weight, 88000 N, reference
area 37.5 m2, Oswald constant, 0.9, parasite drag coefficient, 0.022.

If the cruise velocity of the aircraft is 200 knots at sea level altitude, find the
parameters given below:

a) Lift coefficient
b) Induce drga coefficient
c) Total drag coefficient
d) Induced drag force (N)
e) Parasite drag force (N)
f ) Total drag force (N)
g) E, (L/D)

Note: 200 knots = 200*0.5144 = 102.88 m/s

Solution :

a) Lift coefficient:

Dynamic pressure:

b) Induced drag coefficient:

Aspect ratio:
c) Total drag coefficient:

d) Induced drag force (N):

e) Parasite drag force (N):

f) Total drag force (N):

g) E, (L/D):

SQ - 2

Wing Wing Total Parasite Oswald Aspect Mean

span surface weight drag constant ratio chord
area coefficient length
14.87 m 20.55 m2 31150 N 0.02 0.6 10.76 1.382 m

According to aircarft specifications given in the table answer the questions:

σ10000 = 0.338) is
a) The cruise velocity of the aircraft at 10000 m altitude (σ
175 m/s. Determine the lift and drag coefficients and drag force of the
aircraft.

W 31150 N
cL = = = 0.239
1 1
ρ SLσV 2 S ×1.226 × 0.338 × 1752 × 20.55
2 2
2
cL 0.2392
cD = cD 0 + kcL = cD 0 + = 0.02 + = 0.023
2

πA Re π 10.76 × 0.6

1 1
D = cD ρ SLσV 2 S = 0.023 × ×1.226 × 0.338 ×1752 × 20.55 = 2991.8 N
2 2
b) For 10000 m cruise altitude, calculate the “minimum drag” cruise velocity
and E.

“minimum drag cruise flight” → “Maximum flight time cruise”

maximum E condition

c D0
c L md = = c D0 πA Re = 0.02π10.76 × 0.6 = 0.636
k

W 31150 N
Vmd = = = 107.25 m / s
1 1
ρ SLσcLmd S ×1.226 × 0.338 × 0.636 × 20.55
2 2

cLmd cLmd 0.636

E= = = 2
= 15.92
cd md cL 2 0 .636
cd0 + md 0.02 +
πA Re π 10.76 × 0.6

c) Calculate the stall velocity without flaps at sea level altitude. (cL max=1.4)

W 31150 N
Vstall = = = 42.03 m / s
1 1
ρ SLσcLmax S × 1.226 × 1.0 × 1.4 × 20.55
2 2

d) Calculate the maximum lift coefficient to have a stall velocity of 36 m/s

at sea level altitude.

W 31150 N
cLmax = = = 1.91
1 1
ρ SLσV 2 S ×1.226 × 1.0 × 362 × 20.55
2 2
SQ - 3

An aircraft is flying at 300 m altitude and she has a cruise velocity of 120 knots.
Determime the velocity that the pilot read from the velocity screen. Calculate the
dynamic pressure and total pressure.
(1 knots = 0.5144 m/s, ρ3000 = 0.909 kg/m3, p3000 = 70100 Pa)

Cruise velocity:

Equivalent Air Speed (Calibrated Air Speed)

VCAS = V σ

Dynamic pressure:

Total (stagnation) pressure (Bernoulli equation):

SQ - 4
Determine the ceiling condition at required thrust – velocity graphic. What are the
assumptions for ceiling altitude equation?

Cevap

T 1
=
W Em
T → Tmax
“Ceiling altitude”
requirement
 x
Tc Tmax 1 T  ρ  x = 0.7 at troposphere
= = =   = σ x
W W Em TSL  ρ SL  x = 1.0 at stratosphere

Wceiling

Wc
σc x
= Relative density for ceiling altitude.
EmTmax,SL
Assumptions:

W = WSL
1
x = 1.0 σc =
Em (Tmax / W ) SL

SQ - 5
Determine the ceiling altitude of the aircraft.
W = 2300000 N Tmax = 800000 N MDR = 0.91
S = 476 m2 c = 0.85 N/sa/N CL max without flap = 1.8
cD = 0.017 + 0.035cL2

Altitude [m] Relative density (σ = ρ / ρSL)

15000 0.158
16000 0.135

1 1
σc = = 0.140 Em = = 20.5
2( kcD0 )1/ 2
Em (Tmax / W ) SL 0.017
0.035
20.5 800000 2300000

h = 15000 m ....... σ = 0.158 (0.158 − 0.140)1000

⇒ hc = 15000 + = 15783 m
h = 16000 m ....... σ = 0.135 (0.158 − 0.135)
SQ - 6

W = 700 000 N S = 246 m2 MDR = 0.85 Tmax = 190 000 N

c = 0.85 N/sa/N CD = 0.015 + 0.07CL2 CL max = 2.3 nallowable = 3.4

This aircraft begins to cruise flight at 10670 m altitude with a “best range”
condition. If the range is 2000 km, determine the cruise velocity and fuel weight.

In order to supply the emergency condition, we have to increase the fuel weight
as 20%. Determine the new cruise velocity. Calculate the new range with
additional fuel weight and compare it with the first range.

Best range velocity:

700000 246 0.07

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 236.7 m / s = 852.1 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.31 0.015

This velocity is high so it must ce checked with drag rise Mach number.

a = a *aSL = 0.867 * 340 = 297.84 m / s

a*10670 m = 0.867 ⇒M =
V
=
236.7
= 0.795 < M DR
a 297.84
It is convenient.
MDR = 0.85
 15.43 852.1 km/h
2000 km

0.866 EmVBR  1 
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ  ⇒ ξ = 0.139
c  
0.85 ?

∆W f ⇒ ∆W f = 97300 N
ξ= = 0.139
W
700000

∆W f = 97300 N
In order to supply the emergency condition,
we have to increase the fuel weight as 20%. ∆W f ilave = 19460 N
⇒ W0 new = 719460 N

Best range velocity:

719460 246 0.07

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 239.9 m / s = 863.6 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.31 0.015

This velocity is high so it must ce checked with drag rise Mach number.

V 239.9
⇒M = = = 0.81 < M DR It is convenient.
a 297.84
MDR = 0.85
Best range with additional fuel weight:

15.43 863.6 km/h

0.866 EmVBR  1  ⇒ X BR ;V ,cL = 2399 km

X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ 
c  
0.85 0.162 Range increases:
399 km

∆W f = 97300 + %20 x97300 = 116760 N

116760
∆W f
ξ= = 0.162
W
719460

SQ - 7

Wcruise start = 140000 N S = 110 m2 Tmax = 80000 N

Wwater tank = 40000 N c = 0.9 N/sa/N CL max = 2.4
cD = 0.02 + 0.04cL2 fd = 1.2 (retarding factor) MDR = 0.9

This fire-fighter aircraft will go to the fire region in Fethiye from İzmir Airport. She
will take 40000 N water after 300 km cruise flight distance. This water tank
increases the parasite drag coefficient to the 0.04. After taking the water there is
80 km range to fire region. She drops the water to the fire region and goes to the
Antalya Airport with a range of 250 km. Determine the minimum fuel weight for
this mission. Calculate the reaching time of this aircraft to the fire region from
İzmir.

(Don’t obey the air traffic control rules.)

(The cruise altitude will be taken as sea level.)
 cD 0 = 0.04
Flight route:
2.
1. 80 km 3.
300 km 250 km

İzmir cD 0 = 0.02 sea fire region c = 0.02 Antalya

D0

Cruise flight with “best range”

Fuel weight ?

1st Method: Constant V and CL

1st Flight region:
?
?
∆W f1
ξ = 0.066 =
0.866 EmVBR  1  W1 step
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1−ξ 
c  
300 km ⇒ ∆W f1 = 9240 N
0.9

1
Em = = 17.68
2(kcD0 )1/ 2

0.04 0.02

140000 N 110 m2
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 71.314 m / s = 256.73 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 1.0
Sea level fligth.
2nd flight region:
?
?
∆W f 2
ξ = 0.0275 =
0.866 EmVBR  1  W2 step
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ 
c  
80 km ⇒ ∆W f 2 = 4697.7 N
0.9

1
Em = = 12.5
2( kcD0 )1/ 2

0.04 0.04
W2 step
(140000 – 9240 + 40000) N
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 66.23 m / s = 238.4 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
0.04
1.226 1.0
Sea level fligth.

3rd flight region:

?
?
∆W f 3
ξ = 0.058 =
0.866 EmVBR  1  W3 step
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ 
c  
250 km ⇒ ∆W f3 = 7312 N
0.9

1
Em = = 17.68
2(kcD0 )1/ 2

0.04 0.02
W3 step
(140000 – 9240 - 4697.7) N
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 67.65 m / s = 243.6 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 1.0

∆W f required = (9240 + 4697.7 + 7312) = 21249.7 N

 Flight time from İzmir to fire region:

0.866 Em  1 
t BR ;cL = ln 
c  1 − ξ 
0.9

1st flight region: ξ = 0.066 Em = 17.68 t1 = 1.16 hours

2nd flight regioni: ξ = 0.0275 Em = 12.5 t2 = 0.335 hours

t = 1.495 hours

SQ - 8

Wtotal = 1340000 N Ws = 490000 N (Structural weight) S = 412 m2

Tmax = 536000 N We = 120000 N (Engine weight) c = 0.8 N/sa/N
cD = 0.012 + 0.04cL2 Wnon-cruise fuel = 70000 N CL max = 2.8
(Fuel weight without cruise)

This aircraft will go to the Pekin Airport from İstanbul with “best range” cruise flight.
Determine the required fuel weight if the cruise range is 2520 km.
For alternative airport the fuel weight must be increased as 10%.
Calculate the number of passengers that can be taken for this flight.
(Don’t obey the air traffic control rules.)
“Best range” cruise flight without Air Traffic Control rules:
1st Method 1: constant V and CL1

? ?

0.866 EmVBR  1 
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ  ∆W f
c   ξ = 0.113 =
W
2520 km
0.8

Em =
1
= 22.82 ⇒ ∆W f = 151420 N
2( kcD0 )1/ 2
10% additional
0.04 0.012 for alternative airport
1340000 N 412 m2 ⇒ ∆W f = 166562 N
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 237 .6 m / sn = 855 .36 km / h
 ρ σ   cD 
SL  0 
1.226 0.297
Cruise altitude: 11000 m

Passenger number:

W0 = Wstructural + Wengine + Wpayload + Wfuel = 1340000 N

490000 N 120000 N (166562 + 70000) N

Ws We W pl W f
⇒1= + + + ⇒ W pl = 493438 N
W0 W0 W0 W0

563438
W passenger = 778 N + 156 N = 934 N
934
Baggage

Passenger number: 528

SQ - 9

W = 440000 N W f cruise = 60000 N k=0.04 c = 0.9 MDR = 0.9

Tmax = 120000 N S = 120 m2 CD 0 = 0.02 cL max = 1.8

The spesifications of an airplane which is going to the Trabzon Airport with a

cruise distance of 1100 km from İzmir Airport, is given in the table.

Cruise altitude is 11000 m (σ = 0.297) and it is flying with “best range

condition”.

After 48 minutes flight time from the beginning of the cruise flight , the hijacker
took the control of the plane and wanted from the pilot to go to the Gaziantep
Airport which is 450 km far from that point. The new path of plane was
perpendicular to the former path.

After starting to flight to Gaziantep Airport, passengers make the hijacker

ineffective in 24 minutes.

If the pilot wants to go to the Trabzon Airport, is there a possibility to reach

that airport?

Flight plan
1100 km

a) 48 min flight
Trabzon
İzmir
b) 24 min flight
c) New flight path
for Trabzon Airport

making the
hijacker ineffective

First, the ranges for each case (a) and (b) will be calculated by
using the flight times with “best range condition”.

Then, remaining fuel weight will be found to determine if it will be

suffecient for that range or not.
 a)

0.866 Em  1 
t BR ;cL = ln 
c 1−ξ 
48 dk = 0,8 h ∆W f
0.9 ξ= = 0.056
W
1
Em = 1/ 2
= 14,43 480000
2(kcD0 )
⇒ ∆W f = 26880 N
0.04 0.03

14.43

0.866 EmVBR  1  ⇒X
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ  BR ;V ,c L = 591.6 km
c  
0.9 0.056

480000 125 0.04

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 205.4 m / s = 739.4 km / sa
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.297 0.03
 14.43
b)

0.866 Em  1  ∆W f
t BR ;cL = ln  ⇒ξ = = 0.0284
c 1− ξ  W
24 dk = 0,4 saat
0.9 480000-26880

⇒ ∆W f = 12869 N

14.43

0.866 EmVBR  1  ⇒X
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1−ξ  BR ;V ,c L = 287.3 km
c  
0.9 0.0284

480000-26880
125 0.04
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 199.5 m / s = 718.2 km / h
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.297 0.03
 Flight plan
1100 km

591.6 km 508.4 km
Trabzon
İzmir
287.3 km

making the
hijacker ineffective

20251

Remaining range: 584 km

∆W f
Remaining fuel: (60000 – 26880 - 12869) = 20251 N ⇒ξ = = 0.0459
W
480000-26880-12869

17.68 799.6

0.866 EmVBR  1 
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ  ⇒ X BR;V ,cL = 462 km
c  
0.9 0.0459

(480000-26880-12869)
125 0.04
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 196.7 m / s = 708.1 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.297 0.03

X BR;V ,cL < X remaining Not convenient.

SQ - 10 W0 = 860000 N S = 126 m2 Tmax = 260000 N
Wcruise = 120000 N c = 0.9 N/sa/N CL max = 1.8
cD = 0.02 + 0.03cL2 fd = 1.2 (retarding factor) MDR = 0.9

The Turkish fighter aircraft took off from İzmir Çiğli airport to catch a Greek fighter
aircraft. The mission was going to the boundary of Turkish airzone which had a
cruise flight distance of 770 km, controlling the Greek aircraft and coming back to
Çiğli airport. It started to “cruise flight” at 11000 m altitude. After reaching to control
point, it started to “loiter flight” to wait the Greek aircraft. 72 minutes passed and
the Greek fighter aircraft returned without any dog fight. After this moment, If the
pilot wants to continue to loiter flight is there any sufficent fuel?

Loiter flight
Cruise flight
with “best range”

600 km
11000 m

İzmir Çiğli Airport Turkey – Greece Air Border

1st step: Going to the air border Needed fuel weight ?

? ?
770
∆W f
0.866 EmVBR  1  ⇒ ξ = 0.045 =
X BR ;V ,cL = ln
 1− ξ 
Wcruise
c  
⇒ ∆W f cruise = 38700 N
0.9 ?
1
Em = = 20.4
2(kcD0 )1/ 2

0.03 0.02

860000 0.03
126

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 235.5 m / s = 847.8 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.428 0.02
 2nd step: Loiter flight Fuel weight

20.4
72 m = 1. 2 h

Em  1  ∆W f
tmax;cL = ln  ⇒ ξ = 0.052 =
c 1− ξ  Wloiter start
0.9
860000-38700=821300

⇒ ∆W floiter = 42708 N

3rd step: Returning cruise flight Needed fuel weight.

120000-38700-42708=38592
20.4 ?
?

 1  ∆W f
X BR ;V ,cL =
0.866 EmVBR
ln ξ= = 0.05
 1−ξ  Wcruise
c  
0.9 ?
821300-42708=778592
778592 0.03
126

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 224.1 m / s = 806.8 km / h
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.428 0.02

⇒ X BR;V ,cL = 812.3 km > 770 km There is sufficient fuel weight for
returning cruise flight.
 SQ - 11

Wcruise start = 2300000 N S = 476 m2 Tmax = 800000 N

Wcruise fuel = 800000 N c = 0.85 N/sa/N CL max without flap = 1.8
cD = 0.017 + 0.035cL2 MDR = 0.9, fd = 1.2 CL max with flap = 2.2

This aircraft started to take-off run at İstanbul Atatürk Airport (sea level altitude)
with a 1250 m pist length.

But at the beginning the flaps didn’t work and after 12 seconds the flaps
opened.

Determine which one is more secure: decision for stop or decision for take-off.

(2)
Start point (1), (2) S2-to
for take-off Take-off decision
s1
Vflap = ?
V=0 t = 12 s Stop decision
Openning S2-s
of flap point (1)

Openning of flap point: t=12s

VLO
t= ⇒ V flap = tgσ (T / W ) SL ⇒ V flap = 40.95 m / s
12 gσ (T / W ) SL
9.81 1 800000 2300000

Distance while 12 seconds:

2
V flap W
S without flap = = 245.7 m
2 gσTSL

a) Stop decision:

1
S L = S stop = f dV flap = 1006 m ⇒ S = S without flap + S stop = 1252 m
2

2
fd = 1.2 V flap = 40.95 m / s

Pist length is 1250 m and this stop distance is “not convenient.”

b) Take-off decision:

2 2
(VLO − V flap )W S with flap = 510.3 m
S with flap =
2 gσTSL
S = S flap + S with flap = 756 m
2W
VLO = 1.2Vstall = 1.2 = 71.83 m / s
ρ SLσSC Lmax Lift-off distance
476 CL max with flapl= 2.2

Pist length is 1250 m and this lift-off distance is “convenient.”

SQ - 12

Wcruise start = 2300000 N S = 476 m2 Tmax = 800000 N

c = 0.85 N/sa/N CL max without flap = 1.8
cD = 0.017 + 0.035cL2 MDR = 0.9 CL max with flap = 2.2

This aircraft will fly from Madrid to İstanbul at 11000 m altitude with a
cruiserange of 4400 km.

If the pilot choose the “graded cruise climb flight” with a step height of 1200 m,
calculate the needed fuel weight for cruise flight.

Atitude [m] Relative density Speed of sound ratio

σ = ρ / ρSL a* = a / aSL
11000 0.297 0.867
12000 0.254 0.867
13000 0.217 0.867
 1 X = 4400km 2

MADRID İST
“graded cruise climb flight”

2′ X
Altitude V ,c L

γ BR;V ,c L 3rd step 2′′

∆h 2nd step
1 X V ,h
1st step a b 2

Range
X BR;step1 X BR;step 2 X BR;step 3

range
Step number =
step range
8.38c 0.85
γ BR;V ,c = ⇒ γ BR ;V ,cL = 3.76 x10 −4 rad
L
VBR Em
924.8 20.5

1.2 km
∆h
tan γ BR ;V ,cL = ⇒ X BR;step = 3194 km
X BR;step
4400
Step number = = 1.4 ⇒ SN ≤ 1.5 → SN = 1 Step range: 4400 km
3194
Without Air Traffic Control Rules: “Cruise Climb Flight”
2300000 476
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k  1
VBR =     = 256.9m / s = 924.8km / h Em = = 20.5
 SLρ σ   cD  2(kcD0 )1/ 2
 0 
0.035 0.017
1.226 0.297
20.5
924.8

2 EmVBR  0.433ξ  ∆W f BR ;h ,V
X BR ;h,V ;1 = arctan   ⇒ ξ = 0.216 =
c 1 − 0.25ξ  W1
4400 0.85
⇒ ∆W f BR ;h ,V = 496800 N
 SQ - 13
The fire fighter aircraft will return to İzmir from Antalya Airport. The cruise flight start
altitude and the step height for graded cruise climb flight will be 1000 m and 600 m,
respectively. Determine the minimum fuel weight for this flight. (σ σ1000 = 0.907).
4th Method: Graded cruise climb flight
630 km
range
Step number =
step range 0.6

8.38c 0.9 ∆h
γ BR;V ,c = ⇒ γ BR ;V ,cL = 1.58 x10−3 rad tan γ BR ;V ,cL =
L
VBR Em X BR;step
? 17.68 ⇒ X BR;step = 380 km
140000 N 110 m2
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 74.87 m / s = 269.53 km / h
 SLρ σ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.907

630
Step number = = 1.66 = 2
380
Step ranges:

380 km + 250 km = 630 km

1st step 2nd step

Altitude
2′ X V ,cL
γ BR;V ,c L
2′′
∆h 2nd step
1
1st step a
2 X V ,h

Range
X BR; step 1 = 380km X BR;step 2 = 250km
 1st step:
269.53
17.68

2E V  0.433ξ  ∆W f BR ;h ,V ;1
X BR;h ,V ;1 = m BR arctan   ⇒ ξ1 = 0.081 =
c 1 − 0.25ξ  W1
380 0.9 ? 140000 N
⇒ ∆W f BR ;h ,V ;1 = 11340 N

2nd step:
269.53
17.68

2 EmVBR  0.433ξ  ∆W f BR ;h ,V ;1
X BR;h ,V ;1 = arctan   ⇒ ξ1 = 0.054 =
c 1 − 0.25ξ  W1
250 0.9 ? (140000-11340) N

⇒ ∆W f BR ;h ,V ;1 = 6947.6 N ∆W f required = (11340 + 6947.6) = 18287.6 N

SQ - 14

Wtoplam = 670000 N Wf yatay uçuş = 240000 N c = 0.85 N/sa/N MDR = 0.92

(Tmax)SL = 180000 N k = 0.06 cD 0 = 0.018 cL max = 2.1 S = 175 m2

Trabzon Havalimanından kalkan bir uçak 11000 m irtifaya çıktıktan sonra,

doğrusal olarak, en iyi menzil şartıyla yatay uçuşa geçtiği durumda yerde
bulunan radardan kaybolmuştur. Haber alınamayan uçak için arama
çalışmaları başlatılacaktır. Bu durumda arama yapılacak mesafe için uçağın
gidebileceği menzili bulun.

Cevap:

Uçağın gidebileceği en iyi menzil:

1
2

1- en iyi menzil şartı ile yatay uçuş. X1

2- en iyi menzil şartı ile süzülüş. X2
1- en iyi menzil şartı ile yatay uçuş. (herhangi bir kısıtlama yok)

Method 1: Sabit V ve CL

0.866 EmVBR  1 
X BR ;V ,cL = ln 1 − ξ  ⇒ X 1 = 6376 km
c  
0.85
670000 175 0.06
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     = 258.1 m / s = 929.16 km / sa
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
1.226 0.297 0.018 240000

1 ∆W f
Em = = 15.2 ξ= = 0.358
2(kcD0 )1/ 2 W
670000
0.06 0.018

2- en iyi menzil şartı ile süzülüş.

11000

X br = Em (h1 − h2 ) ⇒ X 2 = 167.2 km
S.L.
15.2

⇒ X 1 + X 2 = 6543.2 km
 SQ - 15
The Dornier Do 28 Skyservant is a twin-engine STOL utility aircraft that carries up to 12
passengers. The following characteristics describe this aircraft:

• There are 10 passengers in the aircraft. The weight per passenger with extra cargo is 934 N
• There is extra 6000 N cargo payload weight in the aircraft.
• Cruise fuel weight is 70% of the total fuel weight.
• The ceiling altitude of the aircraft is 8000 m (σ = 0.442)
• The cruise best range at 7000 m altitude (σ = 0.492) is 1050 km with the airspeed of 306
km/hour.
• The maximum efficiency (Emax) of the aircraft is 16.
• The design characteristics are: cD 0 = 0.018, Oswald efficiency factor : e = 0.75, cL max = 2.2
• The aircraft has a rectangular wing.
• The structural weight fraction is 0.41.
• The aircraft has two engines instead of one engine for safety considerations.
• The engine characteristics are: (T / We) = 4.18, c = 0.75 N/h/N

i) Find the aspect ratio (AR) of the aircraft.

ii) Find the cruise best range lift coefficient. Find the wing loading.
iii) Find the cruise-fuel weight fraction (ξ) and total fuel weight fraction.
iv) Find the payload weight, engine weight, total (gross) weight and empty weight.
v) Determine the thrust for each engine.
vi) Find these parameters: S, b, c.

i) Find the aspect ratio (AR) of the aircraft.

E m = 16

1
Em = k = 0.0543
2(kcD0 )1/ 2

0.018
1
k= ⇒ AR = 7.82
πA Re
0.0543 0.75
ii) Find the cruise best range lift coefficient. Find the wing loading.

0.018
1/ 2
 cD 
cL BR =  0  ⇒ c L BR = 0.33
 3k 

0.0543
0.0543
306 / 3.6
1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   3k 
VBR =     ⇒ W / S = 724.3 N / m 2
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
0.492
1.226 0.018

iii) Find the cruise-fuel weight fraction (ξ) and total fuel weight fraction.

16
306

0.866 EmVBR  1 
X BR ;V ,cL =  1 − ξ  ⇒ ξ cruise = 0.168
ln
c  
1050 0.75

0.7 Wfuel Wf
ξ cruise = ⇒ = 0.24
W W
iv) Find the payload weight and total (gross) weight.

? ?

Ws We W pl W f
1= + + +
W0 W0 W0 W0

Wpl = (10 × 934) + 6000 = 15340 N

We T/W
=
W0 T / We

1
σc = ⇒ (Tmax / W ) SL = 0.141
Em (Tmax / W ) SL
0.442
16

(Tmax / We ) SL = 4.18 We T/W

= = 0.034
15340
W0 T / We

W W W pl W f ⇒
Wpl
= 0.316
1= s + e + +
W0 W0 W0 W0 W0
⇒ W0 = 48544 N
0.41 0.034 0.24
v) Determine the thrust for each engine.

(Tmax / W ) SL = 0.141 ⇒ Tmax = 6844.7 N

W0 = 48544 N
⇒ Tmax 1 engine = 3422 N

vi) Find these parameters: S, b, We, c.

W / S = 724.3 N / m 2 ⇒ S = 67 m 2
W0 = 48544 N

b2
AR = ⇒ b = 22.8 m
S
AR = 7.82

We
= 0.034 ⇒ We = 1650 N
W0
S
c= = 2.94
b
Q-16

W = 510000 N W f cruise = 62000 N k=0.03 c = 0.9 MDR = 0.91

Tmax = 150000 N S = 130 m2 CD 0 = 0.03 cL max = 2.3 nallowable = 2.6

Can the airplane climb with γmax programme by using the maximum thrust?
Find the maximum climbing angle, air velocity and climbing velocity for sea
level condition.
Solution: 150000
16.7
T 
nm =  E m ⇒ nm = 4.9 > nallowable = 2.6
W 
510000

1 T  T 
Em =
2( kcD0 )1/ 2
= 16.7 2.6 =  E m⇒   = 0.16
W   W  allowable
0.03 0.03

Maximum climbing angle : 0.16

T  1
sin γ max =  max  − = 0.1 ⇒ γ max = 5.73 0
 W  Em
16.7
Air velocity :

510000 130 0.03

1/ 2 1/ 4
 2(W / S )   k 
Vγ max =     ⇒ Vγ max = 80 m / s
 ρ SLσ   cD 
 0 
1.226 1 0.03
Climbing velocity :

80 m/s
0.1

( R / C )γ max = Vγ max sin γ max = 8 m / s

 Q-17
Determine the turning radius of the aircraft for “minimum radius turning flight”
and “maximum turning speed turning flight” programmes for 11000 m altitude
condition. Compare the results.

Answer: h = 11000 m σ = 0.297

“minimum radius turning flight” “maximum speed turning flight”

T 
nm =   Em ⇒ nm = 1.26
W 
16.7
150000

T T 
=  σ = 0.087
W W 
0.297
510000

1/ 2
 1 
nmts = (2nm − 1)
1/ 2
nmtr =  2 − 2 
 nm 
⇒ nmtr ,11000 = 1.53 ⇒ nmts = 1.39 < nallowable
1.53 0.087

510000 0.03
 n (T / W )  130
cLmtr =  mtr  1/ 2 1/ 4
 2k   2(W / S )   k 
Vmts =    
 ρ SLσ 
0.03
⇒ cLmtr ,11000 = 2.22  cD0 
3923 1.226 0.297 0.03
1/ 2
 k (W / S ) 
Vmtr = 2  ⇒ Vmts = 146.8 m / s
 ρ SLσ (T / W ) 
1.226
0.297 0.087
⇒ Vmtr ,11000 = 121.9 m / s
 139.3

1
= ρ SLσ Vmtr
2
qmtr
2
1.226 0.297

⇒ qmtr ,11000 = 3532.8 N / m 2

1
φmtr = arccos
nmtr
1.17

⇒ φmtr ,11000 = 31.30

9.81 31.30 1.23

9.81
2
g tan φmtr g (nmts − 1)1/ 2
ψ& mtr = ψ& mts =
Vmtr Vmts

139.3 156

⇒ ψ& mtr = 0.043 rad / s ⇒ ψ& mts = 0.045 rad / s

139.3
156

Vmtr Vmts
rmtr = rmts =
ψ& mtr ψ& mts
0.043
0.045

⇒ rmtr = 3240 m → rmts = 3466.7 m

Q-18

A large passenger aircraft, with a wing loading of 1500 N/m2, is stacked in a circular
holding pattern at an altitude of 10,000 m prior to landing. For passenger comfort the load
factor during the manoeuvre is kept below 1.03. If the flight speed is to be maintained at
least 20% above the stall speed what is the flight speed, the turning radius, bank angle, and
turning rate? The aircraft has a maximum lift coefficient of CL = 2.2 and a drag polar
given by CD = 0.02 + 0.04 CL2.

1.03 1500
1/ 2
 2n(W / S ) 
Vstall ,turning =  = 41.22
ρ σc
 SL Lmax 
0.337 2.2
T 
→ Vturning = 1.2Vstall ,turning = 49.46 n =   E = 1.03
W 

1 → φ = 13.90
cos φ =
n
1.03

g (n 2 − 1)1/ 2
ψ& = = 0.049
V
49.46

V2
r= = 5992.2 m
g (n − 1)
2 1/ 2
Q-19

W/S = 2850 [N/m2] b = 32 m (T)SL max = 168000 N CL max = 2.0

W = 620000 N CD = 0.02 + 0.05CL2 c = 0.9 N/sa/N MDR = 0.8

The specifications of the aircraft is given in the table. She is climbing from sea level to
9000 m altitude with maximum speed condition by using %70 of maximum thrust.
Calculate the climbing time, fuel consumption and range with one stage (h=0, h=9000
m). Find the same quantities with the approximated technique.

a) At the sea level (σ=1):

1/ 2
 3 
Γ = 1 + 1 + 2 Γ = 2.15
 [Em (T / W ) ] 

1
Em = = 15.8
(
2 kcD0 )
1/ 2
T 0.7 ×168000
= = 0.19
0.05 0.02 W 620000

1/ 2
 (TSL / S )Γ 
V( R / C )max = 
 3 ρ c
SL D0 
V( R / C ) max = 125.8 [m / s ]
T   T  W 
  =     = 541.5 N / m
2
[ ]
  max   max  
S W S

0.19 2850 [N/m2]

2.15

T  Γ 3
sin γ ( R / C )max = 1 −  −
W  6  2ΓEm 2 (T / W )
15.8 0.19

⇒ sin γ ( R / C ) max = 0.107 ⇒ γ ( R / C ) max = 6.10

( R / C ) max = V( R / C ) max sin γ ( R / C ) max = 13.46 m / s

b) At the 9000 m altitude (σ=0.380):

1/ 2
 3 
Γ = 1 + 1 + 2
 [E m (T / W ) ] 
T T Γ = 2.82
= σ SL = 0.072
W W
0.19

Em = 15.8
1/ 2
 (TSL / S )Γ 
V( R / C )max = 
 3ρ SL cD0 
V( R / C ) max = 144.1 [m / s ]
T 
  = 541.5 N / m
2
[ ]
 S  max

217

2.82

T  Γ 3
sin γ ( R / C )max
0.0296
= 1 −  −
W  6  2ΓEm 2 (T / W )
15.8 0.072

⇒ sin γ ( R / C ) max = 0.009 ⇒ γ ( R / C ) max = 0.50

( R / C ) max = V( R / C )max sin γ ( R / C )max

144.1 m/s

⇒ ( R / C ) max = 1.3 [m / s ]

218
 (R/C)max values according to altitude:

h [m] Tmax/W Γ V [m/s] sin γ (R/C)max γ [0 ]

S.L. 0.190 2.15 125.8 0.107 13.46 6.1
9000 0.072 2.82 144.1 0.009 1.30 0.5

(R/C)max values (time, fuel consumption, distance) by using mean values:

∆h (R/C)max ∆t (T/W)mean ∆Wf/W Vmean ∆X

[m] [s] x103 [m/s] [km]
0-9000 7.38 1219 0.131 0.04 135 164

∆h
∆t =
( R / C ) max,mean

∆W f c(T / W ) mean ∆t Vmean cos γ mean ∆t

= ∆X =
W 3600 1000

0.02 9000 0

1/ 2
7254  27 ρ SL cD0   7254
h2 h1

t( R / C ) max = t min =   e − e 7254  = 1160 s
(T / W ) SL  
 8(T / S ) SL   
0.19 541.5

 − c  27 ρ c 1 / 2 
 SL D0 
 ( h2 − h1 ) 
 ∆W f   
 3600  8 (T / S ) SL  
  = 1− e = 0.027
 W  ( R / C ) max

X ( R / C ) max =
10.88
(T / W ) SL
( )
e h2 / 7254 − e h1 / 7254 = 141 km
Q-20

Fenerbahçe Sport Club decided to carry their fans to the Champions League
match and they asked for Turkish Airlines to orginise this trip. The aircraft will take
off from İstanbul Atatürk Airport and land to Vaduz Airport (London). The distance
between the airports are 4400 km. The number of the supporters are 300. The
aircraft list of the Turkish Airlines and pist specifications are given in the table.
Choose the best aircraft for this organisation from the table. (Suppose that: This
flight will be done at sea level height)

Aircraft S W [N] T [N] W fuel, cruise W payload, passenger k cD 0 cL c

(m2) max

Lockheed: C-130 162 778440 40000x4 310000 233500 0.045 0.025 1.8 0.9
Shorts: 330 51 101860 10700x2 41000 31000 0.030 0.020 1.7 0.92
Aerospatiale: ATR-72 61 215740 25000x2 86000 65000 0.035 0.040 1.8 0.89
Cessna: 172 16 10230 1340 4100 3070 0.040 0.025 1.9 0.93
Airbus: A330-200 362 2255250 300250x2 900000 676500 0.040 0.020 2.1 0.91
Boeing: 737-200 91 511550 69000x2 200000 155000 0.042 0.023 2.2 0.88
Boeing: 757:200 181 1134300 177900x2 450000 340000 0.045 0.025 2.1 0.90
Boeing: 747-200 511 3705570 240000x2 150000 1100000 0.043 0.028 2.3 0.93

Selection steps, passanger payload:

300 supporters:

W passenger = 300 × 934 N = 280200 N

Aircraft S W [N] T [N] Wfuel, cruise Wpayload, passenger k cD 0 cL c

(m2) max

Lockheed: C-130 162 778440 40000x4 310000 233500 0.045 0.025 1.8 0.9
Shorts: 330 51 101860 10700x2 41000 31000 0.030 0.020 1.7 0.92
Aerospatiale: ATR-72 61 215740 25000x2 86000 65000 0.035 0.040 1.8 0.89
Cessna: 172 16 10230 1340 4100 3070 0.040 0.025 1.9 0.93
Airbus: A330-200 362 2255250 300250x2 900000 676500 0.040 0.020 2.1 0.91
Boeing: 737-200 91 511550 69000x2 200000 155000 0.042 0.023 2.2 0.88
Boeing: 757:200 181 1134300 177900x2 450000 340000 0.045 0.025 2.1 0.90
Boeing: 747-200 511 3705570 240000x2 150000 1100000 0.043 0.028 2.3 0.93
Selection steps, range: (with best range condition)
1/ 2 1/ 4
0.866 EmVBR  1   2(W / S )   3k 
X BR ;V ,cL =  
 1 − ξ  BR  ρ σ 
ln V =
 cD 
c    SL   0 
1
Em =
2(kcD0 )1/ 2
Aircraft S W T Wfuel, cruise Wpayload, k cD 0 cL max c
(m2) [N] [N] passenger

Airbus: A330-200 362 2255250 300250x2 900000 676500 0.040 0.020 2.1 0.91
Boeing: 757:200 181 1134300 177900x2 450000 340000 0.045 0.025 2.1 0.90
Boeing: 747-200 511 3705570 240000x2 150000 1100000 0.043 0.028 2.3 0.93

Aircraft Em VBR [m/s] VBR [km/h] ξ XBR (km]

Airbus: A330-200 17,68 157,8 568,0 0,399 4866
Boeing: 757:200 14,91 154,1 554,9 0,397 4022
Boeing: 747-200 14,41 159,3 573,7 0,040 318

Aircraft S W T Wfuel, Wpayload, k cD 0 cL c

(m2) [N] [N] cruise passenger max

Airbus: A330-200 362 2255250 300250x2 900000 676500 0.040 0.020 2.1 0.91

Selection steps, take-off distance:

2W
VLO = 1.2Vstall = 1.2 = 83.48 m / s
ρ ∞ SC Lmax
İstanbul - Atatürk Airport

2 Pist length 1600 m

VLO W
s LO = = 1334 m < L pist Retarding Factor 0.3

2 gσTSL
Altitude Sea level

1 2
London - Vaduz Airport

S L = f dVstall = 847 m < L pist Pist length 1200 m

2 Retarding Factor 0.35

Altitude Sea level