Marking scheme BIOLOGY

PEPERIKSAAN PERTENGAHAN PENGGAL 1 STPM 2018

Section A: 15 marks

1 A 6 A 11 D
2 C 7 B 12 B
3 C 8 C 13 C
4 B 9 C 14 C
5 D 10 D 15 B

Section B : 15 marks

16. (a) (i) lactose is made up of two sugars units or monosaccharides. 1

1

(ii)
(iii) C12H22O11 1
(b) (i) advantage : 1
 End product is not contaminated with enzyme.
 Cheaper production cost
 Enzymes are more stable.
disadvantage : 1
 Lower rate of reaction
(ii) At low temperature (9oC) where there is relatively little kinetic energy, molecules 3
move slowly. There are fewer collisions with enzyme molecules and this causes a
slower rate of reaction. Lactose takes a longer time to be hydrolysed and some substrate
goes through unchanged.
Another explanation is that enzyme concentration is a limiting factor. The substrate
(milk lactose) is in excess. All the active sites are occupied or active sites are saturated.
Some substances go through unchanged.

17. (a) P : ATP 2

Q : NAD+
(b) Glycolysis 1
(c) Alcohol fermentation 1
(d) Making bread, brewery (wine making), fermentation of tapioca to form tapai 3
Section C : 30 marks

No Suggested answer marks

18. As a solvent
 Water is called a universal solvent’ because it dissolves more substances
than any other liquid. The dipolar (bipolar) nature of water makes it a
good solvent for ions and polar molecules.
 In water, the ions and the polar groups are surrounded by water molecules
which separate (dissociate) the ions or molecules from each other.
 The more negatively charged oxygen atoms of water are attracted to the
positively charged ions or molecules. The more positively charged
hydrogen atoms are attracted to the negatively charged ions or molecules.
 Water molecules collectively have a stronger electrostatic attraction for
ions than the ions have for each other.
 The solvent properties of water molecules enable it to act as a transport
medium, as in the blood and lymphatic systems. Most biological reactions
occur in an aqueous medium.
Density
 As water cools, the movement of water molecules slows down and the
molecules are further apart.
 At 0oC, water freezes, the water molecules are now arranged in regular,
hexagonal crystallize lattice network. Each water molecule can form a
maximum number of four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.
 The lattice structure of ice occupies more space and has less water molecules
per volume compared to liquid water.
 Water therefore expands as it freezes and is less dense than liquid water.
 Water has its maximum density at 4oC.
 At 0oC and below, ice is formed. Being less dense than liquid water, the ice
floats on the surface, forming an insulating layer.
 This prevents water in lower depths from freezing. Therefore, aquatic
organisms in ponds and lakes can survive in liquid water during the winter.
 The density of water changes with temperature. This causes water currents to
circulate nutrients in the oceans.

Specific heat capacity

 Water has a high specific heat capacity. A large amount of heat energy is required
to raise the temperature of water.
 Water has high specific heat capacity because of its extensive hydrogen bonds. A
great deal of energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between neighbouring
water molecules in liquid water before converting liquid water into gas.
 Large body of water such as oceans, sea and lakes have at thermally stable
environment for aquatic organisms.
 Water also acts as thermal buffer and prevents large fluctuations in the body
temperatures of terrestrial organisms. A constant body temperature enables
enzymes to function optimally and prevents denaturation of biological molecules.

Latent heat of vaporisation

 Evaporation of water requires lot of heat energy. This energy is called the latent
heat of energy. During sweating, a lot of heat must be absorbed from the body to
evaporate the water thus having a cooling effect on the body.
  A large amount of heat has to be removed before freezing can occur. The high
latent heat of fusion ensures that cell contents and aquatic habitats do not freeze
quickly in cold weather.
(b) Similarity :
 A triglyceride and a steroid both are lipids, they are insoluble in water but soluble 1
in organic solvents.

Difference:
 A triglyceride is formed by the ester linkage of three fatty acids to one molecule of 1
glycerol whereas has a basic four-ring hydrocarbon structure. Each steroid with
different double bonds and functional side chains.
(c)



19.
(a)
(b)  ATPs are synthesized at various stages along the glucose respiratory pathway in 2
ways, either by oxidative phosphorylation at the end of the electron transport chain or
by
substrate –level phosphorylation.
During glycolysis,
 2 ATP net gain produced by substrate level phosphorylation.;
 2 NADH produced from the conversion of two phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) to
two glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate.

During Link Reaction,

 2NADH produced from oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates to two acetate.

During Krebs cycle,

 2 NADH produced from oxidative decarboxylation of two citrates to two
α-ketoglutarates.
 2 NADH produced from oxidative decarboxylation of two α-ketoglutarates to two
succinyl coenzyme A.
 2 FADH2 produced from oxidation of two succinates to form two fumarates.
 2 NADH produced from the oxidation of two malates to form two oxaloacetates.
 2 ATP produced by substrate level-phosphorylation of two succinyl coenzyme A to
two succinate.
 A total of 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced by the complete oxidation of glucose.
 The NADH and FADH2 will transfer the hydrogen atoms to electron transport chain on
the inner membrane where ATP will be generated.
 Each NADH that transfer two hydrogens to the ETC can generate 3 ATPs.
  So 10 NADH generates 30 ATPs.
 Each FADH2 that transfers two hydrogens to the ETC can generate 2 ATPs.
 So, 2 FADH2 can generate 4 ATPs.
 Altogether, 34 ATPs from oxidative decarboxylation and 4 ATPs from substrate-level
phosphorylation (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Kreb cycles).
 The grand total of ATPs produced from one molecule of glucose is 38 ATPs.

20.
C3 plant C4 plant
Carbon dioxide fixation happens once Carbon dioxide occurs twice , first in
in mesophyll cells the mesophyll cells, then in bundle
sheath cells.
The first carbon dioxide acceptor is the The first carbon dioxide acceptor is 3
5C compound RuBP. carbon compound, PEP.

Only one enzyme is involved, which is 2 enzymes involved:

Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase)
First product of carbon dioxide
fixation from atmosphere is 3 carbon
compound glycerate-3-phosphate.
1. PEP carboxylase in
mesophyll cell;
2. Rubisco in bundle sheath
cells.
First product of carbon dioxide
fixation from the atmosphere is a 4
carbon compound oxaloacetate.

Photorespiration occurs. Oxygen act No photorespiration takes place.

as competitive inhibitor to carbon High carbon dioxide in the bundle
dioxide for enzyme Rubisco. sheath cells overcomes competitive
inhibition by oxygen for the enzyme
Rubisco.

Photosynthesis is less efficient with Photosynthesis is more efficient with a

lower photosynthetic yield. higher photosynthetic yield.