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CHAPTER 10
VAPOR AND COMBINED
POWER CYCLES
Byongjo Yun
Pusan National University
Note: The material is revised from the original slides prepared by Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep
Copyright © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
• Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid
is alternately vaporized and condensed.
• Analyze power generation coupled with process
heating called cogeneration.
• Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor
power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency.
• Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power
cycles.
• Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate
cycles known as combined cycles and binary cycles.
2
Flow Diagram for Thermoelectric Power Plant
3
4
Fossil fueled boiler Condenser
5
THE CARNOT VAPOR CYCLE
Isothermal
Boiler(Qin)
Isentropic. Isentropic.
Compressor Turbine
Isothermal
Condenser(Qout)
6
Isothermal
Boiler(Qin)
Isentropic.
Isentropic. Turbine
Compressor
Isothermal
Condenser(Qout)
(a) Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine cycle.
(b) The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the ideal Rankine cycle. 14
15
Finding h4 and h3 from steam table for the previous example.
X=-1.6
A=3647.6-1.6=3646 kJ/kg
16
(2) h3 : 15.9 MPa & 35 oC
From table A7 (for compressed liquid)
X=0.7992
A=160.06+0.7992=160.9 kJ/kg
17
How to increase efficiency of the following Rankine cycle?
18
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE
EFFICIENCY OF THE RANKINE CYCLE?
The basic idea behind all the modifications to increase the thermal efficiency
of a power cycle is the same: Increase the average temperature at which heat is
transferred to the working fluid in the boiler, or decrease the average
temperature at which heat is rejected from the working fluid in the condenser.
1.Lowering the Condenser 2.Superheating the Steam to High 3.Increasing the Boiler Pressure
Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg) (Increases Thigh,avg)
19
Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
-Lowering the operating pressure of the condenser
-> automatically lowers the steam temperature
--> lower temperature at which heat is rejected
-It requires increase of heat generation in boiler (curve 2’-2) but it is very small.
-To take advantage of the increased efficiencies at low pressures, the condensers
of steam power plants usually operate well below the atmospheric pressure.
Side effect :
For a fixed turbine inlet temperature,
the cycle shifts to the left and the
moisture content of steam at the
turbine exit increases. This side effect
can be corrected by reheating the
steam.
25
THE IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE
How can we take advantage of the increased efficiencies at higher boiler pressures
without facing the problem of excessive moisture at the final stages of the turbine?
1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures. It is limited metallurgically.
2. Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat it in between (reheat)
26
1) The single reheat in a modern power
plant improves the cycle efficiency by 4 to
5% by increasing the average temperature
at which heat is transferred to the steam.
2) The average temperature during the
reheat process can be increased by
increasing the number of expansion and
reheat stages. As the number of stages is
increased, the expansion and reheat
processes approach an isothermal
process at the maximum temperature.
3)The use of more than two reheat stages
is not practical. The theoretical
improvement in efficiency from the second
reheat is about half of that which results
from a single reheat.
4) If turbine inlet pressure with double The average temperature at which
reheat system is not high enough -> it heat is transferred during reheating
results in superheated exhaust at the increases as the number of reheat
second turbine -> decrease in efficiency stages is increased.
* Double reheat is used only for
supercritical-pressure power plants 27
5) A third reheat : increase the cycle efficiency by about half of the improvement
attained the 2nd reheat.
6) The reheat temperatures are very close or equal to the turbine inlet temperature.
7) The optimum reheat pressure is about one-fourth of the maximum cycle pressure.
eg) If boiler pressure is 12MPa ,then optimum reheat pressure is 3MPa.
28
29
THE IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE
1. Heat is transferred to the working fluid
during process 2-2’ at a relatively low
temperature. This lowers the average
heat-addition temperature and thus the
cycle efficiency.
expansion
Isentropic
Saturated y
Liquid
Isentropic (1-y)
Pump I
Boiler
Pressure
FWH
Isentropic
Pressure
Pump II Leaves at
saturated T 32
Summary for Open Feedwater Heaters
1. Thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle increases as a results of
regeneration because
Regeneration raises the average temperature at which heat is
transferred to the steam in the boiler by raising the temperature of
the water before it enters the boiler
2. The cycle efficiency increases further as the number of feedwater
heaters increased.
eg) Many large plants in operation today use as many as eight
feedwater heaters.
3. What is optimum number: it is competing with the cost of heat
exchanger and saving of fuel costs. ->Analysis on cost per benefit
is required.
33
Closed Feedwater Heaters
Another type of feedwater heater frequently used in steam power plants is
the closed feedwater heater, in which heat is transferred from the extracted steam to the
feedwater without any mixing taking place. The two streams now can be at different
pressures, since they do not mix.
1. Ideal closed feedwater heater : feedwater is heated to the exit temperature of the
extracted steam (Saturated).
2. Actually, the feedwater leaves below the exit temp of the extracted steam. The
condensed steam is then either to the feedwater line or routed to another heater or to
the condenser through trap.
3. A trap allows the liquid to be throttled to a lower pressure region but trap the vapor.
1-y
A steam power plant with one open and three closed feedwater heaters. 36
Actual power plant utilizing regenerative feed water heaters
37
y
1-y
1-y
38
1-y
1-y 1-y
39
Calculation of pumping works Wpump II,in and Wpump III,in in the previous example.
Wpump II,in
Wpump III,in
h5=640.09+15.85=655.94 kJ/kg
y=0.1726
z=0.1313
h8=1095.1 kJ/kg
qin=2923.47 kJ/kg
qout=1492.36 kJ/kg
th=48.95%
40
SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS OF VAPOR
POWER CYCLES
Exergy destruction for a steady-flow system
( , )
Steady-flow, one-
inlet, one-exit
Stream exergy
42
43
COGENERATION
•Remaining portion of the heat from the cycle -> rejected to rivers, lakes, etc.
•Many industries require energy input in the form of heat, called process heat.
•Process heat in these industries is usually supplied by steam at 5 to 7 atm and
150 to 200°C. Energy is usually transferred to the steam by burning coal, oil,
natural gas, or another fuel in a furnace.
Industries that use large amounts
of process heat also consume a
large amount of electric power.
It makes sense to use the already-
existing work potential to produce
power instead of letting it go to
waste.
The result is a plant that produces
electricity while meeting the
process-heat requirements of
certain industrial processes
A simple process-heating plant. (cogeneration plant)
Including
1) heat rejected in the condenser.
2) all the undesirable heat losses
from the piping and components
3) combustion inefficiencies such
as incomplete combustions and
stack losses
47
Method1 Q out m ( h6 h8 ) 29028.75kJ
Method2
E in E out dE / dt 0
48
COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER CYCLES
• The continued quest for higher thermal efficiencies has resulted in rather
innovative modifications to conventional power plants.
• A popular modification involves a gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle,
which is called the combined gas–vapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
• The combined cycle of greatest interest is the gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle topping
a steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a higher thermal efficiency than
either of the cycles executed individually.
• It makes engineering sense to take advantage of the very desirable
characteristics of the gas-turbine cycle at high temperatures and to use the high-
temperature exhaust gases as the energy source for the bottoming cycle such as
a steam power cycle. The result is a combined gas–steam cycle.
• Recent developments in gas-turbine technology have made the combined gas–
steam cycle economically very attractive.
• The combined cycle increases the efficiency without increasing the initial cost
greatly. Consequently, many new power plants operate on combined cycles, and
many more existing steam- or gas-turbine plants are being converted to
combined-cycle power plants.
• Thermal efficiencies over 50% are reported.
49
Combined gas–steam power plant.
50
51
2’ 3’
1’
5’ 4’
ws h2 's h1'
c 0.8 h2 ' 605.39 kJ / kg
wa h2 ' h1'
Process 3’-4’ : isentropic expansion of an ideal gas
wa h3' h4 '
T 0.85 h4 ' 880.36 kJ / kg
ws h3' h4 's
qin h3' h2 ' 790.58kJ / kg
Wnet , gas Wturbine Wcompresser ( h3' h4 ' ) ( h2 ' h1' ) 210.41kJ / kg
52
Steam cycle (Ideal Rankine Cycle)
h1 137.75kJ / kg
2’ 3’
h2 h1 W pump 144.78kJ / kg
1’
s3 6.8kJ /( kgK ) 5’ 4’
E in E out dE / dt 0
m g ( h4 ' h5' ) m s ( h2 h3 )
53
Summary
• The Carnot vapor cycle
• Rankine cycle: The ideal cycle for vapor power cycles
Energy analysis of the ideal Rankine cycle
• Deviation of actual vapor power cycles from idealized ones
• How can we increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle?
Lowering the condenser pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
Superheating the steam to high temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg)
Increasing the boiler pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)
• The ideal reheat Rankine cycle
• The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle
Open feedwater heaters
Closed feedwater heaters
• Second-law analysis of vapor power cycles
• Cogeneration
• Combined gas–vapor power cycles
54
Homework 10
Problems
15, 33, 44, 54, 66, 80
55