A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.

),

Ceylon Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and English Lavender (Lavandula

angustifolia Miller) Essential Oil Extracts as Insecticides against Adult Female Yellow

Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.)

A Research submitted to

Malayan High School of Science

Paz Guazon Street, Pandacan, Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Research II

CHUA, Jexter Janzen B.

CLEMENTE, Leila Eunice B.

NAVALTA, Ivan Christopher U.

SILVA, Miguel Angelo N.

STA. ANA, Jose Antonio T., III

VALENZUELA, Anton Ralph F.

March 2016
 Endorsement

This is to certify that this research, entitled “A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of German
Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), Ceylon Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and
English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) Essential Oil Extracts as Insecticides
against Adult Female Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) (2016)” submitted by Jexter
Janzen B. Chua, Leila Eunice B. Clemente, Ivan Christopher U. Navalta, Miguel Angelo N. Silva,
Jose Antonio Sta. Ana, III, and Anton Ralph F. Valenzuela to fulfill part of the requirements for
Research II, was successfully defended and approved on March 2016.

________________________
ERIKA GIN C. CONSTANTINO
THESIS READER

________________________
DAPHANE CLAIR B. OLIVAR
THESIS READER

________________________
CHRISTIAN BERNARD R. ROXAS
THESIS READER

_____________________________
JONATHAN A. CARPIO
RESEARCH TEACHER

This research is accepted as, partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research II.

________________________
JOCELYN L. ANTIPORDA
PRINCIPAL
 Acknowledgements

The research team would like to acknowledge and extend its gratefulness and gratitude to the

following people who have contributed greatly to the progress of this research study:

Mr. Jonathan A. Carpio for his indispensable recommendations and requests throughout the

process of our research study.

Mrs. Jocelyn L. Antiporda, for her valued insight in the formulation and execution of our study,

specifically the experimentation.

Ms. Daphane Clair B. Olivar, for the valuable guidance and specialized knowledge and experience

she has shared which has developed and progressed the construction of the methodology in our

research study.

Ms. Erika Gin C. Constantino, for her valued insight and guidance in the revisions of our finalized

research paper.
Mr. Christian Bernard R. Roxas Mr. Kevin S. Deniega and Mr. Patrick Jhiel S. Ilog for sharing

their statistical expertise which has contributed in the validation of the study's results and

conclusions using statistical analysis.

Dr. Pio A. Javier, PhD, a member of the Crop Protection Cluster in University of the Philippines

Los Baños, for providing the Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes and for his unprecedented, critical input

in the construction of the methodology.

Ms. Annabelle B. Albaytar and Mr. Bonifacio A. Navasero, technicians of the Crop Protection

Cluster in University of the Philippines Los Baños, for helping the researchers gather post-

experimental data and for their shared and specialized expertise in Entomology, which has

contributed greatly in the execution of our experiment.

The research team members' families, for their financial and moral support in this endeavor.
 Table of Contents

Endorsement ii

Acknowledgements iii

List of Appendices viii

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

Abstract xi

Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of Problem 4

1.3 Hypotheses 5

1.4 Significance of the Study 6

1.5 Scope and Limitations 6

1.6 Definition of Terms 7

Review of Related Literature and Studies 10

2.1. Insecticides 10

2.2. Essential Oils 12

2.3. Ceylon Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) 13

2.4. Ceylon Citronella Uses 14

2.5. Active Constituents of Ceylon Citronella Essential Oil 16

2.6. Efficacy of the Essential Oil of Ceylon Citronella against the Yellow Fever 17

Mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.)

2.7. German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) 18

2.8. German Chamomile Uses 19

2.9. Active Constituents of German Chamomile Essential Oil 20

2.10. Efficacy of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile against the 21

Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.)

2.11. English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) 22

2.12. English Lavender Uses 23

2.13. Active Constituents of English Lavender Essential Oil 24

2.14. Efficacy of the Essential Oil of English Lavender against the Yellow Fever 25

Mosquito (Aedes aegypti L.)

2.15. MAPECON BIG-R® 26

2.16. Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) 27

2.17. Physical Features of Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) 28

2.18. Habitat of Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) 28

2.19. Biology and Life Cycle of Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) 29

2.19.1. Adults 29

2.19.2. Eggs 30

2.19.3. Larvae 31

2.19.4. Pupae 32

2.20. Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) Biting Behavior and 32

Feeding Process

2.21. Yellow Fever Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti L.) Containment Methods 32

 Methodology 35

3.1. Materials 35

3.2. Methods 36

3.2.1. Preparations for Setup 36

3.2.2. Experimental Procedures 37

3.3. Data Analysis and Acquisition 39

3.3.1. Acquisition of Data 39

3.3.2. Statistical Treatment of Data 40

Results and Discussion 41

4.1. Results 42

4.2. Discussion 47

Conclusion and Recommendations 49

5.1. Summary of Findings 49

5.2. Conclusion 50

5.3. Recommendations 50

References 51

Appendices 58
 List of Appendices

Appendix A. Certification 58

Appendix B. Statistical Computation 59

Appendix C. Documentation 60

Appendix D. Researchers’ Profile 62

 List of Tables

Table 3.2.2.1. Diagram of the Experimental Procedure 38

Table 4.1.1. Number of dead adult yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L., and its 42

percentage, at 24 hours after spraying of different extracts

Table 4.1.2. Number of dead adult yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L., and its 43

percentage, at 48 hours after spraying of different extracts

Table 4.1.3. One Way ANOVA Statistical Test Results 45

Table B.1. One Way ANOVA Computation 59

 List of Figures

Figure 4.1.1. Line Graph of the Average Percent Mortality of 44

adult yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti L.

Figure 4.1.2. Region of Acceptance of ANOVA Computation 46

Figure A.1. Reimbursement Expense Receipt for the Yellow Fever Mosquitoes 59

Figure C.1. Mylar Film Cages where 20 Mosquitoes are Contained before the 60

experiment

Figure C.2. Mylar Film Cages where 20 Mosquitoes are Contained during the 60

Experiment

Figure C.3. Twenty knocked-down mosquitoes contained in Mylar Film Cages during 61

The Experiment

Figure C.4. Twenty knocked-down Mosquitoes Contained in a Plastic Container 61

.
 Abstract

The study sought to evaluate and compare the efficacies of the essential oil extracts of German
Chamomile, Ceylon Citronella and English Lavender, and the commercial insecticide MAPECON
Botanical Insect Growth Regulator® against Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes. The researchers sprayed
three essential oil extracts and the commercial insect growth regulator into twenty mylar film
cages. One cage containing twenty mosquitoes was sprayed with 0.5 milliliters of its assigned
extract. Mortality of the mosquitoes was recorded after 24 and 48 hours of spraying the adult
yellow fever mosquitoes in the conducted experiment. Using a spreadsheet program, the results
were computed. It was concluded from the One Way ANOVA statistical test that there was no
significant difference in the efficacy of the aforementioned essential oil extracts and the
commercial insecticide as insecticides against adult female yellow fever mosquitoes.