Electrodynamics Instruments

(electric and magnetic forces)

Electrodynamometer
Construction
Principle of operation
 Principle of operation
Stored energy in magnetic field

Deflecting torque is given by

 Principle of operation
Since
 Principle of operation
L1 ,L2 are assumed connecting in series
But. If not, then the currents passing
through L1 ,L2 are I1 and I2 and the
deflecting torque is given by

Where
I1 and I2 are the currents in the fixed and moving coils
M is the mutual inductance of the coils.
 Applications
1-uses as an ammeter
 Applications
2-uses as a voltmeter
3-uses as a wattmeter
current coils are thick and have few turns
voltage coil is thin and has many turns
 Advantages
i) used for A.C and D.C
ii) Accurate R.M.S. value
Disadvantages
(i) have a low sensitivity.
(ii) more expensive than M.C.I and M.I.I
(iii) must be handled with great care.
(iv) They have a non-uniform scale.
 Prove :Td is proportional with power

the instantaneous value of deflecting torque can be written as

 Prove Td is proportional with power
The pointer cannot follow the rapid changes in
the instantaneous torque due to large inertia
of the moving system. Hence,
the instrument indicates the average torque.

Td average can be obtained by integrating

the instantaneous torque from limit 0 to
Prove Td is proportional with power

Td is proportional with power

 Wattmeter Errors:
1-Wattmeter connections (a)

wattmeter reading = load power+ power lost in C.C.

adopted for small currents measurement
 Wattmeter Errors:
1-Wattmeter connections (b)

wattmeter reading = load power+ power lost in V.C.

adopted for large currents measurement
 Wattmeter Errors:
2-External magnetic field (stray fields)
External fields may cause serious errors
This can be minimize by using:
magnetic screen
or
an iron case
 Wattmeter Errors:
3- Inductance of Voltage Coil.

Inductance of pressure coil may cause

an error in the wattmeter reading.
It has been shown before that
What is effect of Voltage Coil Inductance on Reading?

Neglecting Lp Not Neglecting Lp

Correction factor (C.F.)
 Notes that

Wattmeter reading Pw Wattmeter reading Pw

=PL+I2Rc =PL+ V2/Rp

Error= Pw - PL Error= Pw - PL

% Error=(( Pw - PL)/ Pw )x100 % Error=(( Pw - PL)/ Pw )x100

 Compensation for inductance of pressure coil
Inductance of pressure coil can be reduced by
capacitor connected in parallel with a series resistance r
MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER
1-Three wattmeter method four wire
connection
2-Two wattmeter method
3-One wattmeter method for
3 phase balanced load only
VAR meter (volt-ampere- Reactive Power)
Power factor meter
Power factor meter
Power factor meter
Principle of operation
At balance