Eo: Chapter # 08 (Descriptive Question Answers) > CULTURE OF PAKISTAN Q2: + Describe the characteristics of culture? : CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE: 4 The literal meaning of culture is to cultivate something, It is also called ; f life. The culture of a nation is a combination of a number of factors including: of living, the language, literature, customs, traditions, ideology, food habits, architecture and fine arts. Some of the characteristics of culture are given as under: 7 Separate Identity: ov Every culture’ has its separate identity and spebiic Characteristics. People are differentiated on the basis of their culture. & Effective Force: &, VV Culture is a force which affects “NY ‘ure having a positive force influences. other cultures. > Variability Or Change: * 0 Culture is subject to chany the passage of time. A new culture emerges due to the process of change Ss tact with other cultures. > Popularity: Pakistani Languages: U More than 30 languages are spoken in Paksta the ‘major provincial languages of Pakistan are Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Balor al Protection Of Culture: ‘The national language is a good protector @f culture along with the regional languages. If we want to protect our culture, we id try to develop our languages especially the national language. The provineial. languages should also be given full support so that our culture remains safe. a“ Concwwsion: N « As languages serve ff. the identity of a nation and its culture, we should promote our languages. \s in Writea note 6: ° Uro} a \GE: Urdu Language: “ee und 3,000 years ago, the Aryans settled in South Asia. They spoke Sanskrit. Their nguage changed due to local influence and came to be known as Prakrit — the language of the common people. People spoke Prakrit for 1500 years. The Prakrit language took four distinctive forms. One of them was called Brij Bhasha which was spoken between and around the Ganges and the Jamna Rivers. Different dynasties ruled over South Asia. The Pathans ruled here and then the Mughals ruled. They spoke Persian which contained a lot of Arabic and Turkish words. During Shah Jahan’s rule, Brij Bhasha changed so much that it became a new language. Both the Muslims and the Hindus spoke this language. The Mughal rulers recruited the army from various parts of irdu Language? 2|PaceEo: Qa ‘Ans: SINDHI LANGUAG! the country. The army camp in the Persian language is called “ordoo” which was later called Urdu. > Nature Of Urdu: During the last 200 years of the Mughal dynasty the religious scholars, intellectuals and poets used Urdu as the language of expression. in its nature, Urdu is capable of borrowing words from all other languages and as soon as the borrowed words get currency they become integral parts of the language. > National Language Of Pakistan: Urdu played a great role in promoting Pakistan Movement. It is =v" spoken. in al provinces of Pakistan. It is the link language of the people ie National language of the country. Progress Of Urdu: Urdu has made great progress in Pakistan, It has a ES ee of poetry and prose. Modern knowledge is being translated into ‘wo federal colleges: Urdu Science College and Urdu Arts College very se One, and now have been upgraded to Federal Urdu University. The severe nth: hare up a National Language Authority to promote Urdu. Ay > Source Of Unity: The national language Urdu is a gurce of unity among the Pakistanis, People living in different parts of the —e wunicate and interact with the help of Urdu a note on the Sindhi. oy > History Of Si Sindhi is or Net South Asian languages. With the arrival of the Muslims in South nat indhi advanced. Several Arabic, Persian and Turkish words were introd this language. r pind: undation of modern Sindhi language was laid down in late 19th century. Sindhi is ‘itten in a modified Arabic script. + Treasure Of Sindhi: In the 20th century, Sindhi made great progress in both prose and poetry. In prose, short stories, novels, drama, travelogue, essays, etc. are being written. In poetry, besides the traditional verse forms, like ghazals, many Western, Chinese and Japanese forms have also been written. Thus Sindhi today has a big treasure of literature and knowledge. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Sachal Sarmat and many mystic poets and saints have made great contribution to promote and develop Sindhi. 3 (PaceEo: Publication Of Sindhi: There are a dozen important daily newspapers, more than a hundred weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bimonthly and quarterly magazines and journals are published regularly in Sindhi. Field Of Education: Sindhi is @ medium of education at schools, colleges arid universities, The universities of Sindh and Karachi have the departments of Sindhi language where the Masters and Doctorate degrees are being awarded. in 1990, dhi Language \Authority was established for the promotion of Sindhi language. Sindhi Adabi Boat language and literature by publishing standard classical and m the official language of the Sindh province. in brief, Sindhi Ki) great progress these days. o* QS: Writea note on Punjabi Language? io e ‘Ans: PUNJABI LANGUAGE: 7 History Of Punjat Punjabi is an ancient language. Some as monks wrote religious or devotional lyrics in Punjabi which are considered & rliest pieces of Punjabi literature. Proper work in Punjabi literature started h@arrival of the Muslims in South Asia. > Language Of Saints And Sufis: 0 ’ Most of the religious scholar’ 6f Islam and mystics of this area used the Punjabi language for expressing thelr ideas and for propagating Islam. Some of the great mystic poets and preachers,who composed their work in Punjabi were Baba Fareed, Ganj Shakar, Shah H tan Bahu, Buihe Shah, Waris Shah, Au Haider Multani, Mian Muhammai it Ind Khowaja Ghulam Farced. , senuna The Punjabi Languag - Sire of the 20th century, novels, plays, short stories and other forms of nN to be written. Punjabi journalism also started. Books on art, philosophy, Buistics, economics, geography traditional medicine (tibb) and law were Ni fen, The Punjabi language has 2 vast treasure of published and unpublished jasterpieces. Field Of Education: Punjabi is taught as an optional subject in Punjab. There is a department of Punjabi language in the University of Punjab where education is given at Masters and Doctorate level. A large number of young Punjabi writers, dramatists and poet have emerged during the last 35 years. Punjabi dramas and films have also made the Punjabi language very popular with the masses. a|paseEo: Qé: Ans: Q7: Ans: ‘Write a note on Pashto Language? PASHTO LANGUAGE: Provincial Language Of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: The language of the frontier province is Pashto . it is also spoken in North-West of Balochistan. > History Of The Pashto Language: In ancient times, the tribes of eastern Iran settled in the area between the Indus River and the Hindukush range. The existing remnants of their languages@re Sanjani and Pamir. The Pashto language emerged from them, \) ‘ed Famous Poets Of Pashto: ‘ The famous Pashto poets of the 17th and 18th century si Kazim Khan Shaida, Rehmen Baba and Khushhal Khan Khattak wrote a larg of lyrical poems in a > Progress Of Pashto: Towards the end of the 19th century, the fot ‘ion of modern Pashto literature was laid down. In the same period, mana m started. Folk songs and folk tales were also preserved in Pashto. The Pj uage has a vast treasure of literacy work today. 0 \ \ Educational Field: Peshawar University is m. alf efforts to develop and modernize Pashto. There is also a Pashto Academy '@, Many journals are published in the Pashto language. Writea note on staneage? BALOCHI LANG! N Provincial Language Of Baluchistan: The, provincial language of Baluchistan is Balochi. In addition to Balochi, Pashto, Brahvi and Sindhi languages are also spoken in Baluchistan. oh tory Of Balochi: alochi is linked with the ancient languages that were spoken in the eastern and southern Iran. The Balochi tribes came from north eastern Iran and Settled in. Baluchistan. > Famous Poets And Writers Of Balochi: Besides epical romantic poetry, folk stories are features of Balochi literature. Jam Vark, Mast Tawakkali, Gui Khan Naseer, Azad Jameluddin, N.M. Danish and Banul Dashtyari (Naz Bibi) are famous writers who have contributed to the development of this language. At present, Balochi literature Is on the road to progress. S|PaceEo: Qs: Ans: Educational Field: The first Balochi monthly magazine was published in 1952 from Karachi but it could not survive. During this period, a number of organizations came forward to develop the Balochi language and literature. The Baluchistan University and the Balochi Academy are making great efforts to develop the Balochi Language. Describe the importance of Urdu as a National Language? IMPORTANCE OF URDU AS A NATIONAL LANGUAGE: Nw Every nation needs some marks of identity. Language is the prime mar intification of any nation, Pakistan is a federation of four provinces and its national Tanguage is Urdu. Quaid-e-Azam also declared Urdu as the national language of P: he constitution of Pakistan also declares Urdu as the national language of Paki 'e importance of Urdu as a national language is given as under: . > Source Of Unity: é The national language creates a feeling of unity 8nd national cohesion. People living in different provinces realize that in spite ing different languages, they are joined together by one national language, i weritage of all. Source Of Communication: People speak different language 0 rent provinces. However, Urdu is spoken and understood in all the provingés of Pakistan. It is, therefore, a source of contact and communication Relween created uni the people. Many Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Abdul Maje Allama iqbai, Hasrat Mohani, Allama Shi Nomani, Quaid-e- yy others favoured Urdu. Azam we - logy: irdu has got close relationship with all the provincial languages of Pakistan. All these uages have been influenced byArabic, Persian and English words. Literature on identical topics is available in ali the languages. > Role In Pakistan maine It: In the early st of Pal ‘stan Movement, Urdu was the most favoured language. Urdu dt ~ Media Of Communication: Urdu along with provincial languages is creating harmony among the people of different areas through media, e.g. radio, television, press etc. 6|PaceEo: > Source Of Benefit: People can benefit from the writings in provincial languages like folk tales, essays, plays, poetry and song translated into Urdu. It develops goodwill among the people too. > Coordination: Pakistan is a federation of four provinces. Urdu serves as a medium of coordination between different provinces of Pakistan. Common Medium: Urdu is used as a national language because it is a common medium hjeol to talk to each other and to get education ‘) > International Language: \ Urdu is an international language. It has a capability of ie language. It is not only understood within the country but ranks with international languages. ds from any. side the country. It ‘What are the common cultural manifestations in the KY life? Qe : COMMON CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS INN) Islam has united the people of Pakistan in: a rotted, The common cultural manifestations in the national life are gi der: > Mixed Culture: Q People living in different partsiof the colintry have different cultures. However, a mixed cukure is now emerging si the interaction between different cultures. . Status Of Men And Man and women have ee status, The rights and duties of men and women are clearly state }. Man earns and is the head of the family. Women look after the children ani . There is the same status of men and women in all the provinces of Pakistan. © rs ite is simple and common. It is the same In the villages and in the cities. Joint ly system is common in Pakistan. People respect the elders and love children + Food: Wheat is the main food of Pakistanis, People also eat rice, meat, vegetables, pulses, etc. The Pakistanis eat almost the same food all over the country. > Entertainments: Like other things, the entertainments of the Pakistanis are also common. Cricket, hockey, football are the popular sports. People watch TV and listen to the radio too, 7|PaseEo: > Religious Events: The religious events are also common. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are the two most. important religious events. People rejoice on these eves. > Media Communi TY, radio, newspapers, magazines and the means of transports also play their role in developing a common national culture. Jn: > System Of Educatio! The system of education followed at the national level helps in mein the national culture, There should be uniformity in the courses of studies, medium ructions, examination system. A common system of education creates na armony and promotes common culture. Q.10: What are the various aspects of our culture? Ans: VARIOUS ASPECTS OF CULTURE: Pakistan is a vast country. It has a rich and aw €. Various aspects of our culture are given as under: > Dresses: People wear light dresses in matt d thick woolen or cotton dresses are used in winter. Men wear shirt and sulk al6ng with waistcoat and turban. Women wear shirt, shalwar and dupatta. ei the Pakistani dress Consists of shalwar and shirt. unseanireana reas) ® Literature includes all types of prose and poetry. Fine arts include printing, calligraphy, architecture, Oa During the Muslim period these arts flourished. The art is also prone elevision and radio. > Handicrafts, Har s are made all over Pakistan. In Sindh, glass cutwork on clothes is very fine. ks are very colourful and appreciated. In Karachi, decoration pieces and nts are made from shells and stones. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, glass cutwork id embroidery are made. In Punjab Multani camel skin lamps and painted vessels are famous. Engraved furniture is made in Chiniot. In Balochistan, glass work and embroidery of high standard are made. > Festivals And Fairs: The two most important festivals are Eid-ulFitr and Eid-ul-Azha. €idul-Fitr is celebrated at the end of Ramazan on the first of Showal. Eld-ul-Azha is celebrated on the 10th of Zil-Haj. The sacrifice is offered for three days, i.e. on the 10th, 11th and 12th of Zil-Haj. These two festivals are a source of great happiness to the Muslims. Fairs B|PAcEalae Espa: re Emai Contac are great features of Pakistani culture. These fairs are Usually held on the eve of Urs (birth or death anniversary) of great saints and sufis. In rural areas some fairs are held after the harvesting season. CONCLUSION: All the aspects of our culture as mentioned above are valuable assets of our culture. They are helpful in creating national cohesion and unity.