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    Eo: Chapter # 05 (Descriptive Question Answers) > RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Qu What do you mean by resources? or What are different types of resources? 4 Ans: RESOURCES: he) A resource is a source of supply for what is needed or used. Types Or RESOURCES: ‘There are two types of resources: Human Resources: ( ) The human resources are also called the manpower of/a country. This manpower is engaged in different types of professions. Thus/all the working people of a country make its human resources. Any person who ten years of age and works for oneself or for others for at least an A is called an employed person. The human resources of Pakistan are bi all types of known professions. These professions include: agricultural, i architecture, business, communication, government services, private servi ity other paid work. .\@ Natural Resources: All the resources whic! God have created for man or for other living things Make up the netural resouré sess natural resources are present in the form of rivers, ‘oceans, forests, rae , fertile lands, etc. God has blessed Pakistan with all types of natural res We have got best fertile lands, rivers, oceans, minerals, different climates and natural forests, etc. These natural resources are the blessings of God to us. We shOuld try to explore them and get the maximum benefit from these natural 8 that we can make great progress in the world and compete with other re is no shortage of natural resources in our beloved country. the importance of natural resources in the development of a nation? Ans: IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCES IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Progress And Prosperity: Human and natural resources are the cause of progress and prosperity of a country. They are the real wealth of a nation. The developed countries of the world have used their human and natural resources with good planning. Pakistan has also got vast human and natural resources but has not used them with any planning. Therefore, we are still a developing country or a so-called third world country. t|pace Eo: Strong Defence: A strong defence for a country also depends on human and natural resources. Material requirements for the strong military build-up is provided by the natural resources while the human resources provide the expertise to utilize these resources. High Prestige: The natural and human resources are the means of high prestige of a country. The developed countries of the world have a high prestige. Almost all the people living in developing or poor countries are attracted to the developed countries. Necessities, Comforts And Luxuries: Resources fulfill the material requirements of a country. They help in iding the basic necessities, comforts end luxuries to people and thus help i | the needs of life. \ ® Jobs And Employment: x The countries having great resources provide erratownent jobs to people. Millions of people go to Gulf countries and Middle East coun ge also to Europe, USA and Canada for getting jobs and employment becau: countries have vast natural resources but they lack human Resources. $ 2 Trade and Business: x uy The countries rich in resources have flourishing trade and business. That is the reason that such countries have captul jorld trade. These countries have strong economy and their currencies wea trong and stable. = 3 Plentiful Food: )@ The countries rich in resoufees provide ample food to people. They export the surplus food to those count ich ar not self-sufficient in food. In this way, they not only fulfill the needs of {09d for their own people but also for the people who lack food and are suffering fr ine and drought. e National Institutions: The ies having abundant resources have strong national institutions. They have v for the development of their national institutions such as army, police, ss spitals, etc. eee living: All those countries having great resources increase the standard of living of their people. The per capita income of people of such countries is much greater than those of living in poor countries lacking resources. 1” Wise Use Of Natural Resources: Pakistan is blessed with great natural and human resources. We should make full use of these resources so that our country might make progress. It needs a wise planning, hard work, peaceful atmosphere, and stability in the country. 2|Pace Eo: Q: Ans: Define soil? Describe different kinds of soils found in Pakistan? Som: The top layer of the land which covers the surface of the earth and which is a source for growth of plants and vegetation is called soil. The soil is generally composed of salt, silt and clay. The particles present in the soil determine its colour. The soil of Pakistan is of red, white and black in colour. For example, the red colour of the soil is due to iron particles. The soil created as a result of erosion of rocks and climate changes is called Local Soil. The soil which changes place due to natural consequences is called transferred soil. The soil which changes its place by rivers and settles down at a place -d Alluvium. The soil which changes place dueto air is called Aeolian Soil \ KINDS OF Sous: e+ The scil of Pakistan differs from area to area. The kinds of soils Sy ‘onthe climate, the nature of the area, vegetation and mountainous material. i is a variety of soil in ifferent parts of Pakistan. The following kinds of soils are fe und in different parts of Pakistan, U Ye Inpus BasiN Sols: These soils are formed by the alluvium ¢ by the River Indus and its tributary rivers. This soil has much calcium carl less organic matter. This is the most fertile soil of Pakistan and most of our a ire depends on the Indus Basin soils, |t has been divided into three groups. 0 > Bangar Soil: \ io It is formed from alluvium Whith is very productive when irrigated and fertilized. This soil covers a vast area inthe Indus plains. It consists of the area of Punjab, Peshawar, Mardan, Ban flu ar reater part of the Indus plain, » Khaddar Soil ‘N It is formed from the flooded layers of silt, loam and silty clay loam. This soil is found in Mardan and Bahawalpur. This soil requires plenty of water for ge iction. Some part of this soil comes under flood each year. This soil has less oe tter and less salts. WE Delta Soil: This soil covers the whole of Indus Delta from the south of Hyderabad to the Arabian sea coast. Before falling into the Arabian Sea, the Indus River is distributed here into a number of branches. One third of the area is covered by clay soil which is formed from flooded water conditions. This soil is used for the cultivation of rice through irrigation. Mountain Sons: These soils are found in the north western mountains. These soils are residual as well as transported. The colour of this soil is brown. In the mountain valleys, the soil is formed 3| Pace Eo: from the alluvial deposits of the streams. These soils are calcareous silt loam and sandy loam of organic content. In the sub mountain area of Potwar Plateau, shallow residual soils are found. These soils become productive when irrigated. The lowest part of the inter mountain valleys and interior basins are arid or semi-arid regions. The soils of these areas are saline, reddish and barren. ‘SANDY DESERT SOILS: These soils are found in some areas of western Baluchistan, Cholistan and Thar deserts. The colour of these soils is yellow. These soils contain phosphates, iron, lime and potash which add to the fertility of the soil. 4 Describe different kinds of forests of Pakistan? 9 \ e Kins OF Forests: For a balanced economy, 25%ofa country’s land should be rest. In Pakistan, only 4.5% land is under forest. Provincial distribution of “2 Nlaws: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: WO 15.6% area is under forests. Sindh: 4.2% area is under forests. Punjab: 5 2.7% area is under forests. “N Baluchistan: 2.1% area is under In Pakistan, the forests are being cut at a tremendous rate, even the climate of Pakistan is too dry tor@row forests. However, it is essential that more land be put under forests in wise and on the basis of climate, the forests of Pakistan are divided into the inds. INTAINOUS FORESTS: These forests are found in North and North Western Mountain areas including Swat, Chitral, Abbottabad, Murree and Mansehra. The annual rainfall in these areas is more than 100cm. There are evergreen coniferous trees in these forests. The main conifers growing. here are Fir, deodar, blue pine and price. These trees generally grow at a height of 1000 to 4000n, above the sea level while below 1000m, oak, maple, birch, walnut, chestnut, mulberry, apple, and other trees grow which are good source of fruit and timber. Eo: Qs: ‘SUB-MOUNTAINOUS FORESTS: These forests are found in Kohat, Mardan, Rawalpindi, Attock, Gujrat and Jhelum districts. These forests grow at @ height of [000m above the sea level. The most common trees of these forests are: phulahi, kahu, jand, shisham, poplar and blackberry. These trees have hard wood so they are used for fire and construction work. Dry WesTeRN MOUNTAINOUS FORESTS: They are found in Quetta and Kalat divisions in Baluchistan. At high altitudes, chilghoza, pine, and juniper trees grow. Small trees and thorny bushes grow in Quetta, Kalat, Zhob and Ziarat, RIVERINE FORESTS: These forests grow along the rivers. These forests are also wee anal areas of Punjab and Sindh, The trees growing in these forests are: 0 shisham, acacia, and mulberry. CANAL FORESTS: These forests have been planted where. eon is in abundance. These forests are found in Chhanga Manga, Chichawatni, a Nag Thai, Shorekot, Bahawalpur, Sukkur, Taunsa, Guudu and Kotri The trees growing in these sat shisham, mulberry, and sels Coastat Forests: These forests are ‘ogi ‘ south of Sindh close to the Arabian Sea. These forests are made up of “ve rove trees. These forests are the breeding grounds for fishes and shrimps. : What oan / importance of Forests? % OF Forests: Ans: a rests play an important role in the progress of a country. The advantages of forests given asunder: > Supply Of Wood: The forests provide us with wood. The wood is used for making furniture and for making fire for cooking purpose. Decrease Of Water-Logging And Salinity: Forests reduced water logging and salinity and thus increase the fertility of the soil 5|Pace Eo: Moderate Climate: Forests decrease the temperature of the adjacent area. They make the climate moderate and pleasant. ‘Supply Of Herbs: Forests provide herbs which are the necessary ingredients of various medicines. Herbs are widely used in the preparation of medicines. Sanctuary Of Wild Life: Forests are necessary for wild life. A number of animals like lions, ar etc. for the are only found in thick and dense forests. Therefore, forests are protection of wild animals where they live and breed. ) Beauty Of Landscape: av Forests make the landscape beautiful. They add to the ~ landscape. Natural Pastures: Forests are the natural pastures for various anim: ing goats, sheep, camels, etc. ° ecg Decrease Of Soil Erosion: Forests decrease soil erosion. They melting of the snow on the mountains and thus stop soil erosion. Trees ‘4 i on the land and prevent soil erosion. Maintenance Of Carbon Dioxide oY n Levels: During photosynthesis, plai ian carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Forests thus purify the atmosphere. Ria ep the level of carbon dioxide and oxygen constant in the atmosphere. ‘Supply Of Fe Forests prowikel us S.. fruits, honey and food to man and animals. et Floods: my nt from floods, They slow down the flow of rivers. ise Of Rains: Doe also bring rains. The concentration of water vapor increases in the forest areas and thus they cause rains. > Excursion Resorts: Forests make good excursion resorts. They attract tourists from far off places and thus are a source of income. Eo: + Maintenance Of Fertility Of Soil: Forests keep the soil fertile by fixing the top layer of the soil and do not allow it to be taken away by the air or water. The top layer of the soil is the most important part of the soil for the growth of plants. Sources Of Energy: As Pakistan has not got large reserves of oil. Forests provide one third of the energy needs of Pakistan by providing firewood for cooking purposes. In brief, forests are important for a balanced economy because they provide us with a number of useful products. They are the source of food, wood, herbs, fruits, recreatidn, wild life, moderate climate, rain, and a pleasant climate. They reduce pollutio revent us from floods, soil erosion, pollution, etc, They are essential for our pi na health and our survival. We must try to plant more and more forests and as forestation by stopping tree cuttings. aN What are the mineral resources of Pakistan? Write their MiNerAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN: Mineral are the natural wealth buried under t! minerals, Minerat On: 4 It is an important source of neratifig energy. It is found in form of crude oil, The crude oil is refined in refineries. “ > ollbeposits: 5% The importi are located in Potwar Plateau. The oil is found at Khar, Dhullian, iB, oi Kot Mayyal, Balkasar, Jayamar, Dhodak, Badin, Hyderabad and Sanghar. e » Produ OF I: Pa oduces only 15% oils ofits requirement. The 85% oil is imported from other N Refineries: Pakistan has four oil refineries, Attock Refinery, Pakistan Refinery, National Refinery and Pak Arab Refinery. > Exploration OF Oi In Pakistan, il and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) explores oil. From time to time, the government of Pakistan gives contract to foreign oll companies to explore the oll in the country. 7 | Pace Eo: > Uses Of Oil: The oil is used as fuel for running vehicles, industries and also for generating electricity. NATURAL Gas: It was first discovered at Sui near Dera Bugti (Baluchistan) in 1952. + Gas Reserves: The Gas reserves are found at Sui, Uch, Zin in Baluchistan, Khairpur, Mazrani, Seri, Hundi, Kandhkot in Sindh, Dhodak, Pir Koh, Dhullian and Mayyal in m\ Uses Of Natural Gas: Natural gas is used in cement, fertilizer and general indust 0... used for producing electricity. Natural gas fulfills 35% of our energy r § . Natural gas is also used for domestic requirement especially cooking wae st all the big cities of Pakistan have the facility of natural gas. It is supplied eke) es. Coat: Although coal has been found at various a Kin but neither it is of good quality nor does it fulfill the total requirement of Aopv Pakistan produces coal about 11% of its requirements. 1 Deposits Of Coal: In Punjab, the coal mines ars AY. mt, t, Makkarial and Pidh. The coal mines of Makkarwal in Mianwah di are the biggest coal mines in the country. In Baluchistan, coal has been discovered at Sharang, Khost, Harnai, Sar, Degari, Shirin and Mach. In Sindh, the cal mines are at Jhimpir in Thatta district and at Lakhra in Jamshoro district. vac of coal has also been discovered in Tharparkar district. > Uses Of Coal N Electricity is ite produced from coal. It is also used as a fuel in iron melting and brick aay Nas ery important mineral. It is concerned with the industrial development of the and also with the defence of the country. > Deposits Of Iron Ore: The largest deposits of the iron ore are found at Kalabagh in Mianwali district, Punjab. Iron ore is also found in Lanjrial in Hazara district and in Chitral. In Baluchistan, the Iron ore is found at Khuzdar, Chaghai, Kharan. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; and FATA, iron is, found at Malakand, Muhmand Agency and North Waziristan, The iron found in Pakistan is not of good quality. Eo: Pakistan produces iron only 16% of the total requirement of the country. > Uses Of Iron: Iron is used to make steel from which a variety of machines and tools are made which are used is both light and heavy industries. Iron is also used for construction purpose, e.g, building bridges, etc. Pakistan Steel Mills uses imported Iron for making different types of machinery. CHROMITE: { It is a white colour metal. Pakistan has got the largest reserves of chromi he world. Pakistan exports chromite. act y Chromite Reserves: Chromite reserves are found in Muslim Bagh, Chaghai, Khar: Ae. \istan, Malakan, Mohmand Agency and North Waziristan in Khyber mr) ind FATA. > Uses Of Chromite: Chromite is used for making steel, aeroplanes, on items. Copper: Copper Deposit The copper deposits are found at 8 K as district in Baluchistan. > Uses Of Copper: Copper is used for making oe and other electrical goods. Gypsum: It is a white colo! oi ‘one. > Gypsum Deposits: The gypsum deposits are found at Jhelum, Mianwali, Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab, Kohat in we “dkhtunkhwa, Robri in Sindh and Sibi and Loralai in Baluchistan. one: for ag cement, chemical fertilizers, plaster of Paris, and bleaching We SALT: Pakistan has got the largest reserves of mineral salt in the world. The biggest salt mine is in Khewra, district Jhelum. This salt is of fine quality. Eo: ry Deposits Of Salt: The deposits of salt are found at Khewra, district Jhelum, Warchha, district Khushab, Kalabagh, district Mianwali, Bahadur Khel, district Karak. Salt is also obtained from sea water at Mauripur in Karachi and at Makran coast, > Uses Of Salt: Salt is added to food for taste and preservation of food. It is also used in leather, chemical, pharmaceutical and paint industries. Limestone: Pakistan has got large reserves of limestone. Ae y Deposits Of Limestone: They are found in Dandot district Jhelum, Zinda Pir, dis ante Khan, Moghul Re Kot and Ganjo Takkar, district Hyderabad, Manghopir, Kot, ‘anipur in Sindh, o Uses Of Limestone: It is mostiy used for making cement, It is als glass, soap, paper and dye industries. When it is burn, lime is formed, whi ‘ed for whitewashing houses. é Maret: ° AY Different kinds of marble and having a it colours is found abundantly in Pakistan. i Pakistan has got the best quality of a) \e world. It is soft, beautiful and colourful. + Deposits Of Marble: .\@ Black and white marble is in the Kala Chitta Hills in district Attock, It is also found in Chaghai, Mardan, ind Khyber Agency. = > Uses Of Mai AN It is used fc i. It is also used for making different decoration pieces, e.g ash e trays, lamps, What wtbsoves oop in Pakistan? S OF AGRICULTURE: System Of Agriculture: Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 55% of the population is concerned with agriculture. The agriculture export earns 70% of the total foreign exchange. Crop SEASONS: There are two crop seasons Eo: Rabi Crop Season: Rabi crops are grown in October and November. They are harvested in April and May. Rabi crops include: wheat, barley, gram, oil seeds and tobacco. Kharif Crop Season: Kharif crops are grown in May and June. They are harvested in September and October. Kharif crops include: rice, maize, cotton, sugarcane, sorghum (jowar) and millet (Baja). Types OF Crops: Rabi and kharif crops have been further divided into two types: “ > Food Crops: \ They provide food. Food crops are: wheat, rice, maize, pulses, ~ es > Cash Crops: They are a big source of earning foreign exchange. coshlerbpe are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds, etc. Livestock: It is an important section of agriculture. Ints for 37.5% of the value of agriculture sector and contributes about 10% to the\national output of Pakistan. Livestock includes cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, came , donkeys, mules and poultry. Livestock is used for food, transport, travel age til land. What are the important ae of Pakistan? Describe them? : CASH Crops OF a They are the ; JFee of earning foreign exchanges. They are as given below: Corton: Itis the tant cash crop of Pakistan. It is called the silver fiber of Pakistan. ichistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. ete sown mainly in Punjab and Sindh provinces. It is sown in a limited scale in > Types Of Cotton: Two types of cotton are sown in Pakistan. One type of cotton is called indigenous cotton and the other is called American Cotton. The American Cotton has a long staple. Products Of Cotton: A number of textile mills have been established in the country. These textile mills produce a variety of fine cotton cloth, cotton yarn and other cotton based products. The cotton seed is also an important by-product of cotton. | Pace Eo: Qe: SUGARCANE; + Areas Of Production: It is another important cash crop of Pakistan. It is sown in all the four provinces of Pakistan. It is mainly sown in Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. > Products Of Sugarcane: It is the main source of producing sugar. Its residue is used for making paper. Pakistan produces surplus sugar which is exported to foreign countries to earn foreign ‘exchange. ToBacco: \e Itis also an important cash crop of Pakistan. X > Area Of Production: Ae It is mainly produced in Peshawar and Mardan in Khyber ia > Products Of Tobacco: It is used for making cigarettes. Cigars are also mad@\from tobacco. A few cigarette manufacturing factories are working in Pakistan. ob bdéco and its products are exported to other countries to earn the foreign ere) Ouseeps: a A variety of oilseeds are produced in P: 1@ most important oilseed is cotton seed which is the byproduct of cotton, The, eds are rapeseeds, mustard, groundnuts, sesame, linseed and sunflower. ee |Seeds are produced in the irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh. 0 a + Production Of Oilseeds: “a The production a 1s much lower than the national demand. The oilseeds are, therefore, im i. foreign countries. > Uses oF Ob The oils used i in the vegetable oil industry for making oil and ghee. wl important food crops of Pakistan? Describe them? i ey ors on Pai The important food crops of Pakistan are given below: Wheat: Wheat is the most important food crop of Pakistan. It is a Rabi crop. > Production Areas: Three-fourth of the total production of wheat comes from Punjab. Sindh comes next. Khyber Pekhtunkhwa and Baluchistan also produce some wheat, Pakistan's wheat 32 | Pace Eo: production depends on the availability of water, if there are rains, we produce surplus wheat otherwise we have to even import wheat from foreign countries. Uses Of Wheat: Wheat is the staple food grain of Pakistan. The main byproduct of wheat is flour. There are many other by products of wheat e.g. Sooji, Meida, Husk, etc. Rice: It is the second most important cereal of Pakistan. Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of fine quality rice. Two types of rice are grown: Basmatie and'in“Basmati rice is exported to foreign countries. > Areas Of Rice Production: ‘ Rice is gown in the canal areas of Punjab and Sindh ma water is required for its growth, In Punjab, Gujranwala, Sahiwal are famous for rice ae Sindh, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Larkana and Dadu districts are famous for rice pr areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Maize (Corn): Itis not only a food crop but also used sie Rice is also grown in a few > Areas Of Maize Production: 0 ’ It is mostly grown in Ke hatha especially at Mardan Abbottabad, Man- sehra, Swat and Ny lunjab, Faisalabad and Sahiwal districts are famous for maize production. aN SORGHAM AN Power AND Basra): These are Khari ag crops. They can be cultivated even in those areas where soil is poor and ey irought. These crops not only serve 2s food grains but are also used to feed mair o. cattle as green or dried grass. Y. And millet Production: let is grown in Punjab at Attock, Gujrat, Sialkot and Sargodha. In Sindh, Tharparkar, Imerkot and Mirpurkhas districts grow most of the millet in Pakistan. Sorghum is grown in the northern districts of Punjab at Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and ‘Sargodha. In Singh, Sorghum is grown at Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah, Nausharo Feroze, Sanghar and Dadu districts. Eo: PULSES: Different varieties of pulses are grown in the country. The most important pulse is gram. 1 Areas Of Pulses Production: The rain-fed (barani) areas of Mianwali and Sarghodha are famous for gram production. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa gram is grown in Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan Districts. Other varieties of pulses, e.g. Lathyrus (Moone), Lentils (Masoor), Vversaling, (Mash or Urad) are mostly grown in Punjab. Bartey: Itis grown on a limited scale in less fertile and dry areas. It is not also used as fodder for animals, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: - Vegetables: They are grown in the whole country accordifig to the season and climate. The important vegetables of Pakistan are: pot pumpkin, tomatoes, ladyfingers, brinjals, spinach, onion, radish, pea, x) age, carrot, etc. Pakistan is self- sufficient in the production of ve jeu) Fakstan is an exporter of onion and potatoes. Fruits: Pakistan produces a wae a of fruits. Different fruits are grown at different places according to the clit he major fruit producing areas of Pakistan are Baluchistan and Khyber Pakht here grapes, apple, pomegranates, plum, apricot, pear, and cherry are Sindh, mangoes, dates, bananas, watermelon and melon are produced. ae jab, mangoes, oranges, kino, muskmelon, watermelon and dates are grown. Dry ftuits e.g. almond, pistachio and walnut are grown in Baluchistan and Khyber Ri tunkhwa. Pakistan exports fresh and dry fruits to foreign countries. agricultural problems of Pakistan? Q10: Ans: a PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN: Pakistan is an agricultural country. Around 70% of the population of Pakistan is related to agriculture, However, our agricultural output is very low. The reasons for low production are given as under: + Low Literacy Rate: Our literacy rate is very low. Our farmers have no proper knowledge of insecticides, the selection of good seeds and the use of proper fertilizers. They believe in traditional farming so they get low yield from their lands. 34 | Pace Eo: Increasing Number Of Farmers: The number of people depending on agriculture is increasing. However, the process of bringing more area under cultivation is slow. There is going to be a decrease in per capita area under cultivation. Non-Mechanized Cultivation: Tractors, tube-wells, natural fertilizers, certified seeds and timely and disciplined sowing of seeds are the essential elements of mechanized cultivation, Our farmers are. Doar, they have small land holdings and they are conservative, Therefore, per acre yleld is low even though our farmers are hard workers. ® Limit OF Agricultural Land: ) The agricultural land of Pakistan is divided into two groups. The roup has vest areas of land. They do not take much interest in cultivat “ land remains uncultivated and barren, The second group comprises smi fers who have got only 12-15 acres of land per family / person. These fermer their attention to other jobs. The outcome is low productivity. U Role Of Agricultural Department: cl The agricultural department does not ides ties efficiently. It does not give advice to farmers on matters of agriculture. ther hand, the farmers also do not take much interest in their advice. meh 15a latk of proper communication between them. The yield per acre suffers as a 33 Soil Erosion: It is caused by rains, ‘aul S. snowfall, earthquakes, etc. The soil erosion results in the loss of upper hl © of the soil which causes low yield. Water Logging Sy These are the two diseases of the soil. Large canal areas of Punjab and Sindh have =e ghrn ecause of water logging and salinity. More and more area is affecting tivo diseases of the soil. The net results loss of fertile land for cultivation. ‘Means Of Transport: Ay “quantity of production does not reach safely to the market because there are ¢ proper metaled roads from the villages to the markets. Farmers are discouraged from the lack of transport. They therefore, do not grow much crops. + Difficulties In The Marketing Of Crops: The middlemen take the maximum profit. The farmers are at their mercy. The farmers. do not get the full price of their products. They are disappointed by the situation, They, therefore, do not take interest in increasing their production. Eo: + Health Facilities The farmers do not have proper medical facilities. Their health is affected and they suffer from various diseases. They cannot work hard because of poor health. Hence the production also decreases. Q.11: What measures have been taken to solve the agricultural problems of Pakistan? Ans: MEAsures To SOLVE AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS: The government has taken the following measures to solve the agricultural problems of Pakistan. Educational Facilities: The government has started an adult education program in ey al areas. The agricultural department also educates the farmers want methods of agriculture. Programs on agriculture are broadcast on thera ra = telecast on TV, pamphlets and leaflets have also been published ww sass among the farmers about modem cultivation methods. Provision Of Soft Loans: & ‘The government is provi for purchasing modern agricultural equipment, fertilizers, good quality se icides, tractors, and installing tube- wells. These loans are recovered in tallments, The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (AD8P) provides 3S sto farmers. 7 Means Of Irrigation: For providing proper and titnely"Water supply to the fields, means of irrigation are being improved. ~ Elimination Of W: ing And Salinity: Arrangements, are)baing made to eliminate water-logging and salinity. Trees having long roots are planted to eliminate these diseases of the soil. The canals and water courses are being cemented. Tube-wells are being installed to keep the level of undergroufd water down. e ru on Of Agricultural Vocations: ‘of vocations associated with agriculture are being promoted so that farmers % ‘arn extra money from these professions in their spare time. These agriculture related professions will also prevent the farmers to move to the cities for earning money, 7 Land Reforms: The government introduced land reforms in 1969, 1972 and 1977. These reforms were made to fix a limit on land holdings of big landlords. The surplus land was distributed among the landless farmers. Land reforms proved to be successful but more land reforms are needed so that all the available land could be brought under cultivation. 16 | Pace Eo: Ans: > Agriculture Institution: The government has established a number of agriculture institutions and agriculture research institutes which are producing graduates in agriculture science and are trying. to find the ways to increase agricultural production, develop higher yielding seeds and discover methods to control plant diseases. The names of some agriculture institutions are given below: > Agriculture University, Faisalabad Yr Agriculture University, Rawalpindi + Agriculture University, Peshawar 4 Agriculture University, Bahawalpur \e > Agriculture University, Tando Jam (f) Agriculture College, Muitan \ > Agriculture Institute, Dokri (Larkana) NX e Briefly, the government is trying to solve the agricultural p aN By increasing our agriculture production, we can not only become self-suftic our food requirement but we can also earn huge foreign exchange by ex; surplus agricultural items. We ‘can also save our foreign exchange by not importing any food item from the foreign countries. e 2 Q.12: Describe the power resources of a Power Resources OF PakisTat Important power resources of Pakistah fe HyOROELECTRICITY: )° Itis produced form water ofivérs\ About 42% of the electricity is produced through water resources. Hydroelectri 's are very expensive to build. However, the coast of production of electricity is very low, it is much cheaper than the thermal energy. Water after generatin ry can be used for irrigation. Besides, its production is free from air pollution. > Terbela Dams It is iroelectricity projects are located at the following dams. Ter rfwas completed in 1976. Itis one of the largest dams in the world. im: It is built on River Jhelum. It was completed in 1967. is built on River Indus. it is the largest project of hydroelectricity. ‘i ys it is built on the River Kabul. it was completed in1960. nas under: i Brotha Dam: About 42% of the electricity is produced through water resources. Although establishment of hydroelectric stations is an expensive business but its cost of production of electricity is quite less than the cost of thermal electricity. After the electricity is produced from the water of the rivers the water can be used again for irrigation. Hydro electricity generation does not create air pollution. Perl, Subject: THERMAL ENERGY: It is made from coal, oil and gas. About 58% electricity is obtained from thermal power houses. Thermal power stations are located at Multan, Faisalabad, Kot Addu, Robi, Jamshoro, Hyderabad and Karachi, Thermal power stations are easy to build. However, the coast of production of thermal energy is very high. In addition to this, we have limited reserves of coal, oil and gas. We cannot use thermal energy in the long run. SOLAR ENERGY: Solar energy is obtained from the sun. In Pakistan, the sun shines brightly for 300 days every year. Moreover, the summer is long in Pakistan. The sun shines for @ long times as the days are long in summer season. We can take advantage of the solar, / Anyhow, it is very expensive to make a solar power house. Small solar energy u ihe working at Khurkhura (Lasbela), Mulmari (Thatta), Dittal Khan Laghari mv" joot (Multan) and Nasirabad (Gilgit). aN We know that coal, oil and gas are non-renewable sour er nergy. As they are being used excessively. They will soon finish, the solar energy isia renewable source of energy. It is almost free. Around 200 million MW energy is re ach day through out the world. Lt is about 60,000 times the total production ity of all the pawer houses of the world. Solar energy is obtained by differen ae ods. It is stored in solar cells which are used to operate radio and small vehicl te mirrors are used in the solar boiler, the sun rays are diverted towards the boiler. The energy thus produced is used for ‘operating big machines. Solar sane 10 store solar energy. The solar energy can be used for producing =“ ATOMIC OR NUCLEAR ENER Atomic or Nuclear ener; \duced from uranium which is a radioactive element. There are two atomic power s in Pakistan. One is KANUPP (Karachi Nuclear Power Project) in Karachi. It s work in 1971. The second atomic power project is at Chashma plant has a production capacity of 300 MW. It started producing ovis project is also being constructed at Chashma with the help of China. is very economical. fy ‘energy is also used for agricultural research and for the treatment of cancer. : How are human and other resources interdependent? ; INTERDEPENDENCE OF HUMAN AND OTHER RESOURCES: According to an estimate, less than 30% population of Pakistan is engaged in active work. Of this population, 40% are associated with agriculture, 18% with industries and 42% are employed in other sectors. The rural and urban population ratio is 66.5% and 33.5% respectively. The working people comprise the human resources of Pakistan, The 18 | Pace Perl, Subject: economic, social and political advancement of the country depends on the human resources. Human resources and other resources have their independent and separate values. The other resources include the natural resources such as agricultural and mineral resources. All these resources are interdependent. For example, the natural resources of oil, gas, coal, etc. have been converted into wealth and made valuable because man discovered them and used them for the benefit of people. food, clothing and shelter. Then there are some luxuries which have algo.become an important part of human needs. These needs can only be fulfilled wit! Ip of other resources such as mineral resources, agricultural resources and other natural resources. Human beings have a number of needs for their survival. The basic neces s of life are To benefits from these resources, human resources are nee Seka ian knowledge, expertise and labour are excluded, the other resources cann fruitful for people. Human life would be very difficult and even the survival of human beings would become impossible if other resources would not be there. resources including the mineral resources, There are some countries wi

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