Eo: Chapter # 04 (Descriptive Question Answers) > LAND AND CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN Q1: Describe the location of Pakistan and Pakistan’s neighboring countries? ‘Ans: LOCATION OF PAKISTAN: \e PART OF SOUTH ASIA: Pakistan is located in the South of Asia. It covers 18.78 percent of the total area of South Asia. Geographical Location: Pakistan is located between latitude 37.05° north and extends from longitude 60.50" to 77.50" East. Area of Pakistan: Pakistan covers an area of 796,096 coors Divisions of Pakistan: Pakistan consists of four rote Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtun khwa, Baluchistan, @ federal capital area Me bad, and federally administered tribal areas (FATA). a A AREA OF THE DIVISIONS: ~ Baluchistan: ) ° It is the largest province of Pakistan, It has an area of 347,190 square kilometers. “NX > Punjab: The area of the pr of Punjab is 205,345 square kilometers. Population-wise Punjab is the et ince of Pakistan. » Sindh: The Si nce has an area of 140914 square kilometers. , f Pakhtunkhwa: \ -a Of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 74,521 square kilometers. > FATA: The area of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) is 27,220 square kilometers. + Islamabad: The federal capital Islamabad has an area of 906 square kilometers, It is the tenth largest city of Pakistan,Eo: PAKISTAN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES: > Iran: Iran is In the south west of Pakistan. Pakistan has a common boundary of about 800 kilometers with Iran. Pakistan and Iran are connected through rail and road. China: To the north of Pakistan is China. Pakistan shares a common boundary of about S85 kilometers with China. Pakistan and China are connected together through Kerakoram Highway. Tajikistan js located in the north of Pakistan. However, a small x <0 ‘an territory Wakhan separates Pakistan from Tajikistan. Afghanistan: In the north west of Pakistan is Afghanistan. Paki \! 2252 kilometer long boundary with Afghanistan. The boundary line 5 akistan and Afghanistan is called Durand Line, India: To the east of Pakistan lies india, Pal india have a common boundary line of 1610 kilometers along with the provi Sindh and Punjab. Arabian Sea: In the south of Pakistan abian Sea. It has a coastal area of about 700 kilometers, Three famous seapor on \e coastal line of the Arabian Sea are Karachi, Port Qasim Pakistan: According to March 1988 census, the population of lacs and BOthousand. teaus: About 58 percent area of Pakistan is covered with mountains and leserts: About 42 percent area of Pakistan consists of plains and deserts. SEASONAL VARIATIONS: Pakistan is a large country. It is spread from the coasts of the Arabian Sea and the delta plain of the River Indus in the south to the tall mountains in the north. The eastern and southern part is covered with river in plains while the west and the central parts consist of many mountain ranges. This is the reason for much seasonal variation in the climate of Pakistan.Perl, Subject: Describe the Importance of the location of Pakistan in the South Asian Region? IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN’S LOCATION: Pakistan has great importance on the basis of its location not only in the world but also in South Asia. The geographical, economical and political importance of the location of Pakistan is given as under: > China: China is located in the north of Pakistan. China is appearing as a great economic power of the world. Pakistan and China are friends. Their friendship is base¢ solid basis. Karakoram Highway has been constructed cutting through the rocks fam. It is an important trade route between Pakistan and China. This highwa¥,remains open in all seasons. Karakoram Highway has brought China and Pakistan, closer together. The trade is also increasing between the two countries. \ > Afghanistan: NY Afghanistan is in the north west of Pakistan. The ine between Pakistan and Afghanistan is very famous. It is called Durand Li tan provides transit route for trade to Afghanistan through land and sea. Alt Pakistan does many favours to Afghanistan, the relations between P; nd Afghanistan have not remained friendly because of the conspiracies fing countries especially India, + India: ’ India is located in the east of P; Q Although Indis and Pakistan are neighbours, the relations between Pakistanjand®india have always remained tense owing to the Kashmir and other disputes® Pakistan has always tried to make friendly relations with India but India has turned down every Pakistani effort to settle the disputes between these twO\néighboring states. We can only have good hopes for good relations bet ia and Pakisten. The two countries have already gone to war four times. Both tndia and Pakistan are nuclear powers. A fifth war between them could prove to be disastrous for both the countries Good relations between India and Pakist: ring lasting peace in South Asia. It can also help to alleviate poverty in ele Cutting down on the expenditures on arms can make both the countries. ww and change the destiny of the people of the region. an: Iran is in the south west of Pakistan. tran is an important neighbor of Pakistan. Iran is fon the way of becoming 2 nuclear power too. Iran, Turkey and Pakistan are the members of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Friendly relations among Iran, Turkey and Pakistan are strengthening through ECO. Iran and Pakistan have got friendly relations.Perl, Subject: A narrow strip of Wakhan of Afghanistan territory, which is In the west of China separates Pakistani’s northern border from Tajikistan. Pakistan has friendly relations with Tajikistan, The Arabian Sea: The Arabian Sea which is part of the Indian Ocean is in the south of Pakistan. The trade between the east and the west takes place through the Indian Ocean. Pakistan has great importance owing to an important economic route. Gulf Countries: Pakistan is situated near the oil producing gulf countries and in the centre of the Muslim world stretched from Morocco in the west to an the east. The Industrial development of a number of western countries n the oil produced by the Gulf States which is transported to other countr ugh the Arabian Sea. Karachi, Gawadar and Port Qasim are the important seaports on the Arabian Sea. Link Between East And West: Q2 Pakistan connects Europe with Asia they vs air routes. All those countries which want to be linked with the Mi Central Asian states cannot ignore the location of Pakistan. . Turkmenistan: Pakistan, Afghanistan and waren N, have signed a protocol on the supply of gas through pipeline on ristan to Pakistan. This project would help develop friendly relations with ther. India can also benefit from this project with the consent of Pakistan. — Beautiful aN Pakistan has got beautiful resorts like the valley of Kaghan, Swat arid Northern areas of Pakista ou ists love to visit these places which are full of natural beauty. Importance: en in has the best armed forces in the Islamic world, It is the second largest Muslim the sixth largest country of the world. Pakistan Is also a nuclear power. Give an account of the physical features of Pakistan? : PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PAKISTAI The land of Pakistan can be divided into the following physical features:Perl, Subject: Mountains: Any part of land which is 3,000 feet high and whose sides are steep is called a mountain. The mountains of Pakistan are divided into the following parts. NORTHERN NORTH EASTERN MOUNTAIN: (They INCLUDE) The Himalayas (Koh-Himalaya): The Himalayas is the highest mountain of the world. The western part of Koh-Himalaya Is located in Pakistan. The highest peak of this mountain range in Pakistan is Nanga Parbat which is 8126 meters high above the sea level. In this ‘mountain range are present the most beautiful valleys of the world including the valley of Kashmir. The presence of pine trees is found abundantly In this mountain me The Sub-Himalayas or the Siwalik Hills The Lesser Himalayas or the Pir Punjal Mountain Range + Great Himalayan Mountain Range \ 1 The Ladakh Mountain Range or Interior Himalayas. This mountain range can be divided into the following parts: 9 \Y NORTH WESTERN AND WESTERN MOUNTAINS: e This mountain range is situated in the north Pakistan and known as western branches of Himalayas. They are lower in} in the north eastern mountains. Many valleys, small rivers and passes are pres coe These mountain ranges are divided into the following parts. > The Hindukush Mountains OY The Koh-i-Safed Range The Waziristan Hills 2 e + The Sulaiman Range at > The Kirthar ca PLATEAUS: There are “ | ‘ Pakistan: Sn Indus and Jhelum rivers. The main rivers of this area are Soan and tof this plateau ranges from 300 to 600 meters. Oil and other minerals like |. coal and salt are found in this range. The area is almost barren. Baluchistan Plateau: This plateau consists of 40% area of Pakistan. It is mostly dry and barren. The main river is Zhob. The plateau is full of minerals. Zhob and Muslim Bagh are the highest points. PLAINS: The plains of Pakistan are divided into three parts:Eo: > The Upper Indus Plain: The upper Indus plain has been made by the fertile soil brought by the rivers. The part of the indus plain above Mithan Kot is called the Upper Indus Plain. One of the greatest canal systems of the world Irrigates this area producing wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, com, pulses, etc. The Lower Indus Plain: The area in the south of Mithan Kot is called Lower Indus Plain. It includes most of the area of Sindh. Z The Indus Delta: The indus Delta is at Thatta. The sea ties made 40 krn area marshy le Coconut and mangroves are found. . f \ ‘THE DESERTS & COASTAL AREAS: oe They Include the following: + Thai Desert: It is located in the districts of Mianwal ae ‘wna Dera Ghazi Khan. Cholistan Desert: Its main portion is located in India. 0 ¥ 60 percent area of Bahawalpur. Thar And Nara Deserts: It is located in the border eat oy southern parts of districts of Tharparkar, Uamrkot and Saughar in = and populatign destiny is4 people per kilometer. The Chaghal Al wih ower They are 7 ere ‘These areas are barren. The average rainfall is 25mm IS ‘about 700 square kilometers of coastal area, It has two parts, Makran is SOO km long and Sindh coast which is 200 km long. XN ‘sea ports of this area are Karachi, Port Qasim, Gwadar, Ormara, Sonmiani, Pasni and Jewani. : What are the different climatic regions of Pakistan? 3: CLIMATIC REGIONS OF PAKISTAN: The long lasting concitions of weather in a particular place, e.g, air pressure, temperature, humidity and rainfall are termed as climate. Pakistan has been divided into the following for climatic region on the basis of its climate. 6| PacePerl, Subject: > Sub-Tropical Continental Highland Location: It includes: Pakistan's northern mountain ranges outer and central Himalayas) north western mountain ranges (Waziristan, Zhob and Loralai) and the mountain ranges of Baluchistan (Quetta, Sarawan, Jalawan and central Makran). > Seasons: The winter is extremely long and cold. There is normally snow fall, rainfall and fog. The summer is quite short and cool. 7 Rainfall: Some parts of this area have rains all the year round, e.g. outer Himal ree and Hazara. Most of the rains happen at the end of the summer season. 5 e SuB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL PLATEAU LOCATION: Most parts of Baluchistan are included in this climatic re; i and Jacobabad are located in this region. i 7 Seasons: e The summer season starts in May and opi ‘of September. Hot, dry and dusty winds blow in this season. The winter se ie very cold. The winter is short. > Rainfall: There is a few millimetre (50mm) er ing the months of January and February. 4 ‘SUBTROPICAL CONTINENTAL Li LOCATION: This climatic region “a yper Indus Plain (Punjab) and Lower indus Plain (Sindh). Thai, Karachi and south * Seasons: wN The a is very hot. The winter season is moderate. e > Raint e of Punjab receives late summer monsoon, The rest of Punjab receive less ‘inter, the rainfall situation is the same. plains are dry and a large area is desert. Wen COASTLAND: * Location: This climatic region includes the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in the south of Pakistan, Seasons: The difference between maximum and minimum temperature is less. Annual average temperature is 32°C. There is inflow of sea breeze in the whole summer and the 7\ PaceEo: humidity is high. There is not much difference in surnmer and winter, May and June are very hot. Rainfall: The annusl average rainfall is 180mm. Although Pakistan is located in the monsoon zone of climate but it does not possess its characteristics being in the extreme western part of this region. In short, the climate of Pakistan is arid, hot and continental type. There are extreme variations in the temperature. How does climate affect human life? “4 4 3: INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON LiFe: J Climate has great effect on human life. The climate influence the way. ofiliving, dress, food, occupation, sports, customs and economic of the people. Thi nce in the way of living of people of different areas of Pakistan is given as under NORTHERN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS: ~ Climate: The winter is very cold. The temperature falls Below zero and it snows here. Some people migrate to plains in search of . They return in the summer. The snow melts inthe summer. Water star the streams. Plants grow rapidly. Occupations: Cultivation, trade, labour, ete. ar wt occupation. In winter people are mostly confined to their homes. They.are busy With household cottage industry. ‘e Dresses And Foo < The people living in ct -as wear woolen and thick clothes, They eat food with high protein and fat to maintain their body temperature. They eat meat, wheat, com bread. They also d coffee. PLAINs OF aks AN: le living in the Upper Indus Plain (Punjab) and the Lower Indus Plain (Sindh) hot season in the summer and moderate cold season in the winter. The ee living here can work hard in winter but their efficiency decreases in the ummer. Occupations: The land of Punjab and Sindh is fertile. The main occupation of the people is agriculture. Varieties of crops are grown here, People have various jobs and occupations,Perl, Subject: Dresses And Food: People wear light and loose clothes in summer and heavy clothes in winter. People of hot regions eat wheat bread, rice and fish. SOUTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN: > Climate: Most of the southern areas of Pakistan are deserts and hot. There are windstorms and sandy cyclones most of the time. Occupation: People of these areas usually breed sheep, goats and cattle. When t in, they grow crops, V \ > Dresses And Foo People put on coarse clothes to protect them from heat. wind. They wear big turbans and cover their bodies with clothes. People eativery simple food especially millet. U e They use cold drink made from milk. Z ce THE BALUCHISTAN PLATEAU: Climate: The climate here is extreme. cold. In some areas, there is snowfall. In winter people are engaged in reore) ‘or they migrate to warm areas and return back in summer. In summer the plains lochistan are very hot. e > Occupations: wt In winter, people areaghres to their homes and prepare gifts for sale. Dresses and Food: People wearOng and loose clothes, There Is shortage of water In these areas so nothing is groy hese areas. There is shortage of food. Water is collected for drinking thr underground streams called karez. Most of them are dried now. Small dams are being Constructed to provide water for irrigation and drinking purpose. e Thus that the life styles of people are greatly influenced by the climatic conditions f the areas of different parts of our country. \ is environmental pollution? What are its types? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: The environmental pollution means such changes in the earth, water and air which are harmful to life. The environmental pollution has posed a great problem today. It has arisen due to increasing population, rapid industrialization and the smoke emitted from factories, and all the vehicles running on the roads. Like other countries of the world, Pakistan is suffering from environmental pollution which is on the increase day by day. 9|PasePerl, Subject: ‘TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: Environmental pollution is of three types: Air PoLutio! Air is composed of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in almost fixed proportions. A neat and clean air is essential to human health. Human activities are polluting the air. Mavor Causes OF AIR POLLUTION: > Vehicles: The smoke and poisonous gases emitted from the vehicles are one of tht yr causes. of air pollution especially in the cities. ‘\ Factories: X f Factories, mills, and furnaces also cause air pollution due sii ot emitted from their chimneys. Air Conditioners, Fridge & Deep Freezes: U These electrical appliances emit CFCs which “atmospheric pollution especially depletion of ozone layer which protects usr ful radiation. Nuclear Radiati 2 a Nuclear tests, explosions and Dumping Of Wastes Into Water: The toxic wastes of factories, mills, nuclear reactors, etc. all is dumped into rivers, lakes and seas without any prior treatment. It is a serious threat to aquatic life in particular and human life in general.Eo: > Oil Spillage: The oil is spread over a large area of the seas as a result of accidents of oil containers which causes pollution of the sea and a great loss of aquatic life especially of fishes. Sewerage Leakages: The bursting of water pipes Is common along with the damages of sewerages lines. Water gets contaminated causing fatal diseases in man. LAND POLLUTION: ‘The land pollution is due to the addition of toxic substances to the earth. Ait,follution and water pollution also add to the land pollution, Floods, earthquake, volear fire also cause land pollution. NX Mavor Causes OF LAND POLLUTION: 7 Deposition Of Chemicals And Pharmaceutical Wastes Toxic chemicals and other wastes into the earth is ¢ 1e causes of land pollution. > Excessive Use Of Fertilizers: A large amount of chemical fern v to increase the crop yield. It causes land pollution. + Water And Air Pollution: Water and air polation ultimately Qa, pollution, The excessive use of icides and pesticides in agriculture is also a ca use of land pollution. + Use Of Insecticides a aN. The land poll x the land barren. In countries like Pakistan, where only 4.5% of its land consists"f forests, the barrenness of land is dangerous to the environment and human health. © Qi: y steps should be taken to control the environmental pollution In Pakistan? : STEPS TO CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN: Treatment Of Toxic Substance: The poisonous substances should be treated before dumping into the rivers, oceans or ground. The waste chemicals from factories, tanneries and sewerage need special treatment before disposal.Eo: Human & Animal Refuse: They should never be used as fertilizers in the fields. They are unhealthy and cause pollution of the land. Awareness Of Pollution: Radio and TV should play their role to create an awareness of environmental pollution in people. Arrangement For Cleanliness: Public places, market, streets and all such places where people visit should have proper arrangement for general cleanliness of people, e.g. public toilets shi wade with proper management. A > Checking Deforestation: Forests should be grown. Deforestation should be stoppe sts are the best source of purifying the atmosphere. It is a pity that Pakistan forests only on 4.5% of its total area while the international standard is 25% of the.total area of a country, ) > Adequate Funds For Better Environment; v There should be proper and regular fun those institutions responsible for the betterment of the environment. Burning Of Garbage: Q - The burning of garbage shouldinot be in the open atmosphere, They should be burnt appropriately in the incin Cy > Banning On Smoke 1g Vehicles: All such vehicles emit smoke should be banned and their owners should be fined neal * @ > Bani lythene Bags: bags are a big source of pollution. Luckily a ban has been imposed on their Dee Plantation Of Trees: fe should start planting as many trees as possible. Luckily more attention is being paid to tree plantation these days. More and more parks are being made for public. 32 | PacePerl, Subject: What is the relationship between the population growth and the environmental pollution? : RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE POPULATION GROWTH AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIO! Environmental pollution is directly related to population growth. With the rapid increase in population, the environmental pollution is also increasing day by day. Environmental pollution has posed a great problem today, The governments of various countries are making plans to deal with this difficult task. The following causes show the relationship between the population growth and the environmental pollution. x Industrialization: ‘\ To meet the demands of the peopies’ needs, a large number ofindustries have been set up. The factories and mills are responsible for incr the environmental pollution because they do not make necessary arrangemé isposing their wastes including toxic chemicals and they responsible of prot reat hazards for all sorts of life especially human life. » Insecticides And Pesticides: ae To feed the increasing population of extensive use of insecticides and pesticides are being used in the agricult specs are causing environmental pollution. 7 Extensive Use Of Fertilizer Similarly the extensive use, izers is on the environmental pollution. Even the crops contain these ~N Is causing great health risks. > Sewerage W: wy All the citie’ jorld have got a sewerage system. There are always leakages, bursting of pi ee) sewerages lines and the mixing of clean water with sewerage. Its a problem wh is responsible for environmental pollution. tion: Jace is needed to accommodate the increasing population, forests are being \ down. Deforestation is also causing environmental pollution. Plants are said to be the lungs of the earth, they purify the atmosphere. We need more forests to tackle the problem of the environmental pollution. Garbage: The garbage is not being disposed properly in the developing and poor countries of the world, It is therefore causing environmental pollution. In the advanced countries, the garbage is burnt down in the incinerators to avoid the pollution.Eo: uk 7 Use Of CFCs: The use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in refrigerators and especially aerosols has increased greatly. They release chlorine molecules which destroy the ozone layer. The ‘ozone layer protects us from the harmful effects of ultra violet radiation. Thus we see that there is a direct relationship between the population growth and the environmental pollution.