RMO 2016 SOLUTIONS

1.
A

A A
L 2 A2 2
45o
C o

K 2 I 135
A
2
C
x 45 o 135o 2
A C
2 45o 2
D B a C

A
 KID  IDB 
2
A C
 LID  
2 2
C
 LIK 
2
A C
 DIC  180    
 2 2
 180  45
= 135
 DIC   AIC
 CD  AC
CAD   CDA
 x  45o
 ILD  45o
 AD  CI
AI  ID
AI2  ID 2  AD 2
2ID 2  AD 2
 AB2  BD 2
 C2  BD2
 A
BD  AB cot  45o  
 2
 A
cos  45o  
 2
 AB
 A
sin  45o  
 2
 o A o A
cos 45 cos 2  sin 45 sin 2 
 AB
A A
sin 45o cos  cos 45o sin
2 2

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  A A
 cos 2  sin 2 
 BD  AB 
A A
 cos  sin 
 2 2
2
  A A 
  cos  sin  
2 2 
 2ID  C 1  
2 2 
2
  A A 
  cos  sin 
  2 2  
 
2  2 
C 
A A
1  2cos sin 
 2 2
 2 
 C2  
1  sin A 
a
sin A 
b
 
 2 
2ID 2  C2 
a
1  
 b
2
ID 
 b  a2   b
2

a  b
 b b  a 

2. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers

a b c
  1
1 a 1 b 1 c
 1   1   1 
1    1    1   1
 1 a   1 b   c 1 
1 1 1
   2
a 1 b 1 c 1
  a  1 b  1   b  1 c  1   c  1 a  1
 2  a  1 b  1 c  1
 ab  bc  ca  2abc  1
A.M.  G.M.
ab  bc  ca  2abc 1
  ab.bc.ca.2abc  4
4
1 1
  2a 3b3 .c3  4
4
1
 2a 3b3c3
256
1
 abc proved
8
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 2
3. n  2 s  n  
2
n  2  s  n   mod 9
But n  s  n   mod 9 
2
 s  n   2s  n   mod 9 
If 3  s  n 
1  2 s  n   mod 9 

Now find all the s(n) that

Satisfy this condition
10  2 s  n   mod 9 
 s  n   5  mod 9 

Now, If 31s(n)
s  n   0 or 3 or 6 (mod 9)
2
2 s  n    0 or 0 or 0 (mod 9)
Also let no. of digits in n be K
Hence s  n   9K
And n  10K 1
2
n  2 s  n 
s  n   9K
2
2 s  n   162 K 2
 n  162K 2

But n  10K 1
10 K 1  162K 2
This is true for
K = 1, 2, 3, 4 only

If K = 1
s(n) = n
n  2n 2  No solution

If K = 2,
s(n)  0, 9, 18, 5, 14
2
2 s  n    0,162, 648,50,39
n = 50  s(n) = 5

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 If k = 3,
s (n) = 0, 5, 9, 14, 18, 23, 29
2
2 s  n   = 162, 392, 648, (more then 1000)
n = 162  s(n) = 9
n = 392  s(n) = 14

If k = 4,
sn  23, 27, 32, 36
   
2
2  s  n    1058, 1458, 2048, 2592
   
Sum Sum Sum Sum  18
 14  18  14 
So, ans. = 50, 162, 392, 648

4. Exactly three odd digits and exactly three even digits

Case 1: No zeroes in the number

Odd  1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Even  2, 4, 6, 8
First choose three places for odd digits  6 C3 ways
Now each place has 5 possibilities for odd digits
Each place has 4 possibilities for even digits
 6 C3  5  5  5  4  4  4
 20  53  43

Case 2: One zero

 Now first choose places for even digits
Even   0  ,  2, 4, 6,8 
 
Now 5 places remain
5
C1  5 C 2
Other three places one for odd digits
For even digits  4  4
For odd digits  5  5  5
So  5 C1  5 C5  42  53  50  42  53
Case 3: Two zeros
(0, 0) (2, 4, 1, 8)
 
5
C2 4 places remaining
4
C1
Even digits = 4
For odd digits  5  5  5

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  5C 2  4 C1  4  5  5  5  10  4 2  53

Case D: Three zeros

5
C3  5  5  5  10  53
Total = 20  53  43  50  4 2  53  10  42  53  10  53
 53  42 80  50  10  53  10
 53  42 140  53  10
 53  16  120  10

 53  2250
 53  52  90
 90  55

Alternative Solution

Out of 6 places, first let’s arrange 3 odd numbers in any 3 places.

Three places can be selected out of 6 places in 6 C3 ways.
Now arrange odd numbers in these places in 53 ways. . (As repetition allowed)
In remaining 3 places, even numbers can be arranged in 53 ways. (As repetition allowed)

Total numbers in which we have three odd numbers and three even numbers is 6 C3  53  53  312500
Out of these numbers there are some numbers which are starting with zero. We need to subtract the numbers
starting with zero from the above total.

Numbers starting with zero and having three even digits and three odd digits is 5 C3  53  52  31250
Total 6 digit numbers which have 3 digits even and 3 digits odd are 312500-31250=281250

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5.
A

 


B C 
B C
X M Y
GABX is cyclic
GXM =  = BAG
C XGM = B =  ABX
Similarly, MGY = C
GYM = B
XM GM

sin B sin 
XM GM

sin C sin 
XM sin  sin B
 
YM sin  sin C
In ABM
sin B AM
 
sin  BM
In ACM
sin  CM

sin C AM
XM AM CM
   =1
YM BM AM
 XM = YM
 M is midpoint of XY
AG 2
 Also, 
GM 1
 G is centroid of AXY

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6. a1, a2, _______ is an A.P.
Let a1 = a, a2 = a + d, a3 = a+2d ,…….
GP be (a+ k1d) and (a+ k2d)
Let her common ratio be r
a  k 2d
 r
a  k1d
a
 k 2  (r  1)  rk l
d
k1, d2 one integers
so, if we choose r such that d/(r-1), then we can
get a sequence as a is a positive integer and we shall have ‘r’ also as an integer
e.g. let’s take = r – 1 = d
then k2 = a + (d +a1)k1
k3 = a + (d+2) k2 etc

So, let k1 = 0  A1 = a

k2 = 0  A2 = a + ad – a(1+ d)

k3 = a + (d + 2)a  A3 = a(1 + ad)2

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