HVAC

 Comfort environment for people (Human beings)

Engineering Services
Building Construction Industry Industrial Plants
Residential Process Staff Building
(Homes, Villas, Apartments etc) Chilled Water Administrative Building,

Hot Water Staff Accommodation,

Canteen, Hospital etc

 Designer realize Comfort & Safety of Occupants

HVAC design & drafting
Client Consultant Contractor
Owner Designer Installer

Getting Project from Client

Main Consultants Sub Consultant
Civil Engineering MEP
Execution of jobs
Main Contractor Sub Contractor
Civil Engineering MEP (Electro Mechanical)

1
HVAC Design
1. Consultants
 Designing (Design Consultant)
 Site Supervisors (Project Consultant)
 Testing / Inspection
 Approvals
 Commissioning
2. Contractor
 Supervision of Installation (Project Engineer / Site Engineer)
 Project Estimation (”)
 Project Approvals (”)
 Procurement (Purchase)
3. Maintenance

Drafting
Drawings to convey the design
HVAC Software’s
 Load Calculations
 Block Load, HAP, CHVAC, RHVAC
Carrier Elite

2
H Heating
V Ventilation
A/c Air Conditioning

WINTER (Cool) SUMMER (Hot)

Hot Air Temperature Cool Air

Fresh Air Indoor Humidity Level Maintaining

Heating
It is the process of adding heat to the space by using hot air to
maintain the comfort conditions in the space.
Ventilation
It is the process of maintaining indoor air qualities either by
removing used air or by adding fresh air.
Air Conditioning
It is the process of adjusting the temperature, humidity levels &
purifying the air to satisfy human comfort conditions.
The comfort conditions are:
 25˚C or 76˚F Temperature
 30 – 70% RH (Ideally 50% RH)
RH Relative Humidity
RH = Amount of moisture in Sample Air
Saturated Air
Saturated Air Air with 100% Moisture Content

3
HVAC Standards
 ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration &
Air Conditioning Engineering

 ISHRAE Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration &

Air Conditioning Engineering
Ducting Standards
 SMACNA Sheet Metal Air Conditioning Contractors
National Association

 DW 142 Duct Work 142

Piping Standards
 ASME B 31.3 Process Piping
 ASME B 31.9 Building Services Piping
 ASME B 31.5 Refrigerant Piping
 ASTM American Society for Testing & Materials
 ARI American Refrigeration Institute
 UBC Uniform Building Code
 UMC Uniform Mechanical Code (Equipment Installation)
Concepts of HVAC
 Introduction of HVAC & A/c Equipments
 Air Distribution System
 Kitchen Ventilation System
 Chilled Water System
 Chilled Water Pipe Designing
 Equipment Selection

4
Refrigerant
It is a gas / liquid which boils / evaporates at very low
temperatures.
E.g. Lithium Bromide – BP - 5˚C
Ammonia – BP - 10˚C
Refrigerants can be kept under pressure to maintain the liquid
state.
E.g. LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas
List of Refrigerants
Refer Page D-2 = HVAC Handbook
Principle of Air Conditioning
 Vapour Compression System / Vapour Compression Cycle
 Absorption Chilling System
Vapour Compression Cycle (VCC)

Condenser

Refrigeration pipe (Cu)

Expansion Valve Evaporator Compressor

(Refer Page D-3 = HVAC Handbook)

5
Evaporator
It is an array of tube / Heat Exchanger where refrigerant absorbs
heat & evaporates.

Fins (Increases the surface area of contact)

Supply
Header
(Coil/Tube)

Return
Rows of Coils

Condenser
It is an array of tube / Heat Exchanger where refrigerant rejects
heat & condenses in to liquid.
Expansion Valve
It is an Orifice / a Capillary tube used to release the pressure of
refrigerant. It also regulates the flow of refrigerant (so valve).
Orifice

Compressors
It is used to increase the pressure of refrigerant gas. It handles
only gas. It is the driver of the complete cycle.

6
Working of VCC

Gas Ref: Liquid Ref:

Expansion Evaporates
Pressure
Temperature

Outside air hot air to atmosphere

Ref: liquid Ref: gas

Moderate Temp-HP HP-HT

Fan

Ref: liquid Ref: gas

LP-LT HT-LP

Cool air space

Note:
Copper tubes / coils are used because of high heat transfer rate.
From Condenser to Evaporator Liquid line
From Evaporator to Compressor Suction line
From compressor to Condenser Hot gas line / Discharge line
7
Super Heat mode of Refrigerant
It is the heat added to the refrigerant on the suction side / line of
the compressor (due to high outside temperature).
Sub Cooling
It is the heat rejected from the discharge line to the atmosphere
(due to low atmospheric temperature)
Absorption Chilling System
NH3 vapour

NH3 liquid Condenser

Expansion Valve

Chilled water in

Out Span

NH3 gas Absorber

H2o+NH3

 No electricity
 Fossil fuels are using.
 Less efficient, because no control on pressure.
Absorption Chilling System is less efficient than VCC. All the
Air Conditioners now have VCC.

8
Classification of Air Conditioning Systems
Local cooling comfort system (M/c inside the space)
 Window A/c
 Split A/c
 Multi Split A/c
 Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit
Centralized A/c System (M/c outside the space)
 Central A/c System / All Air System
 Chilled Water System / Air Water System

Window A/c
It pulls room air & blows it over the Evaporator for conditioning
of air.
Outside Window

Inside Space Partition Compartment

 It is installed in the window; the condenser side should be

outside the window.
 It is available up to 3TR capacity. (TR Tonne of Refrigeration)
 It is used for single room small applications.

9
Split A/c

Insulation

Outdoor / Condensing Unit Indoor Unit

 It pulls room air & blow over the Evaporator for Air
Conditioning of room air.
 Available capacity up to 7-8TR
 Length of refrigerant pipe can be taken from catalog. Generally,
length should not exceed 40-50m.
 Outdoor unit can be mounted on the roof & also on the wall.
Advantages
 Not much space required / No breaking of window.
 Noise is removed from the space.
 No chance of mixing of air.
Indoor unit types
 Ducted type
 Non-Ducted type
Outdoor unit types
 Vertical discharge unit
 Horizontal discharge unit

10
Multi Split A/c
Ref: Pipe
IU - 1

IU - 2

IU - 3

IU - 4
Branch Distributor
Outdoor Unit

 Multiple Indoor units are connected to a single Outdoor unit.

 The Indoor unit capacities are based on space requirement.
 The Outdoor unit capacities are based on Indoor units.
 Branch Distributor helps to distribute the amount of refrigerant
required.
 Check the limitations of pipe lengths during installation.
 Different Branch Distributors are available which are selected
based on the unit selections.

VRF System: Various Refrigerant Flows (DAIKIN)-Ref net

VRV System: Various Refrigerant Volumes (LG)-Branch Distributor

11
Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit

Chilled Water Inlet

Coil (Heat Exchanger)

Chilled Water Outlet

 Capacity up to 7.5TR

FCU type (Fan Coil Unit)

 Ducted
 Non-Ducted

12
 CENTRALISED A/c SYSTEM
Chilled Water System

Chiller/ FCU
Cooler

AHU

Supply
Chilled Water Pipe
P1 P2 Return

FCU Fan Coil Unit

AHU Air Handling Unit

13
Central A/c System

AHU

 AHU is the heart of Central A/c System, which works on VCC.

 It can be installed on the Roof / Basement / Mechanical Rooms.

DX Units Chilled Water Units

Window A/c FCU
Split A/c
Multi Split A/c Local
AHU AHU
Package Unit
Chiller Central

DX Direct Expansion

14
Functions of Air Handling Unit
 Cooling
 Heating
 Humidification
 Dehumidification
 Filtration
Cooling
 Refers to removal of heat from air.
 For removing heat we use Cooling Coils / Heat Exchanger.
Heat Exchanger Component involved in exchange of heat.
Types of Cooling Coil
 DX coil
 Chilled Water coil
DX coil
 Used in VCC (Refrigerant flowing through it)
Chilled Water coil
 Used in Chilled Water Cycle (Chilled Water flowing through it)
Selection of Coil
Based on:
 More no’s of Rows
 Less Coil face air velocity (400 – 700 fpm)
fpm feet per minute

15
Heating
 Refers to the addition of heat to the air.
Heating Coil Heat Exchanger
Types of Heating Coil
 Hot Water Coil
 Steam Coil
 Electric Heating Element
Hot Water Coil
 Hot water flowing through it.
 Boiler produces hot water & it circulated through radiators &
AHU’s to give the heat in the space.
 Hot water is flowing in Hot Water Coils, used in radiators &
AHU’s.
Steam Coil
 Steam Boiler produces steam, which is supplied to Steam Coils
installed in AHU’s & radiators.
Electric Heating Element
 It can be mounted in AHU / in the ducts which gets heated up
by using electricity.
 Used for small capacities.

16
Humidification
 Adding moisture to the air during Winter season.
 Humidification is done with heating.
Winter season
 Temperature 5 - 10˚C
 RH 90%
When heating is done:
 Temperature
 RH (RH 50 – 40%)

Methods of Humidification
 Wet Humidification
 Steam Humidification

17
Wet Humidification

Mixing Box Heating Coil

Reheat Coil
Fan

F.A S.A

R.A Schematic of AHU

Spray Nozzle
R.A Return Air
F.A Fresh Air
S.A Supply Air
 Using water for Humidification.
 Air is heated up by using a Heating Coil.
 Spray Nozzles sprinkle water molecules on the hot air stream.
 Water vaporizes, thus humidifying the air.
 In this process temperature of air drops; so a Reheat Coil is used
to increase the temperature.

18
Steam Humidification

Mixing Box Heating Coil

F.A S.A

R.A
Steam Humidifier

 Using Steam for Humidification.

 Air is heated up by using Heating Coil.
 Steam is added to the air, thus humidifying the air.
 Humidified air is supplied to the space.

19
Dehumidification
Removal of moisture from air during summer season.
Summer season
 Temperature 45 - 50˚C
 RH 20 – 25%
When cooling the air:
 Temperature
 RH (RH up to 50%)

Methods of Dehumidification
 DPT method (Dew Point Temperature)
 Chemical Dehumidification
DPT method (Dew Point Temperature)
 It is the maximum temperature of air below which moisture
starts condensing in to liquid.
 The temperature of Cooling Coil is set below the Dew Point
Temperature of air. Thus the moisture is removed by
dehumidifying the air.
Chemical Dehumidification
 Silica Gel is used for dehumidification. It has a property of
absorbing moisture from the air.
 Disk is applied with Silica Gel & air is made to pass over it.
 Maintenance of disk is to be done periodically.

20
Filtration
It is to purify the air from foreign particles / contaminants like
bacteria, dust, odour etc. present in the air
Types of Filtration
 Mechanical Filtration
 Electrostatic Filtration
Mechanical Filtration
Types of Filters
 Pad Filters
 Panel Filters
 Anti-microbial Filters
 Bag Filters
 HEPA Filters (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters)
 ULPA Filters (Ultra Low Particulate Air Filters)

21
Pad Filters

Frame (Al)
Filter Media

 It is the first bank of filters

 The Filter Media is a porous material (cloth / fibre), which is
held in a Frame work.
 It stops large dust particles.

22
Panel Filters

Frame Work
Filter Media

 The Filter Media is folded in pleats.

 The dust collection capacity is higher than Pad Filters.

Anti-microbial Filters
 These are Pad / Panel Filtered sprayed with Biocides to kill the
bacteria
 Used mostly in Hospitals, Malls, Labs, Offices etc.

23
Bag Filters

Filter Media
Frame Work

 The Filter Media is folded in to Bags to increase the dust

collection capacity.

24
HEPA Filters (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters)
These are basically Panel / Bag Filters with specialized Filter
Media which gives 99% clean air.
Application
 Hospitals (Operation Theatres, ICU’s Labs etc.)
 Food Processing Units etc.

ULPA Filters (Ultra Low Particulate Air Filters)

These are basically Panel / Bag Filters with specialized Filter
Media which gives 99.99% clean air.
Application
 Defense
 Nuclear Industries
 Space (Space Stations) etc.

25
Electrostatic Filtration

Primary Filter Secondary Filter

Air -ve +ve

Negatively charged Ionizer

Positively charged dust collecting plates

 Primary Filters removes large dust particles & the remaining

particles are negatively charged through Ionizer which is
attracted to positively charged dust collecting plates.
 Any remaining dust particles are captured in Secondary Filters.
 Maintenance is required for dust collecting plates.

26
Package Unit / DX Package Unit / Package A/c Unit (PACU)

Condenser Fan Compressor

Condenser S.A

Evaporator

Return Air Expansion Valve

 It is a bigger version of Window A/c.

 The Evaporator, Condenser, Compressor, Expansion Valve &
the Blowers are in one cabinet, which cannot be modified.
 It can be installed on Roof Top / Basement / Mechanical Rooms
with duct connecting to it.
 Available capacity up to 30TR

27
Split type AHU

Condenser Compressor Evaporator

ACCU Evaporating Unit /

(Air Cooled Condensing Unit) Indoor AHU

 The AHU is splitted in Evaporating Unit & ACCU.

 ACCU is installed outside.
 Evaporating Unit is installed inside.
 Capacity up to 20TR

28
Properties of Air
The Thermodynamic properties of air are:
 Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)
 Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)
 Relative Humidity (RH)
 Humidity Ratio (HR)
 Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
 Enthalpy
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT)
It is the temperature measured with ordinary
thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT)
It is the temperature measured with ordinary thermometer
covering a wet cloth over the bulb.
Relative Humidity (RH)
It is the amount of moisture in sample air to the ratio of
saturated air.
RH = Amount of moisture in Sample Air
Saturated Air
Humidity Ratio (HR)
It is the ratio of grains of moisture present per pound of air.
HR = Grains of moisture ( Gr/lb)
Pounds of Air

29
Dew Point Temperature (DPT)
It is the maximum temperature of air below which
moisture starts condensing in to liquid.

Enthalpy
It is the total heat content in the air.

Note:
 Psychometric Chart is used to find the Thermodynamic
properties of air.
 Any two values to be known to find the rest.

30
Air Distribution System
This system is design to distribute the air in the building
from AHU, by using duct.

Duct
It is a conduit, used to convey air either from machine to
the space or space to the machine.

Duct Material
 Galvanized Iron / Steel Sheet Rigid & Heavier
 Fibre Glass Flexible
 Aluminium Semi Rigid
 Fabric Flexible

Duct Shapes
 Rectangular Duct
 Circular / Round Duct
 Oval Duct

Note:
 Main duct should always be Rectangular.
 Branch duct can be Rectangular / Circular.

31
Duct in Sectional & Plan View
Supply Air Duct

S.A

Sectional View Plan View

Return Air Duct

R.A

Sectional View Plan View

Fresh Air Duct

F.A

Sectional View Plan View

Exhaust Air Duct

E.A

Sectional View Plan View

32
Duct Riser & Drop Plan / Top View
Supply Air Duct

Riser Drop
Return Air Duct

Fresh Air Duct

Exhaust Air Duct

33
Duct Offset

Duct Offset

 Used to change the Elevation / position.

Change in Elevation
Beam Slab

Sectional View

DN UP

Top View

34
Change in Position
Wall

Top View

Types of Ducts
Supply Air Duct
 Handling conditioned air from machine to space.

Return Air Duct

 Handling return air from space to machine.

Fresh Air Duct

 Handling fresh air from atmosphere to machine.

Exhaust Air Duct

 Handling exhaust air from space to atmosphere.

35
Components of Air Distribution System
End Cap

Elbow
Wall
Tie Damper Flexible Duct
Reducer
Branch Take off Diffuser

Diffuser Plenum
Sound Attenuator

Damper
Flexible Connector

Duct Liner

Starting Collar
Plenum
AHU

36
Plenum
It is the first attachment to the machine to which ducts are
connected.
Starting Collar
It is used if the Main Duct size & Plenum size are different.
Flexible Connector
It is made up of fabric & used to remove the vibrations from the
duct system.
Fabric
Metal Strips

Bolted

Duct Liner
 Fibre glass material is lined inside the duct for acoustical
insulation.
 It should be lined up to 20ft from the machine.
Sound Attenuator
 It is used for acoustical insulation.
 It is basically installed in the main duct only.
 It is made up of GI material.

37
Sound Attenuator Selection
The selection is done based on:
 Air volume it is handling (cfm)
 Noise levels to be maintained (db level / noise criteria)
 Duct routings
Documents to be given:
 Drawings
 Roof drawing
 Floor drawing
 Machine catalogues
 Noise level specifications
Note:
Check the physical dimension of Sound Attenuator & order the
connection pieces, if required.
Duct Wrap / Duct Insulation
Fibre glass insulation is wrapped over the duct for thermal
insulations.
Note:
 For internal ducts, Insulation thickness = 0.5” – 2”
 For external ducts, Insulation thickness = 2” – 4”
 Internal insulation comes in rolls (flexible).
 External insulation comes in rigid boards (semi-rigid)

38
Flexible Duct
 It is used to connect Branch Duct with Diffuser.
 It is flexible in nature, as it is made up of fibre glass material.
 These are basically circular in shape.
 Available up to 12”
 The length of Flexible Duct should be limited to 10ft.
 Flexible Duct size is based on the cfm it is handling.

Dampers
 It is used to control the flow of air.
 These are used for air balancing.
Types of Dampers
 Volume Dampers
 Fire Dampers
 Splitter Dampers
 Relief Dampers
Volume Dampers
These are installed in every branch & in the main duct to
regulate the volume of air to be flown.
Types
 Butterfly Damper
 Multi-blade Damper

39
Butterfly Damper
Motorized Actuator

Duct
Disc

T Thermostat

 It uses disc to regulate the flow of air.

 Disc parallel to air flow gives 100% flow.
 Disc perpendicular to air flow gives no flow.
 In a manual damper, the plates have to be set as per the flow
required.

40
Multi-blade Damper
 It is installed in the main ducts.

Blades

Types
 Parallel Blade
 Opposed Blade

41
Parallel Blade

 Rotating parallel & in direction of air flow.

Opposed Blade

 Rotating against each other.

Note:
Movement of blade is controlled by Actuators.

42
Fire Dampers
Fire Damper
AHU

 These are installed with the ducts which are passing through
slab / walls.
 It is used to stop the flow of air during the event of fire.
 It has fusible link which melts & break during the event of fire.

Fusible Link
Shutter

 Motorized Fire Dampers are also available, which is interfaced

with fire detectors.
Note:
 All the dampers are made up of GI material.
 It must be used in every duct.

43
Splitter Dampers

Splitter Damper

 It is used for splitting of air in the branches.

Relief Dampers
It is used to release the excess air pressure build up in the ducts.

Branch Take-off
It is a fitting used to create branch connection either from
rectangular duct to rectangular duct or from rectangular duct to round
duct.

Takeo-ff position
 Top Take-off
 Side Take-off

44
Branch Types

Y-Branch

Double - Y

45
Access Doors
 Access Doors are used to have access to the components which
requires repair & maintenance
 Access Doors should be made in the fall ceiling & also in the
ducts.
Diffusers
These are air outlets connected with the ducts to give air in the
space & also to take air from the space.
Types of Installation

Diffuser installed in fall ceiling

Grill installed in step of fall ceiling

Grill installed in fall wall

46
 Diffuser installed in fall floor

Grill installed in the wall

(No fall ceiling)

Types of Air Outlets

Square Diffuser

4-Way 3-Way

2-Way 1-Way

47
 Round Diffuser Perforated Diffuser

Linear Slotted Diffuser Stair Case Diffuser

4-Slot / 3-Slot / 2-Slot

Swirl Diffuser Grill

Linear Bar Grill Register

48
Dimensioning
Square Diffuser W×L
Round Diffuser Diameter (D)
Perforated Diffuser W×L
Swirl Diffuser Diameter (D)
Stair Case Diffuser W×L
Linear Square Diffuser L×H
Grill W×H
Linear Bar Grill L×H
Register W×H

Note:
The collar connecting diffuser & duct should be ordered as per
the neck size.

Duct Neck

Collar

Face

49
Standard Duct Fittings
Standard Elbow
 Long way Elbow
 Short Radius Elbow
 Short Radius Elbow No Throat
 Long Radius Elbow
Long way Elbow

Rt = ¾ D
Rt R Rh = D + ¾ D
Rh R Centre Line Radius
Rh Heel Radius
Rt Throat Radius
Note:
 For rectangular ducts, replace ‘D’ with ‘W’ (Width of outlet).
 It gives pressure drop.

Short Radius Elbow

Rt = 150mm (or) 6”
Rt R Rh = 150mm + D
Rh R=D

50
Short Radius Elbow No Throat

 Used when no space.

 It gives high pressure drop.

Long Radius Elbow

Rt = D
Rt R Rh = 2D
Rh R = 1.5 D

 Long Radius Elbows are most preferred elbows.

 When there is no space, a Short Radius Elbow can be used.
 Short Radius Elbow offers high pressure drop.
 They (SREL) should be installed with the Turning Vanes.
 Turning Vanes are made up of GI material.
 It is a thin plate / sheet standing in the elbow.

51
Reducer
 Used to connect bigger size of duct to a smaller size.
 Used to have reduction in duct size.
Types
 Concentric Reducer
 Eccentric Reducer
Concentric Reducer

ᶿ ᶿmax = 45˚ (Diverging)

= 60˚ (Converging)

L L Length of Reducer
 Slope of Reducer = 1: 7
 Maximum Length = 1500mm
 Minimum Length = 150mm
Eccentric Reducer

L
 Slope of Reducer = 1: 7
 Maximum Length = 1500mm
 Minimum Length = 150mm

52
Example

200mm

800mm ᶿ 1000mm

200mm
L=?

tanᶿ = 1/7 = (opposite side ÷ adjacent side) = (100/ L)

L = 7 × 100 = 700mm

53
Duct Routing Guidelines

 Always route the duct straight & avoid more turnings.

 Original duct size should be maintained, unless a reduction of 2”
is required.
 Provide Turning Vanes in the Short Radius Elbow.

Turning Vanes / Guide Vanes

 Single Turning Vane should be provided for a Turning Width

(Rh) of 12” or less in an elbow.
 Two Turning Vanes for Turning Width of 24” or less.
 Three Turning Vanes for Turning Width of more than 24”.
 Provide Volume Dampers for every branch, for balancing of air.
 Provide Fire Dampers in the duct, passing through
slab/wall/roof.
 Provide Splitter Dampers near the Branch Take-offs, more than
one in a same place.
 Maintain minimum clearance of 6” from the fall ceiling / slab /
any obstructions.

54
Duct Routings

Spine

AHU

L - Shape

AHU

H - Shape

AHU

55
Perimeter

AHU

Trunk & Branch

AHU

56
Supply Duct Configurations
Extended Plenum System / Trunk & Branch System

Plenum Main Duct / Trunk Duct

AHU

Branch Duct

 Used for Single & Multistoried application.

 Maximum space of main duct = 100 ft
Radial System / Spider System

Branch
Plenum of AHU

 Used for single storied application only.

 No main duct used.
 Branches originate directly from Plenum.

57
Return Duct Configurations
Individual Return / Room-by-Room Return
(A)

Shaft

 Return Duct connected to each Return Diffuser in each space &

routed to machine.
(B)

 Duct left in each space above fall ceiling, but not connected to
Diffuser & routed to machine.

58
Central Return System

 Main Return Duct is left open in a central area above fall

ceiling.
 All the air moves out of space from Return air opening & goes
in the Return Duct.

Note:
For (B) & Central Return System, there should be no: of
opening left unsealed in every space.

59
Duct Classification as per Velocity of Air
 Low Velocity System (400 – 2000 fpm)
 Medium Velocity System (2000 – 2500 fpm)
 High Velocity System (2500 – 3000 fpm)
fpm feet per minute (velocity)
Duct & Fan Classification as per Pressure
 Class-I Low Pressure up to 4” of wg
 Class-II Medium Pressure 4” – 6” of wg
 Class-II High Pressure 6” – 12” of wg
Wg Water Gauge
AHU Classification
 Roof Top Units (Double Skin)
 Indoor Type Units (Single Skin)
 Horizontal & Vertical AHU

Horizontal AHU

R.A S.A

60
Vertical AHU
S.A

R.A

(or)
S.A

R.A

61
Fan Arrangement in AHU
 Blow Thru
 Draw Thru

Blow Thru

Draw Thru

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Note:

 In commercial A/c, Low Velocity & Medium Velocity System

is used.

 Main duct should be sized using Low / Medium Velocities.

 Branch duct should be sized using Low Velocity System.

 For industrial A/c High Velocity is used.

 Most commonly used Fan Arrangement is Draw Thru.

 For small capacity units like Window A/c & Split A/c, Blow
Thru Fan Arrangement is used.

 Backward Curve Centrifugal Fan should be used up to 30,000

cfm.

 Above 30,000 cfm used Backward Inclined Blades Centrifugal

Fan.

63
Minimum Fitting Spaces

AHU
Minimum 2D distance

AHU to first Elbow

D Duct Diameter (inches)

Minimum 6D distance between

Elbow to Elbow

Minimum 6D

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Thermal Zoning
Zone
 It can be a single space / multiple spaces served by common Air
Handler & the control is done by one Thermostat.
 Two spaces are set to be in one zone if they have similar A/c
requirements.

Dining Area

Kitchen

3/5 Zones Server Room 2 Zones

Air Delivery System

 Single Zone System
 VAV System (Variable Air Volume)
 CAV System (Constant Air Volume)
Single Zone System
 In this system one AHU is required to serve one space.
 The air flow & temperature control is done in the AHU itself.

AHU

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VAV System
In this system Variable Air Volume terminals are used to vary
the volume of air supplied to the space.

AHU

T T T

Control Unit Bypass Section

Inlet CU Outlet

Damper

 Power points should be specified according to the location of

VAV for power supply.
 Control wiring should be done from Thermostat to VAV.
 VAV’s are available in different models based on the cfm it is
handling.
 The connection pieces (inlet/outlet) have to be ordered during
installation.
 VAV’s are made up of GI material.

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CAV System
 It is required two duct systems.
 In this system, volume of air is constant, but the temperature of
air is varying.
Cooling Mode
Cool Air Duct Hot Air Duct
Temperature = 25˚C
cfm = 2000
Damper

Heating Mode

CA Temperature = 40˚C
HA cfm = 2000

Intermediate Mode

Temperature = 30˚C
CA HA cfm = 2000

Note:
 Single Zone System & VAV System are widely used.
 CAV System is used in Hospitals, Factories etc.

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 Heat Gain Calculations / Load Calculations /
Cooling Load Calculations
Cooling
Removal of heat from the space.
Heat
It is a form of energy.
 Heat can neither be created nor be destroyed.
 But can transfer from hotter region to cooler region.
Units
KJ, Kcal, BTU

 KJ Kilo Joule
 Kcal Kilo Calorie
 BTU British Thermal Unit
It is the amount of heat required to raise / lower 1˚F of
temperature for 1lb of ice/water.

12,000 BTU/hr = 1 TR TR Tonne of Refrigeration

1 MBH = 1000 BTU/hr MBH Mega British Hour

12 MBH = 1 TR

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Temperature
It gives the intensity of heat.
Units
˚C, ˚F, K

Heat
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
Sensible Heat
 It can be sensed by touch.
 It raises DBT.
Latent Heat
 It cannot be sensed by touch, but associated with moisture.
 It raises WBT.
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat required to change the phase from solid to liquid at
constant temperature.
E.g. Ice (solid) 0˚C Water (liquid)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Amount of heat required to change the phase from liquid to gas /
vapour at constant temperature.

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Sources of heat gain in a Building envelop
 Heat Gain through Glass/Window.
 Heat Gain through Wall & Roof.
 Heat Gain through Partition.
 Heat Gain from People.
 Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments.
 Heat Gain from Motors.
 Heat Gain from Kitchen Appliances.
 Heat Gain from Ducts.
 Heat Gain from Infiltration Air.
 Heat Gain through Ventilation Air.
 Heat Gain through By-pass Air.
 Heat Gain through Chilled Water Pumps.

Data required to start Heat Gain Calculation

 Civil Plan (architect)
 Window, Wall & Roof details/ u-factors of wall, roof, floor &
glass. (architect)
 Outdoor & Indoor design conditions. (specification)
 Daily Range, Wind Velocity (specification)
 Occupancy rate (architect)
 Lighting load (electrical engineer)
 Electrical Appliances (electrical engineer)
 Kitchen Appliances (specification)
 Any special requirement like Server room, Battery room.
(Check with manufacturer)

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Outdoor Design Conditions & its Corrections
Example:
Washington City
DBT WBT HR (Gr/lb) Daily Range
Outdoor Conditions
Refer Page A-11of HVAC Hand Book
Daily Range
Difference of maximum & minimum temperature (DBT) on the
hottest day of the year.
Note:
Correction to Outdoor Condition is to be done to find the
Temperature at specific month.
Outdoor Temperature in April
 Yearly Range
 Specific Month
Yearly Range
Difference in Summer Temperature & Winter Temperature.
= 95˚F - 0˚F
= 95˚F
Correction to be done for April = -19˚F
Refer Page A-13, Table-3 of HVAC Hand Book
DBT in April = 95˚F - 19˚F
= 76˚F

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DBT in April at 10am
For this we require:
Daily Range
Time
Refer Page A-13, Table-2 of HVAC Hand Book
Correction to be done for April at 10am = -10˚F
DBT in April at 10am = 76˚F - 10˚F
= 66˚F
Indoor Conditions
Refer Page A-14 of HVAC Hand Book
Comfort Conditions
 76˚F DBT
 56% RH
DBT(summer) = 74˚F - 76˚F
RH = 50 % - 45%
U-factor / Conductivity Factor
U-factor can be calculated, based on the compositions.

72
Wall composition
Brick (inches)

Ro Ri

Cement Plaster
ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn

Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn

U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft

Refer Page A-25 & A-29 of HVAC Hand Book

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Roof Composition
Cement Plaster
Fibre Glass Insulation
Concrete (inches)

ΣR = Ro+ Ri + R1X1 + R2X2 + ………. + RnXn

Where,
Ro Outside Air Film Resistance
Ri Inside Air Film Resistance
R1, R2, ……, Rn Resistance of materials
X1, X2, ……, Xn Thickness of Materials (inches)
For R1, R2, ……, Rn & X1, X2, ……, Xn

U= BTU/hr/˚F/sft

Refer Page A-25 & A-30 of HVAC Hand Book

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Heat Gain through Glass / Window
Q = U×A× Sun gain
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conduction Factor
A Area of glass in sft
Sun gain Heat Experienced by Glass(Temperature rise due to Heat)
Maximum from 8.00am – 4.00pm
Refer Page A-18 of HVAC Hand Book

Note:
Location Hottest Month Latitude Daily Range
India May 20˚N 18˚F
Middle East August 30˚N 28˚F
USA July 40˚N 17˚F

Refer Page A-19, 20, 21 & 22 of HVAC Hand Book

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Heat Gain through Wall & Roof
Q = U ×A ×ETDcorrected
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of Wall/Roof in sft
ETDcorrected= ETDwall/roof + Correction (according to region)
ETD Equivalent Temperature Difference
Refer Page A-29, 23 & 24

Weight of Wall Thickness of Wall

(lb/sft) (inches)
20 4”
60 6”
100 8”
140 12”

Weight of Roof Thickness of Roof

(lb/sft) (inches)
10 2”
20 4”
40 6”
60 8”
80 10”

Correction:
Refer Page A-15 & A-24 with Temp: Diff: & Daily Range

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Heat Gain through Partition
Partition
It is a glass, wall, floor/slab in partition with a non-A/c space.
Wall partition

A/c Non A/c Exposed wall & glass

Q = U×A×ΔT
Where,
Q Total Heat Gain in BTU/hr
U Conductance Factor
A Area of glass/wall/slab in sft
ΔT = (T1 – T2)
T1 Outdoor Temperature
T2 Indoor Temperature
Note:
For Normal Partition (corridor, bathroom etc.),
T1 = (T1–5)
For Heat generating Partition (kitchen, laundry room etc.)
T1 = (T1+15)

77
Heat Gain from People
Sensible Heat Gain = No’s of people × Sensible Heat/person
Latent Heat Gain = No’s of people × Latent Heat/person
Q = Sensible Heat Gain + Latent Heat Gain
Sensible Heat Gain/person & Latent Heat Gain/person is given
by standards as per Type of application & degree of activity.
Refer Page A-60 & A-36 of HVAC Hand Book

Heat Gain from Lights

Incandescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts
Fluorescent Lights
Q = 3.41 × Watts × 1.25
Note:
If wattage not known, wattage can be calculated by using:
Watts = Areas × Watts/sft
Refer Page A-60 of HVAC Hand Book

Heat Gain from Electrical Equipments

Q = 3.41 × Watts

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