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The table below shows the result of Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha is reliability to
measure of internal consistency. We measured the reliability of item by Cronbach’s alpha
test. The value of Cronbach’s alpha must more and equal 0.6.
BEFORE AFTER
Table above shows the result for Cronbach’s alpha test. Since the Cronbach’s alpha value
obtain for each variable are greater and equal than significance level which is 0.60, the results
for variable academic performance, sleep environment, sleep-awake behaviour, sleep
duration, and sleep quality were significant. It implied that the each items on the variable are
reliable. Refer Appendix 2
VALIDITY AND FACTOR ANALYSIS
The table above is the result for validity. We applied the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Test
(KMO) and Bartlett’s Test to check the validity. As the conclusion, we conclude that the
result for all variable are significant because all the value for KMO test were greater than
0.60. Plus, Bartlett’s Test also supported by shows all the significance value for each variable
were less than 0.05. Refer Appendix 2
Section B: Impact of sleeping habits on students’ performance
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.799 0.855
There are 7 items on variable for the impact of sleeping habits on students’ performance. The
Cronbach’s alpha obtain before we drop the item is 0.799. After drop one item, which is, I
still get a good achievement in my study even though I have a poor sleep quality, the
Cronbach’s alpha value was increasing to 0.855.
Table above shows the result was significant. The KMO value obtained is 0.837 and
Bartlett’s test is 0.000, which means greater than and less than the significant level (0.60 and
0.05). It implied that the result for this variable is valid.
Section C: Daytime Sleepiness
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.687 0.792
Variable daytime sleepiness, obtain 0.687 for 9 items for Cronbach’s alpha value. After drop
2 items, the result was increasing to 0.792 and the result obtain were significant.
The result of KMO test and Bartlett’s test was significant (KMO test = 0.640, p-value =
0.05). It implied that the each items on variable Daytime sleepiness is valid.
Section D: Sleep Environment
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.593 0.615
Before we drops item in variable sleep environment, we obtain Cronbach’s alpha value is
0.593. After drop 1 item, which is I move to another location in my house in order to be able
to sleep. The Cronbach’s alpha value is increasing to 0.615. Therefore, the result is
significant.
KMO value is increasing to 0.616 based on the table above. The KMO value before dropped
the item was 0.566, which was not significant. After dropped 1 item, the KMO value became
significant. On the other hand, the Bartlett’s test shows that there is no change for the p-value
before and after dropped the item.
Section E: Sleep-awake behaviour
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.872 0.879
The result for Cronbach’s alpha on variable sleep-awake behaviour was significant before
and after dropped item E1 (I wake up unintentionally more than 1 time during mid night).
The Cronbach’s alpha value before and after dropped the item was 0.872 and 0.879
respectively. It shows that both values are significant because the values are more and equal
than 0.60.
Table above shows the value of KMO and p-value for Bartlett’s test. The values for both are
0.851 and 0.000 respectively. Since the value of KMO greater than 0.60 and p-value of
Bartlett’s test is less than 0.05, it means that KMO and Bartlett’s Test is significant. It means
that the result for this variable is valid.
Section F: Sleep Duration
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.718 0.809
The result obtained for variable sleep duration was significant when there is 1 item was
dropped. The item dropped was F6 (On average, I sleep 5 to 7 hours on class day). After
dropped the item, value of Cronbach’s alpha is increasing from 0.718 to 0.809. Therefore, the
variable was reliable since the former Cronbach’s alpha is 0.809 which was greater than 0.60.
The result for KMO and Bartlett’s test is shown on the table above. The result were
significant (KMO ≥ 0.60 and p-value is ≤ 0.05). Based on the table above, KMO value before
we drop 1 item on this variable was 0.595 (not significant). However, after we drop an item,
KMO value become significant (0.758 ≥ 0.60).
Section G: Sleep Quality
Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After
0.360 0.616
There are 5 items for variable sleep quality. The Cronbach’s alpha that we obtain before drop
few item insignificant (0.360). After 2 items was dropped, the Cronbach’s alpha become
significant which was 0.616.
Table above shows the result for validity and factor analysis for variable sleep quality. It
shows that KMO is less than 0.60 (insignificant). However, KMO become greater than 0.60
(significant) after about 2 items was dropped for this variable. Result for The Bartlett’s test is
significant since the value of p-value before and after drop the 2 items was less than 0.05.