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Reproduced by
DOCUMENT SERVICE CENTER
KNOTT BUILDING, DAYTON, 2, OHIO
F\
OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTIONS 793 and 794.
4J -
CONFIDENTIAL Copy 20
A~
5 r EARCH MEMORANDUM
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF MACH NUMBER EFFECTS
ON COMPRESSOR-BLADE DESIGN
By Sohn F. Klapproth
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CONFIDENTIAL
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RESEARCH MEMORANDUM
ON COMPRESSOR-BLADE DESIGN
By John F. Klapproth
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
CONFIDENTIAL
i ,
2 CONFIDENTIAL NACA RM E53L23a
Factors affecting the flow capacity and the stage pressure ratio of
the compressor are discussed and the effects of operation at supersonic H
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
and for no radius change through the rotor or for no guide vanes,
P_ - +
2l +
(r1)1
- i)
v
ad MTRAVejJ
P1
CONFIDENTIAL
NACA RM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 3
should
L D = (1 - V/Vi) + AVe/2aV i - V max -
Vt
1
V (ref. 1) (2)
Early attempts to combine the high rotor speeds and high inlet
axial velocities usually led to severe sacrifices in rotor efficiency.
The rotor designs generally were based on a symmetrical velocity dia-
gram and incorporated an appreciable amount of prewhirl or rotation of
the air ahead of the rotor. The performance of such a unit is shown in
figure 4 where the peak efficiency at any Mach number is plotted against
Mach number (ref. 2). Tests of subsonic airfoils in cascade also showed
a marked drag rise with increases in Mach number above about 0.80 (fig.
10(b) of ref. 3). As a result, a Mach number limit was imposed on com-
pressor design which required the use of high guide-vane turning. This
Mach number limit restricted the amount of mass flow and the pressure
ratio that could be obtained. The influence of a Mach number limit on
the design of a typical inlet stage having a 0.5 inlet radius ratio is
illustrated in figure 5. Not only is the compromise between mass flow
and pressure ratio required, but the generally low value of each is
apparent. Consequently, if both high flow capacity and high stage pres-
sure ratio are to be obtained, the designer must use supersonic veloci-
ties relative to the rotor blade rows.
CONFIDENTIAL
4 CONFIDENTIAL NACA RM E53L23a
CON~FIDENTIAL
- ~ -- ~------~U
NAOA RM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 5
H
CD
DETERMINATION OF BLADE SHAPES FOR HIGH MACH NUMBERS H
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______________________________________
NACA RM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 7
If isentopic flow is assumed, the density may be obtained from the energy
equation,
The ratio of the stream-tube height H at the exit to that at the en-
trance is obtained from the continuity equation by using the prescribed
conditions of velocity and flow angle at the blade entrance and exit
(nt/2nR = 0). The distribution of H through the channel may then be
specified.
z
- aa ApHR dz = Y PlVj cos [i (R2Ve,2 - RiVe, 1 ) (6)
The continuity equation (4) may then be solved for the blade thickness
term nt/2fiR for any z position. If the mean line of the blade is
assumed to follow the mean flow path, the blade shape may be obtained.
The assumptions used in the solutions for the required channel flow
path have been found to be reasonably accurate for high-solidity blade
rows; but for solidities below about 1.5, the results must be considered
as qualitative. In any case, the solutions near the leading edge are
questionable. Because the method incorporates only the continuity
equation, mixed-flow regions may be considered; consequently, this ap-
proach was used to furnish general trends that might be expected from
high- speed blading.
CONFIDENTIAL
8 CONFIDENTIAL NACA RM E53L23a
Because of the density change across the blade row at the higher
Mach numbers, the required stream-tube height at the blade exit becomes
appreciably smaller than that at the inlet. For a Mach number of 1.4,
the ratio of the exit to inlet stream-tube°height H is 0.67. A linear
variation in H across the blade row was assumed for all cases.
The blade shapes obtained for this example are shown in figure 9.
For incompressible flow, the blade resembles the conventional subsonic
airfoil with the exception that the leading-edge radius is small. Be-
cause of the assumption of similar mean velocity and loading distribu-
tion, the mean lines for all Mach numbers are very similar and can be
approximated with a circular arc. The principal effect of the increased
Mach number is to shift the maximum thickness toward the rear of the
blade so that, at a relative entrance Mach number of 1.2, the thickness
distribution is nearly symmetrical. As a result, the blade shape ob-
tained for a Mach number of 1.2 can be closely approximated by the
double-circular-arc type airfoil. The maximum blade thickness of 8.6
percent of the chord for the incompressible example is reduced to 5.3
percent at a Mach number of 1.4.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
CONFIENTIAL
A~___
.I.
NACA RM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 9
CONCLUSIONS
diagram which controlled the velocity peaks was obtained by the use of
a very approximate design method, and the following observations were
made:
1. The stream-tube height across the blade row must be appreciably
C E
CONFIDEN'TIAL
10 CONFIDENTIAL NACA RM E53L23a
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-7
NACA RM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 11
APPENDIX - SYMBOLS
n number of blades
ad adiabatic efficiency
Subscripts:
s suction surface
p pressure surface
CO1FIDENTIAL
77~7~I7I77
12 CONFIDENTIAL NACA RM E53L23a
0 upstream stagnation
REFERENCES
3. Briggs, William B.: Effect of Mach Number on the Flow and Applica-
tion of Compressibility Corrections in a Two-Dimensional Subsonic-
Transonic Compressor Cascade Having Varied Porous-Wall Suction at
the Blade Tips. NACA TN 2649, 1952.
5. Donaldson, Coleman duP., and Lange, Roy H.: Study of the Pressure
Rise Across Shock Waves Required to Separate Laminar and Turbulent
Boundary Layers. NACA IN 2770, 1952. (Supersedes NACA RM L52C21.)
6. Bogdonoff, Seymour M.: N.A.C.A. Cascade Data for the Blade Design
of High-Performance Axial-Flow Compressors. Jour. Aero. Sci.,
vol. 15, no. 2, Feb. 1948, pp. 89-95.
7. Herrig, L. Joseph, Emery, James C., and Irwin, John R.: Systematic
Two-Dimensional Cascade Test of NACA 65-Series Compressor Blades
at Low Speeds. NACA RM L51G31, 1951.
9. Lieblein, Seymour, Lewis, George W., Jr., and Sandercock, Donald M.:
Experimental Investigation of an Axial-Flow Compressor Inlet Stage
Operating at Transonic Relative Inlet Mach Numbers. I - Over-All
Performance of Stage with Transonic Rotor and Subsonic Stators up
to Rotor Relative Inlet Mach Number of 1.1. NACA RM E52A24, 1952.
10. Schwenk, Francis C., Lieblein, Seymour, and Lewis, George W., Jr.:
Experimental Investigation of an Axial-Flow Compressor Inlet
Stage Operating at Transonic Relative Inlet Mach Numbers. III -
Blade-Row Performance of Stage with Transonic Rotor and Subsonic
Stator at Corrected Tip Speeds of 800 and 1000 Feet Per Second.
NACA RM E53G17, 1953.
CONFIDENTIAL
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NACA 1RM E53L23a CONIFIDENTIAL1 13
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Figure 6. - Schlieren photographs for a range of Mach number. Cascade of NACA 65-806
blower blades. Angle of attack, 16.50; absolute flow angle, 450; blade solidity, 1.5.
CONFIDENTIAL
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1.20 1
1.01 121102
Air flow per unit frontal area
Figure 10. - Performance of transonic rotor designed for tip speed of 1000 feet per
second. Hub-tip radius ratio, 0.525.
COM~IEWPTAT
NACA FM E53L23a CONFIDENTIAL 23
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