Definition:

Tenses tell us when an action happened.

Simple Tenses

Simple Tenses
Past Present Future
walked walk(s) will walk
ate eat(s) will eat

Simple tenses use the past form, the present form, and the present form with the helping verb will.

Yesterday I walked home from school.

Every day I walk home from school, and my sister walks home from school.
Tomorrow I will walk home from school.

Perfect tenses show when an action happened in relation to another action. The action in the past perfect began an

Perfect Tenses
Past Present Future
Perfect Perfect Perfect
had have will have
walked walked walked
have will have
had eaten eaten eaten

The perfect tenses use the helping verb to have (have/has, had) with the past participle of the verb. The verb to ha

Yesterday I rode to school, but the day before I had walked to school.
Most days I walk to school, but for the last two weeks I have walked to school.
By the time I get to school tomorrow, I will have walked to school many times.

Progressive tenses show that an action is or was ongoing or continuing at the same time as something else. The pre

Progressive Tenses
Past Present Future
Progressi Progressi Progressi
ve ve ve

was am will be
walking walking walking
was will be
eating am eating eating
The progressive tenses use a form of the verb to be (am/is/are, was/were) and the present participle of the verb.

Yesterday I was walking to school when you saw me.

Most days I am walking to school when you see me.
Tomorrow I will be walking to school when you see me.

Perfect progressive tenses are a combination of perfect (completed before) and progressive (ongoing) tenses which

Perfect Progressive Tenses

Past Present Future
Perfect Perfect Perfect
Progressi Progressi Progressi
ve ve ve

have will have

had been been been
walking walking walking

have will have

had been been been
eating eating eating

The perfect progressive tenses combine the perfect (with have) and the progressive (with been) and the present pa

Yesterday I had been walking to school when it started to rain.

Most days I have been walking to school when the weather is nice.
Tomorrow I will have been walking to school for six weeks straight.

Choosing the correct tense for use in a sentence requires you to pay close attention to the clues in the sentence.

Not a tense, but logically included in this section is the emphatic form. The emphatic form emphasizes that an actio

Emphatic Form
Past Present
Emphatic Emphatic

There is
no future
do/does emphatic
did walk walk because

you can't
emphasiz
e
do/does somethin
did eat eat g that
 hasn't
been
done yet.

The emphatic form uses the verb to do with the present form of the verb.
n the past perfect began and ended before the event or time it is being related to. The action in the present perfect began in the past and c

of the verb. The verb to have changes to show the tense.

as something else. The present progressive tense is used to talk about something that is happening right now.
nt participle of the verb.

ive (ongoing) tenses which show that something began, continued, and ended before another action mentioned.

h been) and the present participle of the verb.

e clues in the sentence.

m emphasizes that an action happened. It is also used in questions and in negative statements.
ect began in the past and continues up to the present or has ended by the present. The action in the future tense will be finished a particu
e will be finished a particular point in the future.
Definition:
In English there are four principal parts, or forms, of a verb.

If you study foreign languages, many languages have six forms of each verb for each tense. That's a lot of memorizi

base/pres present past

past
ent participle participle

walk(s) walking walked walked

dance(s) dancing danced danced
study(s) studying studied studied

Regular Verbs:

Base/Present - same as infinitive without to. Add -s to form third person singular.
Present Participle - add -ing.
Past - add -ed
Past Participle - add -ed

Note: Participles function as part of a verb phrase. They can't be used as verbs by themselves. They must have a he

My sister is walking to school today.

Before leaving, we made sure we had walked the dog.

When adding endings to verbs, you sometimes have to change the spelling.

Do change:

Single syllable verbs generally double the consonant when adding -ing and -ed.

shop + s = shops, shop + ing = shopping, shop + ed = shopped

Verbs that end with a single vowel and a consonant that stress the end of the word usually double the consonant

refer + s = refers, refer + ing = referring, refer + ed = referred

To add -s or -ed to verbs that end in consonant y, change y to i before adding the ending. To add -ing, don't chang

carry + s = carries, carry + ing = carrying, carry + ed = carried

To add -ed or -ing to verbs that end in silent e, drop the e before adding -ed or -ing.

amaze + s = amazes, amaze + ing = amazing, amaze + ed = amazed

 Verbs that end in a vowel followed by an l usually double the l before adding -ed or -ing in British English, but usu

American: travel + s = travels, travel + ing = traveling, travel + -ed = traveled.

British: travel + s = travels, travel + ing = travelling, travel + -ed = travelled

Verbs that end in c usually add k before adding endings.

frolic + s = frolics, frolic + ing = frolicking, frolic + ed = frolicked

Don't change:

If the verb ends with a single vowel before a consonant, but the last syllable is not stressed, don't double the con

wander + s = wanders, wander + ing = wandering, wander + ed = wandered

Verbs with a double vowel before a consonant do not double the consonant.

retreat + s = retreats, retreat + ing = retreating, retreat + ed = retreated

e. That's a lot of memorizing. English uses helping verbs and the four principal parts to show the tenses.

elves. They must have a helping verb in order to make sense.

ually double the consonant before adding -ing and -ed.

ng. To add -ing, don't change the y.

g in British English, but usually don't in American English.

ssed, don't double the consonant.

 Tense Positive Negative Interrogative Remark
S (He/ She/ It) + DOES NOT + V1
S + V1 DOES + S (He/ She/ It) + V1 + ...?
(without S/ ES) + ...

S + V1 + S/ ES Orang ketiga tunggal
Mr. Budi (He) teaches English in
Sanatadarma.
Andika and Tomi (They) always spend
their holidays together.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
S + (To Be: IS/ AM/ ARE) + Noun/
Adjective/ Adverb of Place And Time
Andrea (She) is pretty (Adj.).
My books are on the table (Adv. of
place).
It is 3:30 p.m. (Adv. of time)
S (Other Subjects) + DO NOT + V1 + ... DO + S (Other Subjects) + V1 + ...?
Rumus ini selalu berhubungan dengan VERB
Mr. Budi (He) doesn’t teach English in Does Mr. Budi (He) teach English in
Sanatadarma. Sanatadarma?
Andika and Tomi (They) don’t spend Do Andika and Tomi (They) spend
their holidays together. holidays together?
S + (To Be: IS/ AM/ ARE) + NOT + QUESTION WORD + To Be + S +...?
Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb of Place And e.g. Where are you?
Time Who is she?
How is He? Rumus ini selalu digunakan untuk menjelaskan
I am not an engineer (N). Where are you? KONDISI dan melakukan DESKRIPSI

S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + NOT + V ing

PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE
TENSE
S + To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + V ing + …
The Students (They) are studying
English right now.
To Be (Is/ Am/ Are) + S + V ing + …
+ ...
TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG BERLANGSUNG SAAT INI JUGA.
TINDAKAN YANG SEDANG DALAM PROSES TINDAKAN YANG DILAKUKAN
The students are not studying English PADA SATU KURUN WAKTU TERTENTU DI SAAT INI
Am I reading a novel? TINDAKAN DI MASA DEPAN YANG TELAH PASTI DAN DIRENCANAKAN
right now.

Charlotte (She) is leaving to New York

tomorrow

S (He/ She/ It) + Has + V3 S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + V3 Has + S (He/ She/ It) + V3?

She has had her breakfast (Ia baru saja She hasn’t had her breakfast. Has she had her breakfast?
sarapan).

S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + V3 S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + V3 Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3 ?

We have tried to call him (kami baru
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE saja mencoba menelfonnya).
S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + Adj./
Adv./ Noun
She has been a great student after
won the competition
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been +
Adj./ Adv./ Noun
I have been the class champion after
studied hard.
S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Been + V-ing
We haven’t tried to call him. Have we tried to call him?
Karena salah satu kegunaan tense ini adalah untuk mengekspresikan kegiatan
S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + yang dilakukan
Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + Adj./ Adv berulang-ulang secara logis fungsi tersebut hampir mirip dengan fungsi
Adj./ Adv./ Noun
simple present tense.
Perbedaan utamanya adalah pada logika perulangan tindakan. Perulangan
She has not been a great student even Has she been a great student after tindakan yang
though she won the competition won the competition? diungkapkan dengan simple present tense waktunya tidak dipentingkan,
karena sifat
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not + Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Been + kebiasaan adalah sesuatu yang cenderung dilakukan setiap saat. Perulangan
Been + Adj./ Adv./ Noun Adj./ Adv./ Noun ? tindakan yang
diekspresikan dengan menggunakan present perfect tense memiliki batasan
I haven’t been the class champion waktu dimulainya
after studied hard. Have I been the class champion after st tindakan tersebut (meskipun terkadang tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit).
S (He/ She/ It) + Has + Not + Been + V- Has + S (He/ She/ It) + Been + V-ing?
ing

She has been having her breakfast for

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/
PROGRESSIVE TENSE
almost an hour (hingga saat ini, ia
telah makan pagi selama hampir satu
jam).
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Been +
V-ing
She hasn’t been eating her breakfast.
S (I/ You/ We/ They) + Have + Not +
Been + V-ing
Has she been having her breakfast?
Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan
sekarang masih berlangsung. Penekanan terletak pada informasi kurun waktu
Have + S (I/ You/ We/ They) + V3? yang diterangkan setelah preposisi for (selama) dan since (sejak).

We have been trying to call him since

this morning (semenjak pagi hingga
sekarang kami
mencoba menelfonnya).
S + V2 +
Mr. Budi (He) taught English in
SIMPLE PAST TENSE Sanatadarma last year.
(Mr. Budi dulu/ tahun lalu mengajar di
Sanatadarma)
We haven’t been trying to call him
since this morning.
S + DID NOT + V1+
Mr. Budi (He) didn’t teach English in
Sanatadarma last year.
Have we been trying to call him?
DID + S + V1 + ...?
Did Mr. Budi (He) teach English in
Sanatadarma last year?
Did Andika and Tomi (They) spend
holidays together?
Simple Past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang telah selesai
di masa, lampau, untuk menggambarkan keadaan/ kondisi di masa lampau,
dan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa lampau meskipun pada umumnya
banyak yang menggunakan frasa used to (yang artinya: dulu biasanya) untuk
tujuan ini. Biasanya tense ini menggunakan keterangan waktu: yesterday, last
night, a week ago, dsb.

S + To Be (Was/ Were) + V ing +
PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE
TENSE
The Students (They) were studying
English at five afternoon yesterday.
S + To Be (Was/ Were) + NOT + V ing + To Be (Was/ Were) + S + V ing +
1. Untuk menceritakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada satu titik
waktu di masa lampau
I was not reading a novel while you Were the students studying English at 2. Untuk menyatakan suatu proses yang terjadi di masa lampau.
were sleeping last night. five afternoon yesterday?

S + HAD + V3 S + HAD NOT + V3 HAD + S + V3?

We had finished studying before you
came
PAST PERFECT S + HAD BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv.
Until last year, she had been a best
friend of mine.
They had not sent the letter first, Had we finished studying before you
before went to campus came? Past Perfect juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai
di masa lampau dan baru saja selesai atau hampir selesai pada saat lampau
S + HAD NOT BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv HAD + S + BEEN + N/ Adj./ Adv? pula dan digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berulang-ulang yang
dilakukan dari titik waktu tertentu hingga titik waktu tertentu di masa
lampau. Tense ini juga ditandai dengan kata just (baru saja) dan almost
Until last year, she had not been a best Until last year, had she been a best (hampir).
friend of mine. friend of mine?

S + HAD BEEN + V-ING S + HAD NOT BEEN + V-ING HAD + S + BEEN + V-ING?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS When I came to Semarang in 1996, They had not been waiting for an hour When I came to Semarang in 1996,
that old man had already been selling before you arrived. had that old man already been selling Menyatakan kurun waktu suatu kegiatan yang dimulai dan diakhiri pada satu
coco-ice for three years. coco-ice for three years? titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau (penekanannya pada periode waktu).

PRESENT/ SIMPLE FUTURE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PAST
FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PAST PERFECT
They had told me that by last week
they would have been doing their
FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS project for three months.
S + Will + V1 + …
I will buy a car next year. (aku ingin
membeli sebuah mobil,
kemungkinannya tahun depan dan
waktu tepatnya aku tidak tahu)
S + Will + Be + N, Adj., Adv.
I will be a car washer next holiday.
S + Will + Be + V-ing + …
I will be teaching course next holiday
S + Will + Have + V3
I will have finished writing this book by I shall not have finished writing this
tomorrow evening.
(Aku mungkin akan menyelesaikan
buku ini paling lambat besok petang)
S + Will + Have + Been + V-ing
They will have been leaving in New
York for three years exactly in June,
next year.
S + Would + V1
They would give me an advice but
they were in a hurry to catch the
yesterday’s
morning flight.
(Kemarin mereka akan memberi saya
sebuah saran)
S + Would + be + Noun/ Adjective/
Adverb
When I was a child, I would be a
doctor but now it’s over
S + Would + be + V-ing
Anthony had told me that he would be
waiting for me by the time I arrived
there yesterday but he lied to me, He
was not there!
I/ We + Should have + V3
I should have got the highest point if
only I had learnt the material
seriously.
(aku seharusnya mendapatkan nilai
tertinggi seandainya aku belajar
serius)
S + Should/ Would have + Been +
Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
She should have been a boy; she does She should not have been a girl; she
not like womanly activities. does not like womanly activities.
S + Should/ Would + Not + Have +
S + Should/ Would Have + Been + V-ing Been + V-ing
(Mereka sebelumnya telah
mengatakan kepadaku bahwa hingga
minggu lalu mereka akan telah
mengerjakan proyek selama tiga
bulan)
I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + V1 + … Shall + I/ We + V1 + …?
We shan’t stay any longer here. (Kita Shall we dance Madam? (Menawarkan
harus segera pergi) untuk menari bersama)
OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + V1 + … Will + OTHER Ss + V1 + …?
Will you send me a letter, Pal? (Aku
They will not sleep early tonight. ingin tahu apakah temanku mau
(Mereka ingin tidur larut) berkirim surat untukku)
I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + N,
Adj., Adv Shall + I/ We + Be + N, Adj., Adv.?
We shan’t be pretty any more Shall we be doctors?
OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + N,
Adj., Adv. Will + OTHER Ss + Be + N, Adj. Adv.?
They will not be here tonight. Will you be there, Sam?
I/ We + Shall not (Shan’t) + Be + V-ing
Shall + I/ We + Be + V-ing + …?
+ ...
We shan’t be having dinner tomorrow Shall we be fishing by next an hour?
evening at 7 pm. Future Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan apa yang akan sedang
dilakukan seseorang atau sesuatu di satu titik waktu di masa depan
OTHER Ss + Will not (Won’t) + Be + V- Will + OTHER Ss + Be + V-ing + …?
ing + ...
They will not be sleeping when you Will you be playing football on Friday
arrive tonight afternoon, Sam?
S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + V3 Shall/ Will + S + Have + V3?
Shall I have finished writing this book
book by tomorrow evening by tomorrow evening? Untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang akan selesai pada sekitar satu titik
waktu di masa depan.Kapan tindakan itu dimulai tidak lah penting.
S + Shall/ Will + Not + Have + Been + V- Shall/ Will + S + Have + Been + V-ing?
ing
Untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama kah suatu tindakan berlangsung
We shall not have been studying Will earth have been spinning for a hingga satu titik waktu di masa depan.
English for three months by tomorrow. million years next decade?
1. Suatu tindakan yang akan dilakukan di masa lampau.
S + Should/ Would + Not + V1 Should/ Would + S + V1?
We should not underestimate the
Would you come to my house? 2. Kalimat persyaratan lampau.
warning!
S + Should/ Would + Not + be + Noun/ Should/ Would + S + be + Noun/
Adjective/ Adverb Adjective/ Adverb? 3. Permintaan sopan atau untuk meminta pendapat (khusus kalimat tanya).
When I was a child, I would not be a Should I be a teacher or a doctor?
doctor.
4. Untuk should (berarti: seharusnya) dalam kalimat positif, penggunaannya
dimaksudkan untuk menyarankan suatu tindakan yang dianggap sesuai.
S + Should/ Would + Not + be + V-ing Should/ Would + S + be + V-ing?
Future Past Continuous digunakan untuk mengekspresikan tindakan yang
akan sedang berlangsung di satu titik waktu di masa lampau.
Anthony had told me that he would Would Anthony be waiting for me by
not be waiting for me by the time I the time I arrived there?
arrived there yesterday and he meant
it, he was not there!
S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + V3 Should/ Would + S + V3 ?
They wouldn’t have graduated if they Would they have graduated if they had
hadn’t studied hard. studied hard?
Future Past Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak
mungkin terjadi karena syaratnya sudah pasti tidak terpenuhi.
S + Should/ Would + Not + Have + Should/ Would + S + Have + Been +
Been + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb
Should she have been a boy?
Should/ Would + S + Have + Been + V-
ing?
By last week they wouldn’t have been By last week would they have been Untuk menyatakan kurun waktu yang akan dicapai pada satu titik waktu yang
doing their project for three months. doing their project for three months? belum terjadi dimasa lampau.