FLUID MECHANICS: EXAM JUNE 03, 2016

Fluid Mechanics 1TV024

Christoph Hieronymus, Inst. för Geovetenskaper, Uppsala Universitet
2016-06-03, 8:00-13:00, Room: Allianshallen

Please put your code number on each page you hand in.
You may use a calculator, the included list of equations, as well as one page of equations you prepared
in advance (as explained in class). Show all your work; that is, which equation do you start with, how do you
solve it, what are the values you plug in, ...? It often helps to draw a figure. You may answer in English or
Swedish. Good luck!!!
Instructor will be at exam around 10:30.

Problem 1: (10 points) A square gate of dimensions 2.0 m by 2.0 m is placed in the sloping wall of a tank as shown
in the figure.

(a) With a water depth d = 1.5 m to the top of the gate, what is the force F required to hold the gate
shut, given that the gate can otherwise rotate freely about the hinge at its center?
(b) What is the force F if the water depth is d = 10.0 m instead?

Hint: The moment of inertia of a rectangular area is

bh3
I¯ = (1)
12
where b is the width and h is the height.

d = 1.5 m
Hinge

F
Water
Square gate 2.0 m x 2.0 m
can rotate about hinge at center

30o Air at 1atm.

Problem 1: Force on a hinged gate.

Problem 2: (10 points) Water flows downward through the pipe section shown. The discharge everywhere in the
tilted pipe is Q = 0.003 m3 /s. The discharge in the U-shaped manometer tube is zero. The pressures
at points 1 and 2 are not known. Find the elevation difference ∆z between the two surface levels
of the heavy fluid in the manometer tube. Combined losses in the pipe between points 2 and 1 are
hL = 0.3 V12 /(2g). The flow is turbulent.

page 1 of 5
 D2 = 10 cm
3 /s
m
03
0.0
2 Q=
z = 55 cm
1
z = 50 cm
D1 = 5 cm
te r
Wa

Δz = ?

Heavy fluid: S = 3.0

Problem 2: Flow through tilted pipe from point 2 to point 1 with attached U-tube manometer. Gravity acts
downward in the figure. The dark fluid is 3 times heavier than water. (Points 1 and 2 are chosen at
the center of the thick pipe along a path perpendicular to the flow from the manometer openings; the
path between 1 and 2 through the manometer is thus hydrostatic).

Problem 3: (10 points) A tank filled with salt water has in- and outlets that carry water with different salt concentra-
tions (see figure). Salt is neither created nor destroyed in this setup. Use the control volume approach
applied to salt to answer the following questions (B = Msalt ). All values are given in the figure; variable
C is the salt concentration given as mass of salt per mass of fluid.

(a) What is the value of bA , (i.e., the intensive property in the inflow A)?
dBsys
(b) Determine the value of dt .
P
(c) Determine the value of ~ · A,
bρV ~ where V
~ and A
~ are both vectors.
(d) Determine the value of Z
d
bρ dV (2)
dt CV

Control Volume

ρB = 1010 kg/m3
CB = 0.01
VB = 0.6 m/s
DB = 4 cm

ρA = 1030 kg/m3
CA = 0.03
VA = 0.2 m/s ρC = 1020 kg/m3
DA = 4 cm
CC = 0.02
VC = 0.6 m/s
DC = 6 cm

Problem 3: Fluids with different density and salt content flow into and out of the control volume.

page 2 of 5
 Cabin

18 m

ip e
ep
rg
a
Pump ch
dis
ipe
p

3m
on
sucti

Lake

Problem 4: (a) Water is pumped from a lake to an elevated cabin via two pipe sections. Find the head that
must be supplied by the pump, and sketch EGL (energy grade line) and HGL (hydraulic grade line).

Problem 4: (10 points) A pump is used to transport water from a lake to a cabin at a height of 18 m above the
lake surface (see figure). The required discharge at the cabin is 0.65 liter/s at atmospheric pressure.
The pump is placed at 3 m elevation above the lake water surface. The suction pipe (before the pump)
is 5.0 m long and the discharge pipe is 60 m long. The inner diameter of both pipes is 2.5 cm. The
flow is turbulent, and the roughness of both pipe sections is given by ks = 0.0025 mm. The kinematic
viscosity of water is ν = 10−6 m2 /s. The head loss coefficient due to the pipe inlet (from the lake) is
Ke = 0.1. Calculate the head supplied by the pump and sketch the EGL and the HGL.

EGL (m)
HGL (m)

pipe pump pipe exit position

inlet (cabin)

Problem 4: (b) For graphing HGL and EGL, you may use a graph like this. Where they are known, mark
the actual values of HGL and EGL on the y-axis.

page 3 of 5
Problem 5: (10 points) Water flows through a pipe with a cross-section that narrows linearly between points 1 and
2 as shown in the figure. Between these two points, the diameter varies with horizontal distance x as

D(x) = D1 − 0.05x (3)

The cross-sectional area varies accordingly. The discharge varies in time as given by

Q = a + bt2 (4)

where a = 1 m3 /s, and b = 0.1 m3 /s3 . The flow is turbulent, so the horizontal velocity is constant
across any given section of the pipe.

(a) What is the local acceleration at point P (located at the center of the pipe in the figure) at time
t = 10 s?
(b) What is the acceleration that a particle experiences at point P and time t = 10 s?

D1 = 1 m D2 = 0.5 m

Water 5m P
Q = a + bt2

L = 10 m

Problem 5: Water flow through a narrowing pipe section.

Problem 6: (10 points) Water flows uniformly in an open channel down a slope given by angle α (see figure). Using
the values given below, find the angle α required to maintain the indicated discharge Q. For the open
channel, you can use the hydraulic diameter Dh = 4A/P instead of the pipe diameter in the equations
for the Reynolds number, for ks /D, and for the frictional losses; here, P is the wetted perimeter and A
is the cross-sectional area of the flow.
Information given:
Q = 0.08 m3 /s ks = 22 mm ν = 1.0 × 10−6 m2 /s
h = 0.2 m w = 0.5 m

a) b)

h
α
w

Problem 6: Water flowing down an open channel. a) Section along the flow. b) Cross-section of the
channel.

page 4 of 5
Problem 7: (10 points) Water flows through a pipe bend and constriction as shown in the figure. The pipe section
is connected to input and output pipes at locations A and B. Find the total force component in the x-
direction (sum of forces at A and B) required to hold the pipe section in place. Gravity acts downward
in z. The total head loss due to pipe friction, bend, and constriction can be approximated as

VA2
ht = Kt with Kt = 2.1 (5)
2g

DA = 10 cm
z
z = 1.0 m VA = 1.2 m/s

A
x

z=0m

B
DB = 5 cm
PB = 5000 Pa (gauge pressure)

Problem 7: Pipes are continuous beyond A and B to the left, so the pressures at A and B are not atmo-
spheric. Essentially, we want to know how strong the connections at A and B have to be for the
given flow conditions.

page 5 of 5