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Caisson Foundation
Sheet Piles
Piles
◦ Piles are long, slender and vertical
members of timber, steel or
Reinforced Concrete, used as a
structural members to transfer the
load at required depth in deep
foundations.
◦ These are generally driven or cast in
situ and may be subjected to
vertical or lateral or vertical plus
lateral loads.
Classification of Piles
Piles can be classified with respect
to
◦ Mode of construction
◦ Material of construction
◦ Load transfer Mechanism
◦ Function of piles
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Composite Piling
◦ Friction piles
These piles transfer the load in the soil
through which they are driven. Their carrying
capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion
or friction of the soil in contact with the shaft
of the pile.
These are used when a hard stratum is
available at higher depth and end bearing
pile become uneconomical.
◦ Combination of end bearing and friction
piles
This is the type of pile which transfer the load
partially by end bearing and partially by
friction.
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Pile Group
◦ Piles are almost always arranged in groups of three or more.
◦ Pile group is commonly tied together by a pile cap, which is
attached to the head of individual piles and cause several
piles to act together as a pile foundation.
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Spacing of Piles
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Selection of Piles
Selection of type, length and capacity of pile is based on two parameters
Soil condition
Magnitude of load
Before the actual construction begins, pile load test must be made to verify
the design values and the foundation design must be revised according to
the test results.
Factors affecting selection of Piles
Following factors affect the selection of piles
Length of pile in relation to the load and type of soil
Character of structure
Availability of materials
Type of loading
Factors causing deterioration
Ease of maintenance
Estimated costs of types of piles, taking into account the initial cost, life
expectancy and cost of maintenance
Availability of funds
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Pile Capacities
Following are the various capacities of the piles commonly used in
practice
◦ Axial Capacity
◦ Lateral Capacity
◦ Pullout capacity or tension capacity
Estimation of Pile Capacities
The two approaches of obtaining the pile capacities are
◦ Field Approach
In this approach, the pile is loaded to the desired level and its capacity is
estimated (Pile Load Test)
◦ Theoretical Approach
In this approach, the pile capacity is calculated by using some formulae into
which soil data is fed for obtaining the capacity. (Empirical Method, (Static
and dynamic formulae))
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Procedure (Contd…)
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Useful Factors
Useful Factors
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Useful Factors
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Solved Examples
◦ Example 1:
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Solved Examples
Solved Examples
◦ Example 2:
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Solved Examples
◦ Example 2:
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Home Work
◦ Example 1:
Home Work
◦ Example 2:
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Uses of Caissons
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Well Foundations
Piers
◦ The main supports for a bridge upon which the bridge rests are called Piers
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Sheet Piles
◦ Sheet piles are the type of piles which are used to reduce the seepage
and to provide the lateral stability. They are used for the following
purposes.
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