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I

Paper Reprinted from


Conference Preprint No. 1 3 1
on
NOISE MECHANISMS
THE NOISE FROM SHOCK WAVES IN SUPERSONIC JETS

M Harper-Bourne, M J Fisher
I n s t i t u t e o f Sound and Vibration Research
University o f Southampton
Southampton SO9 5NH, England.

SUMMARY

A theoretical model i s proposed f o r the p r e d i c t i o n o f the characteristics o f broadband shock associated


noise from j e t s operated above the c r i t i c a l pressure r a t i o . The model regards each shock c e l l end as a
source o f acoustic r a d i a t i o n w i t h r e l a t i v e phasing s e t by the time o f eddy convection between them. This
leads t o a p r e d i c t i o n f o r the peak frequency o f t h i s noise component as a function o f both pressure r a t i o
and angle o f observation which i s amply confirmed by experimental results.
The model i s also extended t o the p r e d i c t i o n o f the spectrum o f shock associated noise and these predictions
are also compared w i t h experimental data.

It i s also shown t h a t the i n t e n s i t y o f shock noise i s a function only o f pressure r a t i o , and i s independent
o f j e t stagnation temperature and hence j e t e f f l u x v e l o c i t y .

1. INTRODUCTION
The shock waves i n an i n c o r r e c t l y expanded supersonic j e t w i l l i n t e r a c t w i t h the j e t turbulence
t o produce a source o f noise i n addition t o t h a t due t o the turbulent mixing. This source has two com-
ponents, one o f which consists o f discrete tones harmonically related, o f t e n termed screech and the other
more broadband b u t strongly peaked, o f t e n termed shock associated noise. The former, which involves an
acoustic feedback from the source region t o the nozzle, was studied i n some d e t a i l by Powell [I], but the
l a t t e r , which i s e s s e n t i a l l y from the same source b u t without the acoustic feedback i s very poorly documen-
ted. This more broadband component has been studied extensively a t the ISVR i n recent years. The study
has comprised two separate b u t complementary facets, namely using an o p t i c a l method, the crossed beam
schlieren technique [ z ] , t o probe the nature o f flow f i e l d near the shocks and also obtaining a comprehen-
s i v e s e t o f measurements o f the sound f i e l d .

The m a j o r i t y o f the sound measurements were obtained i n the I n s t i t u t e ' s anechoic chamber using a
25 mm dia. convergent nozzle w i t h a i r a t ambient temperature. A s p e c i a l l y designed silencer w i t h s e t t -
l i n g chamber was used t o eliminate a i r supply noise and provide a uniform e x i t flow.

The influence o f shock associated noise on the v a r i a t i o n o f noise l e v e l s w i t h j e t e f f l u x v e l o c i t y


i s shown i n Figure 1. It can be seen t h a t a t an angle o f observation o f e = 300 t o the j e t axis no
s i g n i f i c a n t change i n the general dependency observed a t s u b - c r i t i c a l pressure r a t i o s occurs when the
nozzle chokes (i.e., M > 1). By contrast a t 8 = 900 and 143O an extremely r a p i d increase o f noise
levels ensues once shogk waves appear i n the flow f i e l d . Furthermore over t h i s range o f angles the noise
f i e l d becomes progressively less d i r e c t i o n a l as the pressure r a t i o i s increased. It i s t o be emphasised
however t h a t the r e s u l t s presented here are f o r an unheated j e t flow. For high stagnation temperature
j e t s these changes are f a r less dramatic than observed here due, as we s h a l l show below, t o the increased
contribution o f mixing noise. On the other hand i t i s t o be emphasised t h a t the levels presented i n
Figure 1 are not due t o a s i g n i f i c a n t contribution from the discrete tones o r screech as a r e s u l t o f the
precautions out1ined below.
I n the e a r l y stages o f t h i s work some d i f f i c u l t i e s were experienced as a r e s u l t o f these discrete
tones p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the o p t i c a l measurements. It was found, f o r example, t h a t w i t h a normal nozzle
configuration these tones were non-stationary, t h e i r amplitude varying, on occasions, by a f a c t o r of f i v e
while the j e t was being operated a t ostensibly constant conditions. Subsequently i t ' w a s found t h a t an
acoustic r e f l e c t o r (a metal p l a t e ) surrounding the nozzle i n the nozzle e x i t plane eliminated t h i s non-
stationarity. However, i t also had the unwanted e f f e c t o f making the screech tones very dominant. They
were much reduced, however, and remained stationary when the p l a t e was covered w i t h an appropriate layer
o f acoustic foam. Addition o f a small p r o j e c t i o n on the nozzle l i p was subsequently found s u f f i c i e n t t o
eliminate the screech. This configuration was employed therefore f o r the m a j o r i t y o f our experimental
program except f o r noise measurements i n the upstream arc (e > 90') where the lesser b u t s t i l l e f f e c t i v e
expedient o f covering metal surfaces close t o the nozzle e x i t w i t h acoustic foam was employed. These
d i f f i c u l t i e s do however h i g h l i g h t the very r e a l problems associated w i t h a d e f i n i t i v e study o f broadband
shock associated noise. F i r s t i t i s i n e v i t a b l y accompanied by some degree o f mixing noise, while the
presence o f screech, i f i t i s permitted t o persist, can introduce even f u r t h e r uncertainties i n t o the
measured trends and dependencies.

2. DEPENDENCE OF OVERALL LEVELS

A more informative manner o f presenting the data o f Figure 1 f o r pressure r a t i o s above the c r i t i c a l
value i s shown i n Figure 2. Here the o v e r a l l sound pressure l e v e l a t go0, appropriately normalised f o r
nozzle diameter and distance o f observation, i s p l o t t e d against the parameter 6 where
and MJ i s the f u l l y expanded l o c a l j e t Mach number, a function o f the pressure r a t i o only. It can be
seen t h a t apart from the smaller 6 values the measured l e v e l s are d i r e c t l y proportional t o the f o u r t h
power o f 6. Also shown i s an estimate f o r the mixing noise based on an extrapolation o f the lower speed
datq shown i n Figure 1. It can be seen t h a t as t h i s 'estimated mixing noise' contribution f a l l s progres-
s i v e l y below the measured l e v e l s so the 8 law i s more,accurately obeyed. This suggests therefore t h a t
the broadband shock associated noise i t s e l f follows a 6 law, b u t t h a t a t the lower 6 values the t o t a l
noise follows a rather slower dependence due t o the presence of mixin noise. Further evidence f o r t h i s
i s presented i n Figure 3. showing data f o r the upstream arc, e = 143 8. Here i t i s seen t h a t the ' e s t i -
mated mixing noise' i s n e g l i g i b l e a t a l l b u t the lowest pressure r a t i o s and the s t r a i g h t l i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p
i s obeyed over the e n t i r e range o f measurement. Comparison o f the l i n e s drawn on Figures 2 and 3 i n d i c a t e
furthermore t h a t they d i f f e r by only 2 dB, i n d i c a t i n g again t h a t the shock associated noise i s r e l a t i v e l y
omnidirectional. Also shown i n Figure 3 i s the noise from j e t s a t several stagnation temperatures i n the
region o f llOO°K. It can be seen t h a t a t a s u f f i c i e n t l y high value o f 6, i e , pressure r a t i o , the points
coincide w i t h the cold j e t l i n e thus i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the shock noise i s v i r t u a l l y independent o f j e t
temperature.
4
The 6 gependence observed above suggests t h a t the amplitude o f the 'sources' producing t h i s
noise varies as 6 . Consideration o f the normal shock relationships, furthermore, shows t h a t t h i s i s
precisely the dependence o f the pressure difference across a normal shock o f upstream number M . Thus
s u p e r f i c i a l l y i t appears t h a t the source strength associated w i t h the shock associated noise id proportional
t o the pressure difference across the shock waves. O f course i t can be argued t h a t these relationships
w i l l not apply d i r e c t l y t o t h i s case because the shocks i n the j e t are not normal b u t oblique. Some re-
assurance on t h i s matter was gained from the crossed beam schlieren measurements. The v a r i a t i o n o f the
mean square l e v e l o f the measured density gradient f l u c t u a t i o n s w i t h a x i a l p o s i t i o n i s shown i n Figure 4.
It can be seen t h a t the v a r i a t i o n i s dominated by a series o f almost equally spaced peaks, each one
occurring a t the p o i n t where the shock waves terminate i n the j e t shear layer. Furthermore, measuretent
o f the v a r i a t i o n o f these peak l e v e l s as a f u n c t i o n o f pressure r a t i o show t h a t they also f o l l o w a B
dependence. This suggests t h a t there i s a strong conneczion between the sound i n t e n s i t y and the density
fluctuations a t the shocks and a l s o t h a t the parameter 8 i s a good representative o f the oblique shock
strength.

I n sumnary therefore i t appears t h a t the o v e r a l l l e v e l o f shock associated noise i s p r i n c i p a l l y a


function o f j e t pressure r a t i o and i s r e l a t i v e l y independent o f e i t h e r angle o f observation o r j e t stagna-
t i o n temperature. Whether o r not i t i s the dominant noise source f o r a given pressure r a t i o however
depends on these parameters since they s e t the mixing noise levels.

3. SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS

A model, f o r the p r e d i c t i o n o f the spectral c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f shock associated noise, has been


evolved by extending Powell's o r i g i n a l model f o r the discrete components. I n t h i s model the end o f each
shock c e l l i s taken as a source o f acoustic energy and the r e l a t i v e phasing between the sources i s s e t by
the convection o f turbulent eddies between them. This model i s w e l l j u s t i f i e d by the schlieren measure-
ments which showed t h a t the peak l e v e l s (Figure 4), o f the density gradient f l u c t u a t i o n s coincided w i t h
the shock positions a t the end o f each c e l l . The peak levels also varied as 6, as d i d the sound f i e l d
whereas between these peaks the v a r i a t i o n o f the density gradient f l u c t u a t i o n s was found t o be a f a r weaker
function o f 8. Thus i t appears t h a t these shock regions are i n t i m a t e l y associated w i t h the production
o f the shock associated noise.

3.1 RELEVANT FLOW FIELD MEASUREMENTS


The model employed therefore consists o f an array o f sources i n l i n e w i t h the nozzle l i p and almost
equally spaced w i t h separation L. The measured dependence o f shock spacing on pressure r a t i o i s shown i n
Figure 5. This i s i n nominal agreement w i t h a theoretical d e r i v a t i o n due t o Pack [3] which y i e l d s :

L = const.D.6 (2)

A good average value o f the constant f o r the array (about e i g h t shockwaves) i s 1 .I. For a detailed
representation the small l i n e a r v a r i a t i o n noted i n Figure 6 i s included as follows :
L~ = L1 - (n-1). AL (3)
where A L / L ~ i s about 6% and the constant i n (2) f o r L1 i s 1.31.

It assumed t h a t the convection o f a turbulent eddy along t h i s l i n e of sources causes each t o


emit an acoustic signature a t the time o f a r r i v a l o f the eddy. The s i m i l a r i t y o f these signatures and
therefore the extent they i n t e r f e r e on combining, depends on how much the eddy d i s t o r t s (changes i d e n t i t y )
during convection.

To quantify t h i s and the convection velocity, a crossed beam schlieren system was used t o o p t i c a l l y
monitor and compare, w i t h the a i d o f a d i g i t a l correlator, the time h i s t o r y F ( t ) o f fluctuations occur-
r i n g a t two separate shockwaves, m and n.
Cross correlations obtained t h i s way, f o r the t y p i c a l shockwave pairs
sented i n Figure 7.
-
4/4, 4/5 and 4/6 are pre-
I t i s found from the peak value o f 4/5, t h a t the f l u c t u a t i o n s a t shockwaves 4 and 5
are about 60% correlated (C1 = 0.6) whereas f o r the f u r t h e r apart combination 4/6, the s i m i l a r i t y i s much
reduced I C 2 = 0.2). These t y p i c a l observations therefore suggest t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t interference between
the sound from i n d i v i d u a l sources can occur, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r adjacent sources.

Also evident on Figure 7 i s t h a t the peak values occur a t time delays given by
where U i s the eddy convection velocity and t h i s i s seen t o be about 0.7 UJ. (The same was also ob-
tained i 6 a subsonic j e t . )
The cross correlations were repeated using analogue f i1t e r s t o analyse the signal f 1uctuations
contained i n a narrow frequency band (do) centred on frequency w. I n t h i s instance the correlation
function tends t o o s c i l l a t e i n d e f i n i t e l y and i n the l i m i t (as dw -c 0) we obtain a standard s t a t i s t i c a l
result :

This peaks a t a time delay which varies only s l i g h t l y w i t h frequency and therefore U (w) i s nomi-
n a l l y equal t o the group convection v e l o c i t y Figure 8. Also shown i n Figure 8 i s the v a r i a t i g n o f the
f i l t e r e d c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the adjacent source combination (4/5). This relates t o the spectral
amplitude (modulus o f the cross power spectral density) and i s defined as

where i = I n-m 1 .
I t tends t o vanish a t the high frequencies, Figure 8, but i s otherwise nearly constant. A useful
empirical rule, representing Gaussian decay, i s
2
Ci (w) = c; (w)

It i s found (reference 141) t h a t the more sheared a flow i s , the more r a p i d l y does the turbulence
distort. The e f f e c t o f increasing the pressure r a t i o i s t o move the shockwaves f u r t h e r downstream where
the shear i s less by v i r t u e o f the increased shear layer width. However, the shock spacing also increases
and the turbulence must t r a v e l f u r t h e r between the adjacent shocks. These two effects tend t o cancel with
the r e s u l t t h a t the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s independent o f pressure r a t i o .

3.2 FORMULATION OF THE SOUND FIELD


Having outlined some useful flow s t a t i s t i c s the sound f i e l d f o r the postulated source model may
now be formulated.
The nth source, located distance xn from the nozzle, contributes t o the acoustic f a r f i e l d
pressure an amount :

where F i s now the (random) source f l u c t u a t i o n evaluated a t retarded- time. This has a spectral density
Gnn(w), a continuous function o f frequency and pressumed independent o f angle o f observation e.
Sumning the contributions from an array o f N such sources and squaring and time averaging, y i e l d s
an expression for the sound i n t e n s i t y :

he fluctuations o f p are s t a t i s t i c a l l y stationary and i t then follows t h a t :

Now i n (8) i t i s evident t h a t source fluctuations i n a given band o f frequencies must be responsi-
b l e for the sound radiated i n t h a t same band. Therefore consider again the l i m i t i n g case o f a very narrow
bandwidth. The sound i n t e n s i t y (9) per u n i t bandwidth i s G (r ,e,w). Also, on the basis t h a t eddy
convection controls the r e l a t i v e source phasing, the cross coprefation (10) above therefore takes the form
of (5) which we evaluate a t the time delay :

Therefore i n t h i s instance (10) i s equal t o :


where M i s the r a t i o o f U , t o the ambient speed o f sound a. and (l-Mccose) i s a Doppler f a c t o r
incorporgting the v a r i a t i o n ifi retarded time and source phasing.

F i n a l l y , i n s e r t i n g (12) i n (9) a general expression f o r the spectral density o f shock associated


noise i s obtained, namely :

3.3 BRIEF COMPARISON WITH MEASUREMENT

For a preliminary comparison i t i s plausible t o ignore the somewhat small variations i n shock
spacing noted previously. (This aspect i s reconsidered l a t e r . ) Therefore using an average value L,
(13) becomes :

Gp(rO,e,w) = 1 G-(W] c o s [ 1j ~. -
Mccose)
I
Consideration o f t h i s summation indicates t h a t i t w i l l tend t o have a maximum value whenever the argument
o f cosine term i s e i t h e r zero o r equal t o an integer m u l t i p l e 0 f - ~ 2 n f o r non-zero values o f (n -
m). The
(14)

former condition c l e a r l y occurs only a t the Mach angle, e = cos (1/M ) when i t exists. Experience i n d i -
cates however t h a t a t t h i s angle the mixing noise frequently dominatesCand we s h a l l not consider the
p o s s i b i l i t y further.

The l a t t e r condition suggests t h a t the shock associated noise might e x h i b i t a peak value a t a
frequency given by
"c
fp = -
~ ( 1 M~ core) (15)

and harmonics thereof. Consideration w i l l show t h a t w i t h t h i s combination o f convection speed, shock c e l l


spacing and angle o f observation, the r a d i a t i o n from a l l sources i n t e r f e r e s constructively a t t h i s specified
frequency. At other frequencies t h i s constructive interference i s less complete and hence lower l e v e l s o f
noise are anticipated.

Confirmation o f these ideas i s presented i n Figure 9 where the spectrum o f noise radiated from a
shock f r e e convergent-divergent nozzle i s compared w i t h t h a t from a convergent nozzle operated a t the same
pressure r a t i o . It i s c l e a r t h a t the e x t r a noise radiated by the convergent nozzle i s contained i n a
spectral region centred on the frequency given by (15). above.
The v a r i a t i o n a f t h i s peak frequency w i t h both angle, v e l o c i t y and shock spacing i s found t o
f o l l o w the p r e d i c t i o n o f (15) closely. The change w i t h angle i s shown i n Figure 10 f o r several pressure
r a t i o s i n d i c a t i n g the apparent Doppler s h i f t .

4. APPLICATION OF MODEL
Using (14) f o r guidance a means o f collapsing the measured spectra was i n i t i a l l y sought f o r scal-
i n g purposes. A computational study o f the measured spectra was then undertaken t o quantify the normalised
source parameters required f o r a general p r e d i c t i o n technique.

4.1 INTERPRETATION

The expansion o f (14) contains e s s e n t i a l l y two d i f f e r e n t types o f terms. These correspond res-
pectively t o n = m and n # m. The former terms are the i n d i v i d u a l source spectral densities, f o r
instance G44(w) and t h e i r sum represents the group source spectrum, Go(r0,w) .
The l a t t e r terms are responsible f o r the interference, demonstrated previously and t h e i r sum can
be e i t h e r p o s i t i v e (constructive interference) o r negative (destructive interference), depending on f r e -
quency and angle of observation. I n the event t h a t the sources were t o be completely uncorrelated, these
terms would of course be zero and the noise spectrum then simply equal t o Go(r0,w).
The expansion o f (14) i s therefore expressed i n the following form :

Gp(ro,e,w) = Go(ro,w) + Gl (ro,w) cos + G2(ro,w)cos (l-Mccose)


I t etc
d
where the cosines are harmonically related and corresoond respectively to,
[in- nl =O, 1, 2, 3, .... (N - 1 ) .
and the spectral amp1 i tudes are defined as follows :

1 -$ [b12(wl +
~ ~ i r ~ ,= u )
r0
2
+
G ~ ~ ( ~ ) (17b)

3
G2(r0,")

etc
= 7 [G13(u)
r0 + ( 1 7 ~ ).

etc
Each component in (17 b, c , etc) can be related to i t s respective source strengths in (17a) by
using a correlation coefficient, similar to that discussed previously, equation (6). However, to compute
the shock noise spectrum i t i s the spectral amplitudes which are required in (16) and these i t will be ob-
served, could be produced by any combination of source strengths etc in (17). Therefore without loss of
accuracy, i t i s permissible to introduce an average correlation coefficient, to be determined empirically
.
and relating directly an interference amplitude (17 b, c, .) to the group source spectral density (17a).
When this i s done the following expression i s obtained from (17) for the interference amplitude in general :

where i = I m - n l f 0 and Ci(u) i s a group average correlation coefficient which like (6) cannot
exceed a va ue of one.
I t was noted earlier that the correlation coefficient tends to be independent of pressure ratio
Therefore the spectral level in (16), for exam~lethe ~ e a kvalue, i s essentially controlled by the level
.
of the source spectral density. - B U consideration
~ of' (16) and (18) indicates that the spectral distribu-
-
tion isdetermi ned by the f 01lowing three parameters :

Unlike the f i r s t two terms, the l a s t one i s a function of both frequency a(= 2nf) and the fun-
damental peak frequency equation (15). For convenience, i t can be expressed as f/f . Now when the
Doppler factor i s allowed to vary, for instance by varying e , the interference conteibution in (16) shifts
in frequency, relative to the invariant source spectrum. Therefore the spectrum measured for different
e, a r e u n l i k e l y t o b e a u n i q u e f u n c t i o n o f f/f Thisisborneoutinpractice.
P'
4.2 SPECTRAL COLLAPSE AND SCALING
The overall sound intensity i s given by the integral of (16) with respect to frequency, namely

pz(ro,e,t) = r
O
G (r
P O
,e ,u) du (19)
From Figures 2 and 3 i t s dependence (in dB) i s given as -
OASPL = 158.5 + 10 LOGl0
D 24
(F6) [ 1 (dB) (20)
Within the angular region of interest, the interference termsin (16) virtually vanish upon inte-
gration in (19). I t therefore follows that the overall strength of the sources has the same dependence
as the sound. intensity, namely

I t will be noted that because the sound intensity i s omnidirectional in this region, the same must
also be true of the source spectral density, thereby confirming our original assumption.
_
Equation (21) can be used to determine the dependence of G (rO,u). First, however, i t i s neces-
sary to postulate a frequency dependence, in order to perform the integration. In common with problems of
this nature we postulate that the source spectrum will peak a t some constant value of a Strouhal number
and that the spectrum shape i s solely a function of o. (The l a t t e r will also be assumed for the
%relation coefficient.)
and u = wx
The length scale x i s taken t o be proportional t o the scale o f the turbulent eddies intersecting
a shock wave. This w i l l be proportional t o the l o c a l shear layer width and therefore roughly proportional
t o shock p o s i t i o n from the nozzle

I n i t i a l l y i t seemed l o g i c a l t o associate the v e l o c i t y U w i t h the convection v e l o c i t y . This


would then y i e l d a t y p i c a l frequency equal t o the r a t e o f intersection. Jnfortunately, f o r a given j e t
stagnation temperature U does not vary much over the pressure range tested. Nevertheless, between the
hot and cold data the ve18city does change and by a f a c t o r o f - u p t o two. A comparison o f these data,
following the methods outlined below, ,lowever, showed t h a t the source spectrum remained i n v a r i a n t w i t h i n -
creased flow velocity. We do not c u r r e n t l y understand the reasons f o r t h i s observation. I t s acceptance
as an experimental observation however suggests a scaling f o r source spectra on the parameter d / a o r
The source spectral density i s therefore expressed i n the following form :

where Ho i s a universal spectrum shape function.


Inserting (23) i n (21) the dependence on pressure r a t i o i s established :

This r e s u l t i s used t o normalise the measured sound spectral density. Now when (23) i s incor-
porated i n (16) i t i s found t h a t the normalised spectrum i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y a unique function o f f/f when
the quanity (1 - Mccose)/Mc i s held constant. P

Shown i n Figure 11 are the spectral l e v e l s measured a t d i f f e r e n t pressure r a t i o s f o r an unheated


jet. These have been corrected using (24) and because (1 - M cose)/M i s nearly constant, chey are
p l o t t e d against f/f . s a t i s f a c t o r y degree o f collapse i s ohserved 8xcept a t low frequencies, where
f o r the low pressurePratios mixing noise dominates the levels. Figure 12 shows data f o r which (1 - M
cose)/M i s comparable t o the previous case, b u t f o r a stagnation temperature o f 1100oK. Again a useFul
degree S f collapse i s observed while comparison o f the two sets o f data also demonstrates the u t i l i t y o f
t h i s method f o r a range o f stagnation temperatures.

4.3 PREDICTION OF SPECTRUM


For a general p r e d i c t i o n technique the following information i s required i n (16) as a function o f
0.:-
Li :
a.
(a) the normal ised group source spectral density Ho(a), and

(b) the s e t o f c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , Ci (a) .


I n practice only the f i r s t c o e f f i c i e n t , 2 (a) need be tabulated i f equation (7) i s used.. As
w i l l be shown below, a s l i g h t modification i n v o l v i n s the unequal shock spacing, i s a c t u a l l y needed t o (16)
before a s a t i s f a c t o r y prediction formula i s realised. The quantities (a) and (b) are determined through
a computational study o f the choked j e t noise spectra, measured a t d i f f e r e n t angles t o the j e t axis and
-
f o r a range o f pressure r a t i o s , thereby providing a suitable v a r i a t i o n o f both (1 il cose) and 8 res-
pectively. A measurement survey o f s u f f i c i e r l t angular d e t a i l was only available f o r the unheated j e t and
t h i s data alone i s used.
The spectral amplitudes are independent o f angle e and therefore the d i r e c t i v i t y o f (16) a t
constant frequency i s due s o l e l y t o the cosines. This permits (16) t o be solved as an even Fourier series
w i t h independent variable f/f
P'
With constant frequency the equation predicts f o r the spectral l e v e l , a series of harmonically
related peaks o f e ual l e v e l corresponding t o constructive interference. These occur a t f/f = 1, 2, 3,
etc. (This i s a& t r u e providing there are two o r more sources present. ) However, *her@ f/f does
extend t o values o f 2 o r more i n the measured d i r e c t i v i t y , only the fundamental peak i s well dehned.
A s i m i l a r observation can be made o f the sound spectrum, Figure 9, where the fundamental i s seen t o dominate
the spectral d i s t r i b u t i o n . 3 f course, i n t h i s case, the harmonics are anticipated having d i f f e r e n t peak
levels due t o the frequency dependence o f (a) and (b) above. However a d r a s t i c loss o f coherence (b) a t
high frequencies i s discounted here f o r the reason t h a t the fundamental i s r e a d i l y discerned a t smaller
angles (eg e = 600) when i t then occurs a t frequencies comparable t o the missing higher harmonic peaks i n
Figure 9.

These discrepancies apparently stem from the same oversimplification, iqamely the use of a constant
shock spacing L. This was found t o reduce by about 6% from one c e l l t o the next, see Figure 6, also
equation (3). The e f f e c t o f incorporating (3) i n the generalised r e s u l t (13) i s most e a s i l y visualised
when ALl i s assumed very small. I n t h i s instance the expansion o f (13) i s i n p a r t i d e n t i c a l w i t h (16)
(for w h i c h L was assumed constant) b u t additional interference terms arise. The f i r s t o f these ( i = 1)
i s equal t o
7
4n AL
[G12(w) t 2G23(w) * 334(w) + etc . sin [ 2 1 f/fpl ]
It w i l l be seen t h a t these terms are i n quadrature w i t h t h e i r corresponding cosines i n (16).
Also they have a frequency weighting. Taken as a whole, t h e i r e f f e c t i s t o generally enhance the destruc-
t i v e interference below the fundamental peak and ' f i l l i n ' above the peak as i s observed i n the measure-
ments.

To s i m p l i f y matters, the spectral amplitudes G (w) i n the sine t e n s are assumed equal f o r any
given value o f Im n l - . This can be j u s t i f i e d when thBnrelative c o n m u t i o n o f the sines t o the sound
spectrum i s not unduly large.

How incorporating (3) i n (13) we obtain, f o r the sound spectral density,

Gp(ro,e,o) = --2 c
1
E Gmn(w) cos (1 - Mccose). ( I n - m l - AL KJ] (26)
r0 m n 'T m

Then expanding and re-arranging i n the manner o f (16), an expression suitable f o r programing i s obtained :

wnere -
"si
-
-
AL :K
q *(K=o t is)

A l e a s t squares analysis enabling a 'best f i t ' o f (27) t o the measured d i r e c t i v i t y was established.
The data was i n i t i a l l y adjusted t o remove mixing noise using an extrapolation o f subsoni measurements but
t h i s affects the low frequencies only and i s o f uncertain accuracy. Putting N = 8, = O.J6 and
U = 0.7 UJ, the d i r e c t i v i t i e s f o r a wide range o f frequencies and d i f f e r e n t pressure L1 r a t i o s were pro-
bE
cgssed and the r e s u l t i n g source spectral l e v e l s normalised using (24). The r e s u l t s are presented p l o t t e d
against Strouhal number i n Figure 13.

A very reasonable collapse f o r the source spectral estimates i s observed i n Figure 13(a). The
scatter a t low frequencies i s thought due t o inadequate correction f o r the mixing noise a t the lower
pressure r a t i o s . The o r i g i n a l assumption regarding source frequency, namely t h a t f S a Uc , i s used here.
However, Uc varies l i t t l e i n t h i s data and i s approximately equal t o a The shock spacing L does .
vary, by a f a c t o r o f 2.3 and the collapse therefore confirms i t s importance i n c o n t r o l l i n g source frequency.
The spectrum peaks around a Strouhal number o f 0.65 a t approximately 160 dB. At the extremities,
i t changes by roughly 6 dB per octave ( 0 2). *
Shown i n Figure 13(b) are the computed values o f c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r adjacent sources
(i = 1 ) Considerable s c a t t e r i s observed but the values l i e w i t h i n the permissible range. The flow
measurements, Figure 8 j a ) were used here t o suggest a mean v a r i a t i o n ( s o l i d l i n e ) .
The s o l i d l i n e s i n Figure 13 are taken t o be the universal spectral characteristics f o r the shock
associated noise o f a choked j e t . Using these along w i t h equation (7) and (27) a prediction programme has
been written.

Some confirmation o f the v a l i d i t y o f the programne and the above analysis i s given i n Figure 14,
where the comparisons w i t h measurement are observed t o be generally satisfactory. The largest discrepan-
cies are found i n the downstream quadrant (e = 45O i n Figure 14). Here the source spectrum tends t o
emerge above the measurements and there i s some suggestion t h a t low and mid range frequencies tend not t o
radiate e f f i c i e n t l y a t the smaller angles.
More recent predictions (not shown here) b u t f o r j e t s heated t o 1100°~, also agree equally well
with measurement providing the frequency parameter, i s defined as fL/ao i.e., independent o f flow velocity.
8 *-, .,
t
ti"-,
J
.r +
L
' , ..
5. CONCLUSIONS

The shock waves i n a choked j e t are responsible f o r a source of broadband sound. The i n t e n s i t y
o f t h i s 'shock associated noise' i s v i r t u a l l y independent o f angle o f observation and j e t v e l o c i t y b u t a
function only o f pressure r a t i o . I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t i s proportional t o the f o u r t h power o f the shock
strength (6). I t s noise spectrum i s d i s t i n c t from t h a t o f mixing noise, and i s characterised by a peak.
The frequency o f t h i s peak varies w i t h angle i n the manner o f a Dopplar s h i f t and i s proportional t o j e t
veloci t ~ land inverscly proportiona! t o s:?ock spacing.

A simple r,~odel f o r the shock noise sources was successfully developed t o represent the sound
radiated t o the f a r f i e l d . The p r i n c i p a l assumption, ,lamely, t h a t each shock c e l l end may be regarded as
a compact source o f acoustic radiation, w i t h r e l a t i v e phasing s e t by the time a f eddy convection between
them, was amply substantiated. A detailed application o f t h i s model t o the sound measurements resulted
i n a number of fundamental conclusions :

I'he sound can be decomposed i n t o two components ( i ) a group source contribution equal t o the sum
o f the individual source i n t e n s i t i e s and (ii) an interference contribution, a r i s i n g as a r e s u l t o f the
sources being correlated. The two conponents combine t o form an interference r i p p l e i n the sound spectrum.
Consideration o f the r e l a t i v e phase and differences i n retarded time f o r these almost equally spaced sources,
explains the v a r i a t i o n i n peak frequency. Also, s l i g h t variations i n spacing account for the v i r t u a l ab-
sence o f harmonics o f t h i s frequency. A successful decomposition s f the measured spectra i s achieved and
u t i 1ised i n a predi c t i o n programe.
Using the model t o compare hot and cold j e t data, i t i s t e n t a t i v e l y concluded t h a t the character-
i s t i c frequency o.f sound radiated by individual sources i s independent o f the eddy velocity! No explaqd-
t i o n f o r t h i s essentially empirical observation i s currently available. I t i s hoped t h a t f u t u r e work t o
examine the detailed physical processes associated w i t h the shock/turbulence i n t e r a c t i o n mechanism, revealed
herein, w i l l also incorporate the r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s observation.

REFERENCES

1. A POWELL On the mechanism o f choked j e t noise Proc. Phys. Soc. B. (1953) Vo1.66, 1039-1056.
2. M J FISHER and F R KRAUSE The crossed beam c o r r e l a t i o n technique
28, 705, 717.
J. F l u i d Mech. (1967) Vol .
3. D C PACK A note on Prandtl's formula f o r t h e wave-length o f a superonsic gas j e t Quart. Journ
.Yech. and Applied Math (1950) Vol 111 Pt.2.
4. P 0 A L DAVIES, M J FISHER and M J BARRATT The characteristics o f the turbulence i n the
mixing region o f a round j e t J. F l u i d Mech. (1963) Vo1.15, Pt.3, 337-367.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are p a r t i c u l a r l y g r a t e f u l t o Dr P A Lush f o r h i s invaluable advice and also t o D r


C L Morfey. We are also indebted t o R o l l s Royce f o r making available the hot j e t data and f o r t h e i r
f inanci a1 support together w i t h t h a t o f the National Gas Turbine Establishment.
FIG 1 VELOCITY MPENMNCE OF OVERALL INTENSITY OF JET NOIS€ AT S E M U L ANGLES TO Tlff JEl
SHOWING SHOCK ASSOCIATED NOISE.
1.0 -
Shock combination 4/5
0.8 - @ =1
--- e--- --
Cl(f
0.4
Overall
l
------ l
l

e- - (a)

0.2 -
1
1
2
I
f KHz
1

4
a
- I

6
I 1

8
. I

10
1

20
I

30 40

1 .o
I I
Overa Il (0.73)

(b)

f KHz
I e1.2
0 0.6
(@=I)

FIG 8 VARIATION WITH FREQUENCY OF (a) THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT


AND (b) PHASE VELOCITY, BETWEEN SHOCKWAVES 4 A N D 5
(FREQUENCIES CORRECTED TO 25mm DIA. NOZZLE ).

> 1
f KHz

I I
- a 1 . , . a
2 4 6 8 1 0 20 3 0 4 0

FIG 5 COMPARISON OF SUPERSONIC JET NOlY SPECTRA F O I A


FULLY EXPANDED AND UNDER EXPANDED FLOW
FIG 10 VARIATION Of P U K FREQUENCY WITH ANGLE TO JET FCU VARIOUS PRESSUES SHOWING
DWPLER SHIFT AND INVERSE DERNDEKE ON SHOCK SPACING

FIG. 11 S I F C M L COLLAPSE Of M T A AT I& AND AT VARIOUS PRESSUE RATIOS FCU h COLD JET

FIG 12 S R C M L COLLAPSE Of M T A A1 150° AND AT VARIOUS PRESSURE fa


A JET AT 11WK

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