CALCULATION OF VERY FAST TRANSIENTS IN GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS Gis) U.C-Trivedi and M.Ramamoorty ‘and Development Association Makarpura Road, Baroda - 390 010. ABSTRACT: During the switching operation of disconnectors in GIS, a great number of prestrikes and restrikes occur because of the low speed of disconnector moving contact. These arcs are quenched rapidly in the SF6 gas medium. Further voltage collapse” takes place in a few nano- seconds when the arc is initiated which leads to travelling waves along the GIS causing very fast transient overvoltages(VFTs) In this paper 400 kV GIS is modelled using well known Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Different components in GIS are represented using appropriate models. VFTs due to different switching operations of disconnector and the effect of lightning on GIS are studied, 1. INTRODUCTION}2,3) For improved reliability and to conserve space, the use of Gas Insulated Substations. (GIS) is on the increase for HV and EHV 5) stems. During disconnector restriking and prestriking the voltage over the disconnector gap collapse within 2 to 12 ns depending on the disconnector design, the instantaneous gap distance and gas pressure. Due to subsequent travelling surges originated from the disconnector and superimposed to reflected surges fast transient overvoltages are generated, Measurements indicate that Very Fast Transients (VFTs) at their origin in a GIS are characterised by 4-7 ns rise time followed by a very high feequency component up to tens of MHz: These overvoltages may cause a failure of support insulation of the conductor and also failure of associated equipment in GIS. These overvoltages are the result of surge reflections and superpositions that. t discontinuities within the GIS like open ends, ‘T" sections or bushings: Because of the traveling wave nature of the phenomena the overvoltages are @ function of position: within GIS. The main oscillation frequency of the fast transients depends on the GIS dimension, i. the section switched by the isconnector. Thevshape. afd mainly the Steepness of the surge ate influenced by those Sectional components whose surge impedance deviates distinctly from the main surge impedance of the GIS bus, the higher systei the system volt: VETS in GIS are of great concern at 'm voltages. The ratio of the BIL to ‘age is greater at the lower voltages than it is at the higher voltage systems. The system voltage break point at which VFTs become concern is tot known precisely. However at and above System voltages of 420 kV some equipment failures and problems of arcing between grounded parts have occurred and have been directly correlated with disconnecting switch and circuit. breaker operation, Jn this paper VFTs generated in a 400 kV substation due to 1. disconnector switching on to a fl 2. disconnector switching on to the trapped charge with -03 p.u., -0.5 p.u. and -1.0 P.u. magnitudes. 3. single line-to-ground faults are calculated. Further the optimal location of the Surge arrester 10 reduce the overvoltages due to lightning is Suggested. Transients enclosure voltages due to disconnector operation are calculated, loating section. 2.MODELLING OF VARIOUS GIS COMPONENTS{[1} Various components in the GIS are Elbows, Disconnectors, Bus duct, Circuit breakers. Surge aresters, Gas to air bushings. Power Electromagnetic potential ransformers. In the present ‘V GIS, Bus duct is modelled (buted transmission line tea. of switching i travel time for ion is *PProximately 2ns and can be eee Models are available for ‘sed one and second for opemone. The simpler model for the closed breaker is the same as that for a section of bus. The open circuit breaker can be modelled as two equal lengths of the bus with a value of the surge impedance calculated from the dimensions of the breaker. These two lengths are connected together by a capacitor with a value equivalent to the series combination of all of the grading capacitors. In this closed position throughout the study. All of the calculated and experimental data indicate that the voltages produced by disconnector switching will not produce overvoltages that are high enough to cause the Metal Oxide Arrester to conduct, so Surge Arrester is modelled by its capacitance to ground. The entire bushing can be modelled as a single short section of distributed transmission line whose characteristic impedance is determined from the overall dimensions of the bushing. The electrical length of the transmission line should be ‘such that the total capacitance is equal to the actual bushing. Electromagentic potential transformers and current transformers are represented by a total capacitance to ground of the order of few hundred pico-farads. In this simulation the following values of capacitance are assumed[6] Table I: Capcitances of the various components considered for the study. a 8 Bic, Mb hesy isteach Veto ie he. wo, wile FIC.TISINGLE PHASE REPRESENTATION OF THE 4OOKY GAS INSULATED SUB-STATION, In the above figure surge impedance of the GIS bus sections is 60 ohms and the travelling velocity is 2.88108 m/sec. Section between C and D represents the bushing and it is represented by a Surge impedance of 91 ohms and a’ travelling velocity of 9.13x107 m/sec. Section between D and E represents the transmission line of length 30 kin. Disconnector is shown in the open position, Capacitance of CTs and PTs is lumped at various points, In this simulation the disconnector is modelled as an ideal switch, arc resistance has not been modelled. 3. DISCONNECTOR SWITCHING ON TO A« FLOATING SECTION|5]: When the source side voltage is 1 pu, disconnector is closed on to the floating section The maximum overvoltage is observed at a location aro. | — Compound 5 7Capeinne? just after the bushing followed by the voltage just to before bushing. The magnitudes of the overvoltages Ground(pF) at various locations of the substation are. given 1__| Earthing Switch 200] below. 3 Potential 350 “Trafeformat Table II: Transient magnitudes at various locations a Current 680 when the disconnector is switced on to a floating "| Transformer section. Fo | Surge Arrester 00 Location Overvortage(pu) 5. Bushin; 600 A 145 ung } B 168 ic. 2AT 3.CONFIGURATION CONSIDERED: D 243 ‘The. singlo- representation of the considered 400 kV GIS is shown in fig.1. The waveform at ‘C’ is shown in fig2. It is 441 characterised by a rise time of 604 ns and a frequency of 700 kHz.Fig 2 Transients at location C in fig.1 when disconnector is closed on to a floating section. 3.2. DISCONNECTOR SWITCHING ON TO THE ‘TRAPPED CHARGE: 3.2.1, TRAPPED CHARGE -0.3 P.U: Disconnector is closed when the source side is having a voltage of 1.p.u. and the bushing side is having a trapped charge of -03 p.u, The voltages observed at various locations are given in table Il. Table 111: Transient magnitudes at various locations when the disconnector is switced on to a trapped charge of -0:3 pu. Location ‘Overvoltage(p.u) 158 1.89 The waveform at C’ is shown in fig3. It is characterised by a rise time of 604 ns and a frequency of 700 kHz. ola} a} >| Fig 3 Transients at location C in fig.1 when disconnector is closed on to a trapped charge of -03 pu. 3.2.2. TRAPPED CHARGE “0.5 p.U: The voltages observed at various locations are given in table 1V., Table” IV: Transient magnitudes “at locations when the discor various nnector is switced orf to a ‘rapped charge of -0.5 p.u: Location Overvoltage(p.uy A 167 B 2.02 c 2.76 D 314 The waveform at “C* characterised by a rise frequency of 700 kHz is shown in fig.4, It is time of 604 ns. and a 7) Fig 4 Transients at location C inifig:t ‘when disconnector is closed on to. Wwapped charge of -0.5 p.u 3.2.3. TRAPPED CHARGE -1,0 P, The voltages observed at Riven in table V_ Various locations are pe Ma Transient magnitudes at Various locations is switced on to a trapped 442Fig $ Transients at location C in fig. when disconnector is closed on to.a trapped charge of = 10pu 3.3 TRANSIENTS DUE TO LINE TO GROUND FAULT: When a line to ground fault is created at location B and Bl in fig 1 the overvoltages produced at location C are given in the table below. ‘The waveform at location C is shown in fig 6 TableVi: Transient magnitudes due to single line to ground faults. 4. EFFECT OF LIGHTNING STROKE ON SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT{( In this simulation a lightning striking the 400 kV transmission line at a distance 1 km away from the GIS bushing and the subsequent over voltages generated inside the substation are studied. It is assumed that the stroke has struck the phase conductor directly. No back flashover of the insulators is simulated. The effect of different magnitudes of lightning currents and their wave shapes on the overvoltage magnitudes is shown in the table VII, Table VII: The overvoltage magnitude at various locations in p.u. for different lightning current magnitudes and wave shapes, Colt ]Col2 | A B c D 60kA | Casel [1-28 [180 | 212 [2.57 2/230 [Case2 [1.3 [193 [246 3.13 us. Fault] Voltage(p.u) at location D 80KA | Casel [118 [1.58 [1.94 [239 Location 4/230 B a7 us| Casez | 19] 160 | 197 | aae BI O64 40KA | Casel [138 | 205 | 231] 263 1/20 Even though the magnitudes are less the rise time ns | Case2 [1.63 [284 [3.63 [ast observed in these cases are 154 ns and 135 ns at B and B1 respectively. 60kA | Casel [1.13 [145] 1.73 | 208 a Case2 [1S [145 [173 | 208 100 | Casel [1.2 [164 [204 [ass kA eS hee Sear ae Pe ca Fig.6 Waveform at location C when the single line-to-ground fault is created at location B.. 4/20 | Case2 | 1:24] 1.76 | 221 | 2.80 us Coll — shapes Col.2 — Arrester status Casel ~ With arrester at D Case2 ~ Without arrester at D ightning magnitudes and their wave From this table it can be observed that there is @ considerable reduction in overvoltages when the arrester is placed at location D. A Lightning current of 40 kA, 1/20 us wave shape'is found to be. most. severe. Fig 7 shows ‘the waveforms at location C for 40 kA current.Fig 7 Transients at location C due to lightning Striking the transmission line at 1 Km away from the station without surge arrester inside the substation Further studies are carried out by keeping the arrester at D permanently and placing another arrester inside the GIS to further reduce the overvoltages. The optimal location for this arrester is found to be at C. Table VIII gives the magnitude of the voltages for this case, Table VIII: Transient magnitudes at various locations when the arresters are placed at C and D Location ‘Overvoltage(p.u) A 138 B 2.04 t 2.29 D 2.62 From the above table it ‘can be concluded that the Placement of an arrester inside substation has litte effect on the overvoltage magnitudes. Most of the reduction in overvoltages is due tothe arrester at D Fig 8 shows the waveform at location The arrester at C is modelled by a non-linear resistor in Parallel with the capacit e Fig & Transients at location C due vo lighting seating the transmission line at 1 Km away fom, “the (suation with. surge. amesen “taste. te ‘Siomalion when it is located at ‘an optimal position C. 5. TRANSIENT ENCLOSURE VOLTAGE: ‘Transient enclosure voltages are short duration high voltage transients that appear on the enclosure of the GIS through the coupling of internal transients to enclosure at enclosure discontinuities. The usual location’ for these ‘ansients is the transition GIS-overhead line at an air bushing although they can also emerge at other Points such as visual inspection ports, insulated spacers for CTs or insulated flanges at GlS/cables interfaces. Modelling using EMTP: For calculation of TEV in EMTP. apparatus ‘must be modelled as @ two phase system, which is defined by the model parameters Zi and Zo calculated from surge impedance as follows. Z=60in(D/d) ohms Z1=Z2 ohms Zo=20000-Z1 ohms Where D is the Outside diameter of the enclosure and d is the outside diameter of the centre conductor.Fig.9 shows the two phase transmission line representation of the GIs, aa aa Fig.9 Two of the Gis, transmission line representation‘The waveform shown in fig 10 is the TEV at location C when the disconnector is closed on to the floating section of the busbar. The maximum voltage induced on the enclosure is -0.28 p.u. Figip Waveform for the transient enclosure voliage 6. CONCLUSIONS? Various parameters in the’ substation are Fepresented using appropriate models, It is observed that the maximum voltage inside the substation is 3.35 p.u when the disconnector is switched on to. trapped charge of -1.0 p.u.. The transients due to single phase-to-ground faults are having fast rate of rise when compared to the disconnector switching. The optimal location of arrester inside this particular substation is found to be *C’. The TEV calculated is with in the expected range of 0.3 pi. for this particular substation. REFERENCES: 1.Z,Haznadar,S.carsimamovic,R.Mahmut-cehajie’ More Accurate Modelling of Gas Insulated Substation. Components in Digital Simulations of Very Fast Electromagnetic Transients” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.7, January 1992, pp.434-441. 2.J.Meppelink, K.Diederich, K.Feser(SM), W.Pfaff “ Very Fast Transients in GIS", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.4, No.1, January 1989, pp. 223-233. 3. W.Boeck, R.Witzmann “ Main influences on the fast transient, development in. GIS”, Fifth International . Symposium on» High Voltage Engineering, 24-28 August 1987, Braunschweig, Republic of Germany. 445, 5:$.A Boggs, F.Y.chu and N.Fujmoto “ Disconnect switch Induced Transients and trapped charge in Gas Insulated Substations”, [EEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-101, No.10, October 1982, pp.3593-3602. 6. Report prepared by the Fast Front Transients Task Force of the IEEE Modelling and analysis of system Transients Working Group. “Modelling guidelines for fast transients” [EEE Transactions on’ Power Delivery, Vol.11, No.1, January 1996,pp.493-506. 7. E,P.Dick, N.Fujimoto, G.L.Ford and S.Harvey “Transient ground potential rise in gas insulated substations- Problem identification and Mitigation” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-101, No.10, October 1982, pp.3610-3619,