Brazil

Qualifying Candítions
Old'agepe¡s¡on
Age pension(socialinsu¡arce,)jAge 65 (men)or age60
(women)for employeesandtheurbanself-employed; age60
(men)o¡ age55 (rvomen)for theruralself-employed,

OIdAge, Disability,and Survivors Contr¡butorypension(soc¡al¡nsurance):At least35 yeaIsof

contributions(men)or 30 yea¡sofcontributions(women).For
Regulatory Frameutork arduousemployment,the coverageperiodis betweenl5 y€ars
and25 yearswith at least180monthsofcontributions.
Fifst laws: 1923(Iaitrroads),
1934(commerce),
and1936
lnsuredpersonswho entcrcdthe systemup ultil 1988are
(industry).
subjectto transitionrules.
current lawsi l99l and1999. The pensionis payableabroadifthere is a reciprocal
Type of program; Dual socialinsuranceand socialassistance agreement.
system. Old'age assistance {means"tested}: 67 (ageó5
^ge
beginningin 2004)with family eamingslcssthan25%ofthe
Coverage minimumrvagefor eachperson.
Social insurance: Employedpersonsin industry,commerce, Disabilitypension(soc¡alinsuranc6);Twelvemonthsof
andagriculture;domesticservants;somecategoriesof casual contributionsandpermanentincapacityfo¡ wo¡k. Thc
r.vorkcr:andthc sclf-employcd. contributionperiodis waivedif the disabilityresultsfrom an
accidentor a diseasespecifiedby law.
thc
Voluntaryinsuranccis possiblefor studcnts,housewiv¡js,
unemployed,andothercategories. Disabililyassistance(means.tested):Assessed as disabied
rvithfamily eamingslessthan25% ofthe minimumwagefor
Specialsystemsfor public-sectoremployeesandmilitary
each person.
pelsonnel.
Survivor pension (social insurance)i The insuredlvasa
Social assistance: Ncedy elderly or disabledpersons.
pensioneror had paid contributio¡sin the l2 monthsbefore
Separateschemeslbr rural andurbancitizens.
death.

Source of Funds Old-Age Benefifs

Soc¡alinsurance
lnsuredpercon:7.65%,8.650/o, 9Yo,or I I o/oof eamings
accordingto four carningscatcgorics,up to a maximum. Ths
seliemployedcontribute207oofearnings,up to a maximum.
Employer: 20o/oof payrotl.
Govemnent Ea¡markedtaxesareusedto finance
administrativecostsanddefraydeficits.
The minimumeamingsfor contdbutionpurposesa¡eequalto
theminimummonthlywage(240reaisin June2003).
The maximumearningsibr contributionpurposesare7.79times
thc minimümsalaryfor cachearningscategory.
All of the abovecontdbutionsalso financesicknessand
matcmitybenefitsandfamil¡,allor.vanoes.
Soqialass¡stance
/nsuredperson.None.
Employer None,
Government:Totalcost,includingrevenuefrom camarked
ta.(es.
Old.agepens¡on
Age pens¡on(socíalinsurance):'10o/o
of ave¡ageindexed
earnings,plus l7o ofaverageeamingsfor eachyearof
contributions.
Thcmaximumpcnsion
is l00o/oofavcragc
incomc.
Contr¡butorypens¡on(social¡nsurcnce):Averageearnings
rvith between30 yearsand35 yealsof contributions.
Theminjmumpensionis 100%oftheminimumwage(240reais
in June2003).
the maximumpensionis 1,869.34reais(June2003).
Scheduleofpayments: Thifeen paymentsa year.
Bsnefit adjustment:Age andcontdbutorypensionsarc
adiustedannuallyaccordingto changesin retail prices,
Old-agaassi$tance(means-tested): The averageallowanc€
is equaltothe minimumrvage,
Benotitadjustment:Pensionsa¡e indexedto changesin tho
minimumsalaryfor thefollowingmonth.
PermanentD isability Bénef¡ts
Oisabilitypcns¡on(socia¡insurance);100o/o of indexed
earningsin the last 36 monthsbeforethe onsetofdisability.

2003
Americas,
50 . SSPTW:The

Theminimumbenefitis 100%oftheminimumwage(240reaisin
June2003).
allowance:25% of the disabilitypension.
Constant-attendance
Scheduleofpayments:lhifleen paymentsa year.
Benefitadjustment:Benefitsarc adjustedannuallyaccording
to changesin retail prices.
Disab¡l¡tyass¡stance{moans-tésled): The averagepension
is equalto themininum wage,
Benefitadjusünent:Pensionsare indexedto changesin the
minimumsalaryfor thefollowingmonth.
Survivor Benefits
Survivorpension(socialinsurance):100%ofthe pension
paid or payableto the insuredor l00oZofaverageindexed
eamingsduringthe 36 monthspdor to the insured'sdeath,
regardlessofthe numberofeligible survivors. The pensionis
dividedequallyamongeligiblesurvivors.
Eligiblesurvivors(in orderofpriority): Wido\¡,(er),companion,
childrel underage21 or disabled,stepchildre¡and dependenl
minors,parents,andunmaniedbrothersand sistcrsunde.
age2l or disabled.
Theminimumpensionis 100%ofthe minimumrvage(240reais
inJune2003).
Thcmaximumpensionis 1.869.34reais(Junc2003).
Scheduleofpayments: Thirteenpaymcntsa y€ar.
Benefitadiustment:Pensionsare adjustedannuallyaccording
to changesin retail prices.
Admin istative Organizatio n
Minislry of SocialInsuranceprovidesgeneralsup€rvision,
NationalSocialSecuity lnstituteadministersbenefits.
Sickness and Maternity
Regulatory Frarnework
First laws: 1923(railroads),1934(commerce),
and1936
(industry).
curront laws: 1990(medicalbenefits),l99l (sickncssand
medicalbenefits),and1991and 1999(maternitybenefits).
Type of programi Socialinsumnce(cashbenelits)andbasic
universalsystem(medicalbenefits).
Covarage
Employcdpersonsin indushy,commerce,andagriculturc;
domesticservants;the self-employed;and ce.taincategolies
ofcasualworker,
Volultary coverageis possiblefo¡ students,house\,vives,
the
unemployed,and other groups.
Specialsystemsfor public-sectoremployees.
Brazil
Sourceof Funds
Insured person: Seesourceoffunds underOld Age,
Disability,andSurvivors,above.
Employeri Seesou¡ceof fundsunderOld Age, Disability.and
Survivors,above.
Government: Thc oostofmedical benefits.
Qualifying Conditions
The insuredcontributeddurjng the last 12 months.Thereis no
minimun qualifring pe¡jodfor cashmatemitybenefits.
Srcknessand l[4aternityBenefits
S¡cknessbenefit: 9 I o/oof ave¡ageearnings.'lhe benefit is
payableaftera l5-day rvaitingperiod(duringwhichtbe
empioysris requiredto pay 100%ofthe wage).
Sch€duleofpayments: Thirteenpaymentsa yearifthe insured
is entitledto a sicknessbenefitfor morethan l5 days.
Theminimumbenefitis 100%ofthe minimumwaee(240rcaisin
June2003).
Matornitybenef¡t: I 00% ofthe wagefor 120days,payable
28 daysbeforeand9l daysafter the expecteddateof
childbirth:benefitis paid fo¡ 2 weeksin thc cascofa
miscaffiage.
Workers' Medical Benefits
Medicalservicesareprovideddirectly to patientsin rural and
urbana¡cas.Benefitsincludegeneral,specialist,matemity,¿nd
dentalcare;hospitalization;medicines(somecostsharingjs
requircd);andnecessary transportation,Thereis no limit to
duration.
Depende nts' Medi cal Benefits
Medicalservicesareprovideddirectlyto patientsin rurul and
urbanareas.Benelitsincludegene¡al.specialist,maternity,and
dentalcare;hospitalization;medicines(somecostshalingis
requircd);andnccessarytransportation.Tho¡eis no limit to
du¡ation.
Ad mi n i strativ e Org anizati o n
Ministry ofltealth providesgeneralsupervisionofthe Unified
SystemofHealth.
Unified SystemofHsalth administers
medicalbenefits.
Ministry of SocialInsuranceprovidesgeneralsuperv_'ision
of
theNationalSocialSecurityInstitute,
NationalSocialSecurityInstituteadministerscashbenelits.
2003I 51
SSPTW:TheAmericas,
Brazil

Worklnjury Suruivor Benefits

Survlvor pension: 100% of the insured'scoveredeamingson
RegulatoryFramework the day ofthe accidont.The pensionis dividedequallyarnong
F¡rstlawsi 1919,1944.
and196'1- eligiblesulvivo¡s.
Currenllaw; 1991. 'Ihe marimumpensionis 1,869.34rcais

Type of program: Socialinsurancesystem. Eligiblesurvivors(in orderofpriority): Widow(er),companion

childrenunderage2l or disabled,stepchildrenanddependen
minors,parenls,and unma¡riedbrothen and sistersundef
Coverage agc2l or disabled.
Employedpersons. Soheduleofpayments: Thifieenpaymentsa year.
Specialsystemsfbr public-sectoremployeesandthe military.
Adm in istrative Organization
Sourceof Funds Ministry ofHealth providesgeneralsupervisionoftbe llnified
Insüredperson: None. Systemofllealth.
Fmployer: Totalcost,met throughpreniums of l% to 3% of UnifiedSystemofllealth administersmedicalbenefits.
payroll acco¡dingto the assessed
degreeofrisk. Ministry ofSocial Insuancep¡ovidesgeneralsupenisionof
Government:None. thcNationalSocialSccudtylnstitute.
The maximumcarningsfof contributionpurposesis the sumof NationalSocialSecurityInstituteadministerscashbenefits.
all eamingsofall employeesfor eachparticularemployer.
Unemployment
QualWing Conditions
work injury benef¡ts:'fhereis no minimüD quali!ing period.
RegulatoryFramework
Pérmanentdisability: 'Ibt¿l lossof capacityto work. First laws: 1965(compulsorysavingsprogramfrom the
length-of-service
güarantee
fund,oTFGTS)and 1986
Accident benef¡f(partial disab¡l¡ty); Incapableof usualwork (unemployment insurance).
but capablcof doingsomeothe¡kinds ofwork.
currentlawe; 1990and1994.

TemporaryDisabiIity Benefits Type of program: Socialinsurancesystem.

9l o¿ofaverageeamings.Thebenefitis payableaftera 15-day

\.vaitingperiod(düringwhich the laborlaw rcquiresthe
employerto pay 100%ofthe rvage).
Scheduleofpayments:Thifieenpaymentsa yea¡.
Permanent Disability Benetits
Permanentd¡sab¡litypension: I00% ofinsuredearnings.
Themaximumpensionis 1,869.34reais.
supplement:25oloofthe pension(no
Constant-attendance
maximumif sclf-employed).
Scheduleofpayments:Thirteenpaymentsa year.
Accident benefit (partial dlsabllity): 50% ofthe full pension.
Scheduleofpayments:Thirteenpaymentsa yea¡.
Workers' Medi caI Benefi ts
Medicalanddentaltreatment,hospitaltreaünent,medicines,
rehabilitation,andtranspo{ation.
Coverage
Employcdpersons.
Sou¡ce of Funds
In$uredperso¡i None.
Employéri None. (Employerscontribute87oofeamingsto
individualITGTSsavingsaccountsto which the insuredhas
accessin the eventofunemployment,marriage,retircment,and
othercontingencies.)
Governmenl: Totalcostis financedby earmarkedtaxes.
Qualifying Conditions
Unemploymenlbenef¡t: 'Ihe benefitvariesaccordingto
rvhetherthe insuredhas6 monthsto I I monthsofcovcrage,
12 monthsto 23 monthsofcoverage,or 24 or moremonthsof
coverage.Unemploymentmust not be dueto misconduct.
The insuredmust lack otherresourccsto supportselfor family.

Americas,
52 r SSPTW:The 2003
 Brazil

UnemploymentBenefits
UnemploymentbeÍefit {means-test€d}; 50% of average
eamingsin the last3 monthsofemploymcnt,up to threetimes
theminimumwage. The berefit is payableaftera60-day
\.vaitingperiodfo¡4 monthsin any 16-monthperiod,
Thr:minimumbcncfitis l00yooftheminimumwase.

Adm inistrafive Organ ization

Ministry oflabor andEmploymentprovidesgeneral
superyision.
WorkerAssistanaelrundAdvisory Council administersfhe
progf¡m.

Family Allowances
Regulatory Framework
First law: 1941(largefamilies).
Currentlaw: 1999.
Typc of program: Employment-rclated
system.

Coverage
Low-incomeemployeesrvith oneormore children(excludes
employees).
domestic

Sourceof Funds
Inguredperson:None.
Employer: None. (Benetitsarepaiddirectlyby the employer,)
Governme¡t: Totalcost. (Reimbursesemployersfor the total
costofbenefitspaid to enployees.)

Qualifying Conditions
Familyallowances: Employeeswith incomeup to 560,81¡sais
(June2003). The child mustbe underage 14 or disabledand
attendingschool. The parentmust be cuffently in inswed
employment,a pensioner,or receivingsicknessbenefit.'Ih€
allowanceis payableto bothparentsifboth are insured,

Family AIlowance Benef its

F¡milyallowances:13.48reaisamonthforeachchild,

Ad mi n i strative Org anizati on

Ministry ofSoaial hsuranceprovidesgeteral supervision.
NationalSocialSecuritylnstituteadministersbenefitsforold'
ageor disabilitypensionrecipients,
Employerspaybenefitsto their own employces.

SSPTW;The Americas,2003 . 53
Canada

Qualifying Condítions
Old.agepens¡on
Un¡versalpens¡on:Age 65 and l0 yearsof residencein
Canadaafterage 18. Retirementis not necessary.The pension
is payableabroadifthe beneliciaryr.csidcdin Ca¡adalbr
20 yearsafierage I 8.
Old Age, Disability,and Survivors
Earnings-related ret¡rementpens¡on:Age 60 with at least
Regulatory Framework I yea¡ of contributions. Ifthe persion is alvardedbefore
age65, the insurcdpersonmust hav€fully or substantially
Fi rs t laws :1927( o l d -a ga es s i s ra n c el 9r.3 7 1 b l i n rs
d si srancet. ceasedemployment.Ifthe pensionis award€dat ageó5 or
and1955(disability assistance). older,retirementis not necessary.The pensionis payable
Currentlaws: l95l and1952(universal pension), 1965and abroad.
I 966(earnings-r'clatcd pcnsion).and 19ó6andl9ó7 (incc¡rnc-
testedsupplement). D¡sab¡lity pens¡on
Earnings-related d¡sabilítypension: Severeand prolonged
Typeof programil)ual unive¡sal
pensionandsocial
insurancesystem. incapacityfor anygainl-ulactivity \.vithcontributionsin 4 ofthe
last6 years.(The QuebecPensionPlannornrallyrequires
contributionsin halflhe yearsin which contributionscould
Coverage havebcenmade;thc minimunl contributionperiodis 2 ofthe
Univers¿lpension{old-agesecurily): All residcnts, last3 years.)The pensionis payableabroad.

pension(CanadaPensionplan/Quebec
Earnings-related Surv¡vorpensign
PensionPlan):All employees rvorkingin Canadaandall sell- Universalpension: Income-tested
benefitis availableto
enployedpersonsresidingin Canada. widowsandrvidowe¡saged60 to 64. The survivormustbe a
'lhosein casualenployment(annualearnings
Dxclusions: less resident
ofCanadaandhaveresidedin Ca¡adatbr l0 years
thanC$3.500)or in seasonal
agficulturalemployment. alterage18. The unive¡sal
sun,ivorpensionis feplaced by the
A provincemay opt out ofthe f¡deral earnings-related
Canada universal
old-agepensjonat age65.
Pe¡sionPlanifit establishes
a conrparable program.Thjs is Eam¡ngs-related penslon; The insuredhad made
the casewilh the QuebecPensionPlan; benefitsarepoflable co¡tributionsduringthe lesserof l0 yearso¡.one-thi¡doflhe
bctwecnthe two plans. ycarsin lvhich costributionscould havebccn made;the
mininlumcontribution periodis 3 years.Thepensionis
Sourceof Funds pa;"ableabroad.
Spousa
andwidolv(cr)includclcgallymarriedpersons and
Universatpension
commo¡-lawpartners(inch¡dingsam€-sex
partnells).
/nsuredperson.None.
Employer: None. Old-Age Berefifs
Government:'Ibtal cost,includingthe {otalcostofincome-
Old-agepe¡sion
testedbenellts.
Un¡versalpension:The nraximummonfhlypensionis
pension
Earn¡ngs"related C$461.55.t'hepension is calculated
asl/40thofthemaximunr
lnsurcdperson:4.95%ofealnilgs (employees)or 9.97oof pensionfor eachyearofresidencein Canadaafterage 18. Ttle
earnings(self-employed). pension ofhigh-inconeearnelsis subjectto recovery(1570of
annualincomeoverC$57,879).
Employet:4.95yoof empio¡,ee's
earnings.
lncome-tostodsupplcmcnt:Thc supplcmcnti¡creasesthe
Goyefimer¡f:None. naximumuniversal pension for a singleperson
to C$1,010.08 or
The minimumannualeamingsfbr benefitandcontribution to C$1,637.7{}
for a couple.
purposesareC$3,500. Income-fested allo\,vance:
Up to a maximumofC$818.85a
'I hemaximumannualearDingsfo¡ benefitandcolfibution mc¡nthfor a pensioner'sspousebetwecnagcs60 ¿ndó4.
purposes
areC$39,900. Ean¡ngs-rclatedretirementpens¡on:25o/oof avcragc
Earningslimit adjustmest:Adiustedannuallyaccordingto adjustedyearlycoveredearnings. I 5% of the yearswith the
increasesin the averageindustlial$'age. lowestincomeare disregardedi yea¡sin which the insuredrvas
carirg for a child undcragc 7 ma¡.'alsobc disregardcdif it is in
the i¡sured'sfavor.

56 | SSPTW:fheAmericas,2003
 Canada
The pensionis reducedby 0.5% a montb ifalvardedat any age Orphan'spension:C$ I 86.71a monthfor eachchild below
alier 60 butbefo¡e65. age l8; age25 ifa sfudent.(eueb€cpensionplan: C$59_2g for
'I'hepensionis increasedby 0.5% a rnonth eachchild belowage l8 only.)
ifarvardedafler
age65 but betbreage70. Dcathbenefit: Síx months'earnings-related
retirementpcnsion.
Themaximummonthlypensionis C$801.25. uptoa ma\imumofC$2,500.
Pensioncreditsaccumulated by spousesor common-law Benelitadjustment:Automatr'cannualadjustmentof earnings-
pa¡tl1ers
(includingsame-sexpartners)duringmaniag€or relatedpensionsfor changesin the consumerpric€ index.
cohabitationmay be dividedequallyin caseofdivorce or
separatron. Adm ¡n istrative Organ ization
Recordedeamingsare adjustedfo¡ changesin national
Departmentof HumanResources Developmsnt,through
ave¡ag€wages.
dist ct and local offices,administersthe universaland
Benefitadjustment:Automaticadjustmentsfor changesin the eamings-related pensionsand income-tested supplements.
consumerpriceitdex a¡eimplementedquaterly for the
CanadaCustomsandRevenueAgency is responsiblefor
univcrsalpcnsionand annuallyfor the earnings-related
collcclingcontr¡butjons for Lhecarnings-relaied
pensions.
pe¡sron.
QuebecDepartmentofRevenueandeuebecpensionBoard
administerthe eamings-related pensionplan in euebec.
Permanent Di sabi I¡ty Ben ef,ts
Earn¡ngs.relateddisabililypens¡or: A basicmonthly
pcnsionofC$370.32,plus75yoofthe eamings-rclatad
retirementpeosion.
Regulatory Framework
Thema\imummonthlypension
is C$971.26.
Cash benefits
Rec0rdedeamingsare adjustedfor changesin national
F¡rstand currcntlaw: 1996(employmentinsurance).
avcfagc wages.
Child'ssuppl€mont:C$186.71a monthfor eachchildbslow Physicianand hospllalseryices
age l8; age25 ifa student.(Quebecpeffion plan: C$59.2gfor Fist law: 1965.
eachchild belowage l8 only.)
Currentlaw: 1984(healrh).
Benefitadjustment:Automaticannualadiustmentofall
benefitsfor changesin the consumerprice index. Type of progÍam: Socialinsurance(cashben€fits)and
unive¡salsystem(physicianand hospitalse¡v-ices).

Survivor Benefits
Coverage
Survivor pensio¡
Cash benefits: All wageandsalaryeamcrs,includingfedcral
Un¡versalpens¡on(¡ncome-tested):
For a widow(er)aged60 governmentemployees;also,self:employedfisbermen.
to 64.
'Ihe maximummonlhlypensionis C$904.03. Provincialgovemmentemployeesmay be coveredwith the
consentof prcvincialgovemmenl.
The survivorpensionis replacedby the universalold-agc
Exclusions:Self-employedpersonsothe¡thanfishermen.
pensionat age65.
Physic¡anand hospital services: All residentssatislying
Ean¡ngs-relatedpens¡or: A surviving spouseaged65 o¡
federalandprovincialcriteriafor eligibility andinsuredstaius.
olderreceives607oofthe insured'seamings-related retirement (Virtually the total populationis covered.)Coverageis
pension,upto am¿ximumofc$480.75amonth. (euebec
portableliom provinceto provinceandfor emergencycarc
PensionPIan: The provisionis the samefor a surviving
anywherein the world. In the lattercase,payme¡tis limited to
spouseaged65 or o¡d€r.)
theralepayablein Lheperson's homeprovince.
A survivingspouseyoungerthan age65 receives37.520ofithe
Specialprovisionsfbr certaingroups,includingmembersofthe
¡rsurcd'scamings-related rctirementpensionplus CS144.49,up a¡medforces.
to a maximumofC$444.96a month. (Quebecpensionplan: A
survivingspouseaged55 to 64 receivesup to amaximumof
C$700.06amonth;aged45 to 54,up to a ma.xhumofc$670.76 Source of Funds
a nonth, For a suF/ivingspousewho is undefage45 and InsuÍedpergon
disabled,themaximumis C$670.76amonth;ifnot disabledbut
Cashbenef¡ts:SeesourceoflfundsunderUnemployment,
caringfor a dependentchild,up to a maximumofC$644.28;if
below.
not disabledand$,ith no dependentchildren,üp to a maximum
ofC$395.31.) Physic¡anand hosp¡ta/beneffs..premiumsa¡epaid in Alberta
¿ndBritish Columbia. Ontariohasa,,fair sharchealthcare

SSPTW:The Amer¡cas,2003 . 57
Canada
levy,"whichvariesfrom 0.2oAto2.0yoof ta,rableincome.No¡e
in the otherprovinces.
Employer
Cashbenefits:Seesourceoffunds underUnemployment,
below.
Physicianand hosp¡talbenef¡ts:Contributionsvary by
provinccfrom lYoto 4.5Yo.
Govsrnmenl
CashBeneflts.None.
Physic¡anand hosp¡talbeDeflts.Most ofthe cost is met from
federal,provincial,andterritorialgeneralrevenues.Federal
govemmentmakescontdbutionsto provincesa¡d territories
throughblock transfem,part ofwhich afa conditionalon
provincesandtenito|iesmeetingf€deralprogmm¡equirements
as setout in the CanadaIlealth Act.
Qualifying Conditions
Cash sickness and mater¡ily benef¡ts: The qualiling
conditionsvary from 420 hou¡sto 700 hoursofcove¡ed
employnenlduringthe lastyear.
Med¡caland hosp¡talizalionbenefils: Generally,3 months'
residencein the provinceis requiredto be i¡rsu¡ed.Whenthe
insuredmovesfrom oneprovinceto another,the former
provincecontinuesto provideinsurancecoverageduring the
waitingpcriod.
ln Albe¡taandB tish Columbia,the paymentofprcmiumsis 1
additionalcondition,but suchpaymentis not linked to
entitlementto services.
Sícknossand Matemity Benefits
S¡cknessb€nef¡t: 557oof prcviousaverageinsurcdeamings,
plusat'amilysupplement for low-incomeandmodest-incom€
eamerswith dependent children. The supplementis awarded
for annualincomclessthanC$25,921.Thc benefitis paid after
a 2-weekrvaitingpeliodfor up to 45 weeks.
Themaximumweeklybenefitis C$413.
Malern¡tybenefiti 55yoofprevious avefageinsuredeamings,
plusa fanily supplement for low-incomeandmodest-inoome
eamerswith dependent childrcn. The supplementis awarded
fbr annualincome lessthanC$25,921.Thebenelltis paidfbr
up to 15 weeks,plus up to 35 additionalweeksfor parentalcae
(the mothet fatheror both)on thc birth or adoptionofa ohild.
ThemrximumweeklybencñtisC$413.
Workers' MedicaI Benefits
Med¡calbe¡efits: Benefitsincludege¡e¡almedicaland
matemitycarq surgical,specialisl,andlaboratolyservic€s.
Benefitsarepaiddirectlyby provincialauthofitiesaccofdingto
predet€rminedformulasandagreed-upon fee schedul€s.
Hospital benef¡ts: B€nefitsincludestandardward care,
necessary nursing,pharmaceulicalsprovidedin hospital,and
2003
58 . SSPTW:fheAme.¡cas,
diagnosticandtherapeuticserviass,Benefitsarepaid directly
by provincialauthoritiesaccordingto predetermined
formulas
and agreed-upon fee schedulcs.
Otherbcnefitsincludeoral surgcryifrequircd andperformcdin
an applovedhospitaland,in someprovinces,servicesof
osteopaths,chiropmctors,optometrists;dentalcar€for
childrcn;pfosthetics;and prescribeddrugs. Somccost
sharingmay be requiredin suchcases.
In someprovinces,welfarerecipientsandpersonsoverage65
are eligiblefor fiee drugs,eyeglasses,
subsidizednursing-
homecare,anddentalcarefor child¡en.
Dependents'Medical Benefits
Med¡calbenefits: Benelitsincludesurgical,specialist,and
laboratoryservices;generaimedicalandruatemitycare.
Benefitsarepaid directlyby provincialauthoritiesaccordinglo
predeterminedformulasandagreed-upon fee schedules.
llospital benefits for dependents: Benefitsincludestandard
ward care,necessary nursing,pba¡maceuticals p¡ovid€din
hospital,and diagnosticandtherapeuticservices.flenelits arc
paid direotlyby provincialauthoritiesaccordingto
predetermined formulasand agreed-upon fee scheduies.
Otherbenefitsincludeoral surgeryifrequired andpeformed in
an approvedhospitaland,in someprovincss,serviccsof
osteopaths,chiropractors,optometrists;dentalcarefor
children;p¡osthetics;and prescribeddrugs. Somecost
sharingmay bc rcquiredin suchoases
Admin istrative Organization
HealthCanadaadministersprogrumsfor groupsnot covared
underplovincialplans,monitorsprovincialcompliancewith
condilionsofnational legislation,and providesprovinceswith
technical.
consultative.andcoordinating serviccs.
Provincialautboritiesadministertheir healthinsuranceplans,
establish¡esidenteligibility status,assesshospitalandmedical
claims,pay providers,andmonitorall aspectsofprograms.
QuebecPensionlloard adnlinistersthe programin Quebec.
Providersareusuallypublic, not-for-prohthospitals,andother
specializedinstitutions;doctorsandallied practitionersin
ent¡epreneurialpractice.
Work Injury
Regutatory Framework
F¡rstaÍd current laws: 1908and 1994(Newtbundland), 1915
and1996(NovaScotia),l9l5 and1996(Ontario),l9l6 and1993
(BritishColumbia),1916a¡d 1993(Manitoba),l918 and1994
(New Brunswick), I 9 I 8 and I 995 (Alberta), 1928aíd 1994
(Quebec),1930and1994(Saskatchewa¡), 1949and1995(Prince
Edwardlsland),1974and 1992(NorthwcstTeÍitories/
Nunavut),and 1993(Yukon).
Type of program: Socialinsurancesystem.

Coverage
Employeesin industryandcommerce(somediffe¡encesexist
amoogprovlnces).
Commonexclusions:Domesticworkers,professional
athletes,
andmembe$ofspots clubs.
seamcnandfederaloivil
Specialsystemsfor meroh¿Lnt
servants.
Sourceof Funds
Insuredperson:None.
Employer: Total cost,met throughcontributionsvarying by
industryandaccordingto the asscsseddegrecofrisk (large
may seli'-insure).
firms in someprovinces
Government:None.
Qualifying Cond¡tions
period.
work ¡njury benefits; Thereis no minimumqr.ralifying
Teñporary DiEability Benefits
Thc bcncfitvaricsfrom 75olo1o90'/ooIgrüsseamings,
accordingto pfovince.
Theminimumva¡ies1i^om zel'oup to C$403.03a week,
accordingto province.
Permanent Disability Benefits
Permanentdlsabil¡ty pension: ln most provincss,the benefit
is either75%or 90% ofthe insured'searningsfor full disability.
Themaximumpensionva¡ies liom C$454.44to C$897.54a week,
accordingto province.Someprovincesprovidelump-sum
payments.
Partialdisability: The pensionis in proportionto thc full
benefitaacordingto the assessed degreeof loss of €arning
capacity(in someaases,the pensionis aonverledto a lump
sum ifthc assessed dcgrceofloss is l0% or lcss).
Workers' Med¡caI Benefits
Benefitsin all provincesincludemedical,surgical.nursing,and
hospitalservices;medicines;and appliances,
Survivor Benefits
Surv¡vor pens¡on; The pensionvaricsaccordingto province.
The pensionis payableto a widow(er).
Ofphan's pens¡on: F,ithera monthlyflat-mtepensionset
slightlyhighefthanthat for childrenresidingwith a parentor a
perccntage ofthe insured'swages,accordingto province,
Oth€r dependents(lf no spouse or orphan): Areasonable
sum in proportionto the lossofincome,
Funeralgrant: The grantvariesaccofdingto province,
Canada
Ad mi nistrative Arga n ization
Workeñ'Compensation Boaxd,or a Work Saf'etyCommission,
in eachprovinceandtenitory administersthe program,
Unemployment
Regulatory Framewark
First law; 1940.
C!rrent law; 1996(employmentinsurance),with
amendments
Type of program: Socialinsurancesystem.
Coverage
All wageandsalaryeamers,includingfederalgovemment
employees;also,self-employedfishermen.
Provincialgovernmentemployeesmay be cove¡edwith the
goremment.
cñnsenlol'provincial
Exclusions:Self-ernployed
personsotherthanfi shermen.
Sourceof Funds
Insuredperson; 2.I 0olo
of earnings.
Employer; 2,947oofthe insured'swage.
€overnment: Nonc.
The naximum annualcamingsforconfibution andbenefit
pu¡!osesareC$39,000.
Qualifying Conditions
Unemploymentbenef¡t: The qualifling conditionsvary fron
420 hoursto 700 hoursofcoveredemploymentduringthe last
yea¡ dependingon the unemploymentrate ofthe regjon.
The insuredmustbe registered,abie,willing, andavailableto
work afldunableto oblainsuilableomployment,or unableto
work becauseofsickness,matemity,or providingparental
care.
Ifunemploymentis due eitherto voluntaryleavingwithoutjust
causeor to misconducl,the disqualificationis indefiniteand
appliosuntil the i¡su¡cd rcqualificsfo¡ the benefit.
In the eventof rel'usalofa suitableoffer ofemploymentor
failureto undergotraining,the insutedis disqualifiedfbr
bstween7 and l2 weeks;ifunemploymentis ducto a labor
dispute,imprisonment,or residenceoutsideofCanada,the
insuredis disqualifiedfbr as lo¡g asthe conditionexists.
Unemployment Benafits
55oloofpreviousaverageinsuredeamings,plusa family
supplementfor low-incomeandmodest-incomc eamerswith
dependentchildren. The supplemenlis awardedfor annual
incomelessthanC$25,921.The benefitis payableaftera 2-
rveckwaiting periodfor up to 45 wcaksdependingon the
SSPTW:The Amer¡cas,2003 r 59
claimant'semploymenthistoryandregionalunemployment
Íates.
'I hemaximumweeklybenefitis C$413.

A dmi ni strative Org an izati on

HumanResou¡c{js DevelopmentCanada,throughits region¿l
the program.
andlocalofiices,administers
CanadaCustomsandRevenueAgency is responsiblefor
collectingcontributions.

Family Allowances
RegulatoryFramework
Firstlawi 1944.
Currentlawi 1998.
Type of program: Socialassistance
system.

Coverage
All residents.

.Sourceof Funds
person:
Insured None.
EmployeriNone.
Governmgnti Total cost.

Qualifying Conditions
A child mustbe underage l8 anda residentof Canadafor
lnoometax purposes.

Family Ailowance Benefits

Child tax benefit (income-tested):The benefitis delivered
throughthe incometax system.
'lhe ma,rimumannualbenefitis C$2,632for thefirstchild,
C$2,423fo¡ thesecondchild,andC$2,427for thethi¡d and
subsequentchildren.
Additionalincone-testedbenefit: For childrenunderage7, up
lo a maximumofc$232 a year.
llenefitsarepaidmonthlyandarebasedoü total family income
duringthe prcviousyear.

A dmi ni strctive Organ ízati on

CanadaCustomsandRevenueAge¡cy administersthe
programin all ofCanadaexcept
Quebec.
QuebecPensionBoardadministersthe programin Quebec.

Americas,
60 . SSPTW:The 2003
Mex¡co
Old Age,Disability, and Survivors
Regulatory Framework
Firstlawi 1943.
Currentlawsi 1973;l99l; 1992(complernentarymandatory
retirementsavings);and 1995(nandatorypdvale insurance),
implemcnted in 1997.
Type of programi Socialinsuranceand privat€insurance
system.
Note:As of Julyl, 1997.allworkercmustjointheprivate
insurancesystem,and the socialinsurancesyst€mis being
phasedout. Therealc no contributorsto thc socialinsur¿ncc
system.At reti¡ement,employeescoveredby the social
insuranc€systembeforg1997canchooseto ¡eceivebenefils
from eithe¡thc socialinsurancesystemor thrj p vate insurance
sysrcm.
Coverage
Pr¡vateinsurance: workersente¡ingthe laborforceon or
^ll
aftcrJanuaryl, 1997.
Voluntaryaovaragcis to bc madepossible.
Socialirisurance:Employees andmembers ofproducers'.
u'ho rveretirst
agricultural,andcreditunion cooperatives
coveredbefore1997.
Specialsystemsforpetroleumworkcrs,public-scctor
employees,andthemilitary.
Sourceof Funds
Insuredperson: L 125%ofearningstbr old-agebenefits;
0.625%for disabilityandsurv'ivorbenefits.
Employer:3.15%ofpayroll;1.75%for disabilityandsurvivor
ben€fits,
Gover¡ montr A sumequalto I 0.14olo ofthe total employ€r
contributionsfor the old-agepeflsionplus a flat-rat€amountto
financetheguaranteed minimumpension.
Qualifying Condit¡ons
Private insufancé
Old-agepens¡on:Age 65 with 1,250weeksofcontributions.
Early pension:Age 60 or older,no longeremployed,and
1,250weeklyconfibutionsj!vi1hlessthan 1,250weekly
contribütions,a lump sum is paid.
thii pcnsionis
ln tho abscnceofa ¡eciprocalagreement,
payableabroadfbr 2 yearsonly.
108r SSPTW:The 2003
Amer¡cas,
Guaranteed minimumpension:Age 65 with 1,250weeksof
contributionsandlhe pensionis lessthan the minimum
penslon.
Disab¡l¡typension:The insuredhas 150wceksof
contributionsand an assessed
degreeofdisability of75% or
nrore.
surv¡votpens¡on:The insu¡edwas receivinga disability
pensionor had 150weeksof contributionsat thc time of death.
The deathmust not be the ¡esultofan occupationalinjury.
Social¡nsurance
Old-agepension:Age ó5 rvith 500 weeksofcontributions.
Earlypension:Age 60 with 500 weeksofcontributions.
Retirementfrom coveredemploymentis required.
In the absenceof a reciprooalagreement,the pensionis
payableabroadfor 2 ycals only.
D¡sabilitypension:500¿reductionin normalearningcapacity
with I 50 weeksof contributions.The insurednay continueto
work in a differertjob.
SuNivorpens¡on:-fhe insuredwas a pensionerol had
150weeksofcont¡ibutiors at the time ofdeath.
Funeralgrant: Twclvc wccksofconhibutions in thc Iast
9 monthsor a pensionefat the time ofdeath.
OId-Age Benefits
Old"agepension
Púvate¡nsunnce: The benefitis basedon the valueof
accumulated capitalplus accruedint€rest.At retirement,the
insuredcaneitherpurchasean annuityor makeprogrammed
r,vithdrawals
basedo¡ life expectancy.
Guaranteed minimumpension:'Ihe gua¡anteed mininum
pensionis equalto the minimumsalaryin July 1997indexedto
prices.
Soc¡al¡nsurcnce:3570of average€amingsdudng the lasl
250 weeksof contributions,plus 1.257oofcarningsfor cvery
year ofcontributionsbeyond500lveeks. The pensionis
increasedby l5yo ifthe¡e arc no dependents.
Dependents' supplements:l5oá ofthe insured'spensionfor a
wife and l0% ofthc insurcd'spensionfor cachchild undcr
age l6 (age25 if a student,no lim it if disabled).In theabsence
of awife or children,10%for eachdependentparent.
Theminimun pensionis 100%ofthe minimümsalaryin Mexico
City (1.309.50NPin Janua¡y2003).
The maximumpensionis 100%of earningswith at least
2,000weeksof contributions.
Christmasbonus: One month'spension.
Ben€fi1adjustment:Pensionsare adjustedaccordingto
changesinthe minimumwage.
 Mexico

Permanent DisabiIity Benefits Theminimumpensionis equalto 100%oftheminimumsalary

in MexicoCity (1,309.50NP in lanuary2003).
Disab¡litypension
'fhe ma,rimumsurvivorpensionis 1007oofthe insured's
Private¡nsurance:357oofaverageearningsin the last p€nsion.
500 weeksofcont¡ibutions,plusfamily allowancesequalto
l5% ofthe pension. Funeralgrant: A lump sum equalto tlvo timcsthc monthly
salary.
Bcnefitadjustment:Pensionsare indexedto changesin thc
nationalconsum€rpriaeindex. Benefitadjustment:Pensionsare adjustedaccordingto
changesin lhe minimumwage.
Social¡nsurance:35yoofaverageeamingsduring the last
250 weeksofcontributions,plüs 1.25%ofeamingsfor every
yeff ofcontributionsbeyond500 rveeks.The pensionis A dmi n i slrative Org an iz ation
increasedby lsyo ifther€ are no dependents. Private insurance: SocialInsu¡ancclnstituteadministersthe
allowance:20oloof the insured'spension.
Constant-attendance prcgram.
Dependents' supplements:lsyo ofthe insured'spensionfbr a NationalCommissionfor the RetirementSavingsSystem
wife and 10%ofthe insured'spensionfor eachchild unde¡ (CONSAR)superv'isesthe pensionfund management
age 16(age25 ifa student,no limit ifdisabled). ln the absence companies(AFORES).
ofa wife or children,l0% lbr eachdependentparent. Social insurance: SocialInsüanceInstituteadministersthe
Theninimum pensionis 100%ofthe minimumsalaryin Mexico p¡ogramthroughregionalandlocal boardsin areasto which
City (1,309.50
NP in January2003). coverageis extended.
The maximumponsionis 100%ofeamingswith at least SociallnsuranceInstituteis man¿gedby ¿ generalassenbly,
2.000weeksof contributions. technicalcounoil,oversightcommission,anda director
general.
Christmasbonus: One month'spension.
Benefitadjustment:Pensionsare adjustedaccordingto
changesin the minimumwage. $ickness and Maternity
Regulatory Framework
Survivor Benefits
Firsttaw: 1943.
Sr¡rvivorpgnsion
Currentlaw: 1995,inplementedin 1997.
Pr¡vateinsurance:90% ofthe valueofthc privateinsurance
disabilitypension,The pensionis payableto a widow or a Type of pfogram: Socialinsurancesystem.Cashand$edical
dependent disabledwidorver. benelits.
a
Remaniagesettlement:Ifawidow remaries,shereceives
linal lump-sumpaymenlequalto 3 years'pension. Coverage
Orphan'spens¡on:20oloofthe insured'spensionfor each Employces;membersof produoers',agricultuml,andcredit
orphanunderage l6 (age25 ila studett,no limit ifdisabled); pensioners:
unioncooperatives: and dependents.
30% ifa full orphan.Orphansalsoreceivca final benefitequal
to 3 monthsofthe insured'spension.
Source af Funds
Other et¡g¡blesuN¡vorE(in the absence of the above): 20yo ot
the insured'spensionfor eacheligihlesurvivor' Insurgdperson

B€nefitadjustment;Pensionsare indexedto changesin the cash benef¡ts:0.25%ofthe bascsalary.

nationalconsumcrpriocindex.
Soc¡al¡nsurance:90% ofthc pcnsionpaid or acc¡uedto the
insured.The pensionis payableto a widow or a dependent
disabledwidower.
Remarriage seülement:Ifawidow rcmanies,shereceivesa
final lump-sumpaymcntequalto 3 years'pension.
Oryhan'spension:20olo ofthe insured'spensionlor each
orphanunderage l6 (age25 ifa student,no limit ifdisabled);
30% ifa full orphan.Orphansalsoreceivea final benefitequal
to 3 monthsofth€ insurcd'spension.
Other eligible survivots (¡n the absenceof the above): 20yoaf
theinsured's pensionfor eacheligiblesurvivor,
Christmasbonus: One month'spension.
Med¡catbenef¡ts:Nonc, excaptwhen earningsars grcaterthan
threetimestheminimumwageinMexico City.
Employer
cash benefits:0.7% ofthe basesalary.
Medícalbenef¡ts:Af'latraieof 17.15%oftheminimum wagein
Mexico Cjty per employee(plusan additionalamountfor each
cmployeeeamingmorethanthrectimestheminimumwagein
MexicoCify).
Government
cash benef¡ts:0.05%ofthe basesalaxy.
olthe minimumwagcin MexicoCity.
Medicalbenefits:13.9olo

2003. 109
SSPTW:TheAmer¡cas,
Mexico

The minimumeamingsfor contributionandbenefitpurposes Administñtive Org anization

are100%oftheminimumwagcin theregion.
SocialInsurancelnstituteadministersthe prog|amthrough
'Ihe maximumea¡ningsfor contdbutionandbenefitpurposes
regionaland localboa¡ds.
a¡c25 timestheminimumwageinMexico City.
SocialInsuranceInstituteoperatesits own hospitals,clinics,
pharmacies,andothermedicalfacilitiesandalsocontractsfor
Qualifying Conditions the useofsome facilities.
Cash s¡cknessbenef¡ts: FouI w€eksofcontributions
immedialelybeforethe onsetofillness; fo¡ casualworkers, Worklnjury
6 wseksofaontributionsdud¡g the last4 months.
Cash mater¡¡ty benef¡ts: Thirty lvceksofcontributiors Regulatory Framework
duringthe last l2 months. Fi rsl l aw :1943.
a pensioner.
Med¡calbenefits:Currentl5insured. or an Currentlaw: 1995,implcmentsdin 1997.
eligibledependent.
Type of progfam: Socialinsuranacsystcm.

Sicknessand Matern,ty Benefits

Coverage
Sickness benefit: 600¿of averageeamings,payableaftera 3-
daywaiting periodfor up to 52 lveeks;may be extendedin Insuredworkers.
somecasesto 78 weeks.
Theminimumbenefitis 600¿ofthe minimumsalary. Sourceof Funds
'I'hemaximunbenefitis 60%of eanings. Insuredperson;None.
Maternitybenefit: 10070ofaverageeamings,payablefor Employer: 'Ibtal cost; cont¡ibulionsvary accordingto the
42 daysbeforeand42 daysafterthe expecteddateof total salarybaseandthe assessed
degreeofrisk.
childbirth. (lfunable to work 42 daysalter childbirth,the Government: None.
rnotheris eligiblefor acashsicknessbenefil.)
Nursingallowance:Assistancein kind, payablefor up to Qualifying Conditions
6 monthsafter childbi¡th.
for the newborn)is
qualirying
Workinjurybenef¡ts;Thereisnominimum period.
A layette(clothingand othernecessities
also fumished.
Fu¡eral grant: 'Iwo mo¡ths'minimumwagein MexicoCity.
Temporary Disa bility Benefits
Temporarydisabilily beñefit: 100%ofaverageearningsis
Workers'MedicalBe nefits payablefrom the fiISt day ofdisability until the inswedis fully
recoveredo¡ declaredpermanentlydisabled.
Medicalservicesarenormallyp|ovideddirectlyto pationts
Themaximumbenefitis 25 timestheminimumwagein Mexico
th¡oughthe healtbf'acilitiesofthe SocialInsuranceInstitute.
Citv.
Benefitsincludegeneralandspecialistcare,surgery,matemity
o¡ carein a oonvalcscent
care,hospitalization home,medicines, ofaveragccarningsin
Occupationald¡seasebenefit: 100o/o
laboratoryservioes,dentalcare,and appliances.Benefitsafe the last52 weeks,
payablefor 52 weeks;may be extendedin somecases10
104weeks. Permanent D isability Benefits
permanentd¡sab¡l¡typens¡on; 7070of eamings,if assessed
Dependents'MedicaI Benefits as100%disabled.
Medicalserviccsa¡cnormallyprovideddirectlyto patients Partialdisability: A pensionin p¡oportionto the assessed
tbroughthe healthfacilitiesoflthe SocialInsuranceInstitute. degreeofdisability is paid when the assessed degreeof
Benefitsincludegeneralandspecialistcare,surgery,matemily disabilityis geater tha¡ 50%. Ifthe assessed degreeof
carc,hospitalizationo¡ ca¡ein aco¡valescenthome,mcdicines, disabilityis 25% of less,the pensionis paid asa lump sum
laboratoryservices,dentalcare,andappliances.Belr€fitsare equalto 5 years' pension.lfthe assessed degee ofdisability
payablefor 52 weeks;may b€ exte¡dedin somecasesto is between26% and 50%,the pensionis pajd asa peÍae¡tage
104weeks.Thc wife ofan insurcdmanalsorcceivespostnatal of the full pensionin p¡opofion to the assessed degreeof
benetitsin kind. Medicalservicesare providedlbr dependent disabilityor asa lump sum.
childrenup to age l6 (age25 if a student,no limit if disabled).
Christmasbonus: A supplementequalto l5 days'pensjonis
degreeofdisability is gr€aterthan5070.
paid ifthe assessed

1'10. SSPTW:The 2003

Americas,
 Mexico
Benefitadjustment:The pensionis adjustedat the sametime Coverage
as,andin the sane proporlionto, changesin the minimum
!vagc. Child carei Dependentchildrenofcoveredrvomen,widotvers,
or divo¡cedwo¡kingmen.
Social benefitsi Residents.
Workers' MedicaI Benefits
Family assiatance: Personsassessed
as needy.
Benefitsincludefull medical,surgical,andhospitalcare;
medicines;rehabilitation;andappliances.
Sourceof Funds
Survivar Benefits Insuredperson:None.

Survivorpensioni 40% ofthe insured'stofal disability Employer:l% of payroll.

pcnsionis payableto a widow or a dependentdisabled Governmenl:Nonc.
widowe¡,
Remaniagesettlement:Ifawidow remar¡ies,shereceivesa Qualifying Conditions
linal lump-sumsettlementequalto 3 yearc'pension.
Child ca.e: The parent;s in coveredemployment;may be
Orphan'spension: 20olooft}le insu¡ed'spensionfor cach extendedfor up to 4 weeksafterleavingemployment.'fhe
orphan(30%ifa full orphan)underage l6 (age25 ifa student, child must bc aged43 daysbut no olderthanage4.
no limit ifdisabled). Orphansreceivea final benefitequalto
Social benef¡tsi Resident.
3 moflthsofthe insurcd'spension.
(in théabsenceoflhe above):20% Fam¡lyassistánce: Assessedas needy.
Otherelig¡blesurvivo¡s
of the insured'spension,
Theminimumpensionis 100%oftheminimumrvagein Mexico Fam¡ly Al Iowance Beneffs
City. Ch¡ld care; The provisionofichild day caret'acilities.
'l'hemaximumpensionis l00o/oofthe irsu¡ed'slotal disability
Social benelits: Preventivebealthcare.
pension,
Fam¡ly assista¡ce: Means-testedcashbenefits.
Christmasbonus: A supplementequalto 15 days'pension.
Fun€¡algranl: Two months'minimumwagein MexicoCity. Adm i n istrative Organ ization
Benefitadjustment:Pensionsare adjustedaccordingto
SocialInsurancelnstituteadministersthe program.
changesin theminimum\,vage
in Mexico City.

Admini strative Organization

Sociallnsurancelnstitut€administersconl¡ibuxionsand
benefitsthroughregionaland local boa¡ds.

Unemployment
Regulatory Framework
Labor law requiresemploycrsto pay dismissedemployeesa
lump sumequalto 3 months'pay plus 20 days'pay for each
yearofservice,
Socialsecurilypaysan unemploymentbenefitofbetween75%
and 95% ofthe old-agepensionfor unemployedpersons
aged60 to 64 (thebenefitis paid underOldAge, Disability,and
Sun ivors).

Family Allowances

RegulatoryFramework
F ¡ r s llaw: 1973 .
Currentlaw: 1995,implemented
ir 1997.
Typ€ of programi Socialinsumncesystem.

2003. 111
SSPTW:TheAmericas,