Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
reinforced concrete in the year 1849. If not for this reinforced concrete
most of the modern buildings would not have been standing today.
The steel bars are reinforced into the concrete. The bars have a
characteristic of steel rebars and concrete shall match. The rebar shall
have cross sectional are equal to 1% for slabs and beams, this can be
alkaline nature, this forms a passivating film around the bars thereby
tensile strength. The over reinforced fails without giving prior warning
are used are steel, nylon, asbestos, glass, carbon, sisal, jute, coir,
polypropylene, kenaf.
back to the ancient times. When horse hair, straws were used to
strengthen the bricks. In 1911 Porter found that fiber could be used
in concrete. Early 1900 saw the use of asbestos fiber. In 1950 fiber
their classic paper on FRC. Since then there was no looking back,
explosions.
The main problem of low tensile strength and the requirements of high
blast furnace slag and metakaolin can be used for such purposes.
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Fibers contribute towards reducing the bleeding in fresh concrete and renders
given by the rebars. Most importantly fiber restricts the growth of crack
under load thereby arresting ultimate cracking. Non metallic fibers like
alkali resistant glass fiber and synthetic fibers provide resistance against chemicals.
fibers and aspect ratio. Aspect ratio is ratio of length of fiber to its
reinforcement.
electrical insulation for hot plate curing. More water is required when
asbestos fiber is mixed with cement due to high absorption. But later
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fibers. They exhibit high elasticity and give good tensile strength.
the air frame of commercial aeroplane, as they are very light weight
and high strength material. In these fibers, chain molecules are all
oriented along fiber axis, so high strength chemical bond results in its
combination of plastic and metal. They can be drawn from steel wool
too. The metallic fibers are carbon steel fiber or stainless steel fiber.
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the matrix can easily blend into this fibrils thus giving good impact
more energy. The low modulus of this fiber reduces the reinforcing
section are formed) and increases the crack resistance thereby saving
fiber mixed into cement or cement sand mortar. This glass reinforced
chopped glass fiber are deposited from a dual spray gun into, or onto
is fed to a chopper and feeder unit that is mounted on the same gun
The glass quarry products are melted in furnace, and then from the
process of bushing, the fiber filaments will be obtained. These are best
Natural fiber are wood fiber consisting of bamboo seed etc., fruit
fiber (coir), stem fiber i.e. jute, kenaf, san, flax etc., and leaf fiber like
water absorption, low alkali resistant, are prone to insect and fungal
attack and have low elastic modulus making it a deterrent for usage in
comprises of pectin, lignin and hemicellulose. They are strong but are
called kraft or sulphate is used to remove the lignin. The very low
environment.
cements and containing fine or fine and coarse aggregates along with
The steel fiber geometry, mixing technique, content, size and shape of
short, length is discrete and has an aspect ratio in the range 20-100
fibers are added to concrete mix they are uniformly distributed and
into becoming visible cracks, and also improves impact and abrasion
100 (5).
4. Precast panels.
construction material in the 1940’s. But since the glass has very low
(7, 62). These fibers reduce crack width and spacing between cracks.
They are very high temperature resistant as they absorb high energy
makes them very popular for concrete mix. They have found varied
use in industry today. They are used as sound reducers when used in
repair material for historical buildings and also for extension of old
The GRC is
1. Light weight
conductivity.
manufacture strands.
micron.
are purchased from Ecmas Resins Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad and designated
carbon fibers have better strength than GRC but cost factor makes
Steel and GRC but then GRC can be moulded in any shape which is
not the case with steel fiber. GRC are of three types, continuous
strands, mesh type and small cut strands type. Glass fiber types
GRC.
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. The fibers are chosen such that their
and strong we can choose the second fiber as flexible and ductile.
This Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete has achieved excellent results for
bridging the early micro cracks and macro cracks in the later stages
make low modulus fiber to increase the strength of the matrix. But
during production because fiber and particles will not achieve the
ingredient in the cement and if this becomes economical an extra ingredient is added
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to get the disused property for cement. Thus any material that is
or during mixing.
Egyptian times, where volcano ash was used to allow to set under
water, horse hair was used to reduce cracks during hardening process
The admixtures that could bring about air entrainment are gas
using surface tension reducers like vinsol, resin, animal and vegetable
fats. Air entrainment improves the workability and makes the mix
of cement. The other additives that could be used are Na2Co3, FeCl3,
tannic acid, gallic acid and sulphonic acid etc. Sometimes it may be
CaCl2. This reduces the setting time from 3 hr. to 1 hr. But if 3 % of
disturbing volume stability. The other additives for this purpose are
concrete when it has proper mix design and low water cement ratio.
earth (multani mitti) are some of the pore filling materials. The water
repellant materials are like soda, potash soaps, vegetable oils, waxes,
fats and coal tar residue. Another very important additive that has
react with lime in presence of water to form compound which have low
main attraction of this is it allows the cement to set under water and
silica fume, rice husk ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and
replacing the good old Portland cement binder. This is because of its
extreme finesse that can easily move into the particles of cement
thereby enhancing the packing of the mix. The micro silica consists of
pure quarts and coal are reacted in an electric arc furnace emitting
silicon oxide. This silicon oxide combines with oxygen present in the
into spherical form of pure silicon dioxide. The particle size is so small
that it does not exceed 0.5 microns which makes it so fine that it
could more than compete for the finest binding material available. The
specific gravity of this micro silica is 2.20. When the micro silica is
permeability.
forms calcium silica hydrate (CSH) which enhances the strength and
durability of concrete. The large surface area of micro silica along with
chloride ions. This makes silica fume or micro silica an Ideal mineral
admixture which can be used along with cement in concrete mix to build
environment like sea water and also ground water thereby protecting
very suitable in environs of high wear and tear like highway toll
booths where braking zones and accelerating zones are present and
India Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai. The typical bulk density is ranged between
the like charges will repel, the concrete shows good workability with
WORK
balling effect particularly when the fiber percentage is more than 1.0
with aspect ratios of more than 40 that were observed in the literature
1.7 METHODOLOGY
The present thesis work aims to make use of mixed fiber concept
(MFRC)
(MFRC)
concrete (MFRC).