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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
Lab no:.....
Sinusoidal Oscillators
Theory:
1.Feedback oscillator
When the output signal is injected from output to input terminal in phase with the input
signal,it is called as positive feedback.Positive feedback is basis for the design of oscillator
circuits.For other purpose it is seldom used.This is because the gain of the ampliflier is
already so high that positive feedback leads to further increase in the noise level and
ultimately cause distortion of signal.
2.Sinosoidal oscillators
This equation indicates that if ‘Aβ’ is equal to 1 only then overall gain becomes infinity. This
means, there is output without any external input. In reality, to get sustained oscillations, at
the first time when the circuit is turned on, the loop gain must be slightly greater than one.
This will ensure that oscillations build up in the circuit. However, once a suitable level of
output voltage is reached, the loop gain must decrease automatically to unity. Only then the
circuit maintains the sustained oscillation. Otherwise, the circuit operates as over damped.
This can be achieved in the circuit either by decreasing amplifier gain A or decreasing the
feedback gain β.
3.Barkhausen Criteria
The ampliflier gain with feedback for the ampliflier with positive feedback is given by:
Af=A/(1-Aβ)
If Aβ=1 in the above expression then Af=∞
i.e. the gain of the ampliflier with feedback becomes infinite.This means there is output
without any input signal applied.This criterion (Aβ=1) for the ampliflier with positive
feedback is known as Barkhausen criteria.It is a basis for the design of oscillators and
function generators.
The Wien Bridge Oscillator is so called because the circuit is based on a frequency-selective
form of the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The Wien Bridge oscillator is a two-stage RC coupled
amplifier circuit that has good stability at its resonant frequency, low distortion and is very
easy to tune making it a popular circuit as an audio frequency oscillator but the phase shift of
the output signal is considerably different from the previous phase shift RC Oscillator.
The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit
connected with a parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay or phase
advance circuit depending upon the frequency. At the resonant frequency ƒr the phase shift is
0o.
Where:
ƒr is the Resonant Frequency in Hertz
R is the Resistance in Ohms
C is the Capacitance in Farads
Secondly the passive components are chosen such that magnitude of the loop gain of the circuit is
greater or equal to unity.
Observation:
1. Wein bridge oscillator
Fig: Proteus simulation for wein bridge oscillator
R1 R2 C1 C2 Fcalc(1/2πRC) Fcal