WiMAX Simulation PDF

WiMAX Simulation
Date Author Remarks

WiMAX P&O
2008.5 Chines Version
Team
WiMAX P&O
2009.8 English Version
Team
i
Contents
Section1 Network Simulation Introduction.................................................................................................5
1.1 Overview of network simulation..........................................................................................................5
1.2 Network Simulation basics...................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Digital Map ................................................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ......................................................................................7
1.3 Wireless Propagation Scenarios Definition ..........................................................................................8
1.4 Model Selection .................................................................................................................................12
Section2 Propagation Model Tuning ..........................................................................................................14

2.1 Data Collection...................................................................................................................................14
2.2 Data Processing ..................................................................................................................................16
2.3 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................................17
2.4 Assessment Precision .........................................................................................................................19
Section3 Simulation Flow............................................................................................................................20

3.1 Data Preparation.................................................................................................................................21
3.2 Path Loss Prediction...........................................................................................................................22
3.3 Traffic Distribution Creation ..............................................................................................................23
3.4 Wireless Network Simulation Analysis ..............................................................................................23
3.5 Outputting Network Simulation Design Report .................................................................................26
Section4 Quality Assessment on Wireless Network Simulation Design ..................................................27

4.1 Acquiring Network Performance Data ...............................................................................................29
4.2 Comparison Analysis..........................................................................................................................30
4.3 Deduction on Network Simulation Quality........................................................................................31
Section5 Simulation in Network Planning and Optimization..................................................................34

5.1 Network Topology Design .................................................................................................................34
5.2 Network KPI Prediction .....................................................................................................................36
5.3 Capacity Expansion and Coverage Issue............................................................................................38
Section6 Static Simulation Algorithm ........................................................................................................40

6.1 Effective Site Antenna Height Calculation Methods..........................................................................40
ii
6.2 Diffraction Loss Calculation (Knife Edge) Techniques..................................................................... 44
6.3 Giovaneli Diffraction Loss Technique............................................................................................... 47
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Section1 Network Simulation
Introduction
 Knowledge point
 General process of network planning and the main tasks in each phase-----level 12
1.1 Overview of network simulation

Wireless simulation includes 2 types: network simulation (system simulation)
and link simulation. And the network simulators should be seriously considered
investigating all though the processes of the RF planning and RF optimization.
Network simulations are mainly concerned about the wireless parameters,

including propagation model, traffic, system parameters and so on. Network
simulators attempt to model real world networks. The idea being that if a system can
be modeled, then features of the model can be changed and the results analyzed. As
the process of model modification is relatively cheap then a wide variety of
scenarios can be analyzed at low cost (relative to making changes to a real network).
However, network simulators are not perfect. They will NOT perfectly model
the network. They will, however, be close enough so as to give you a meaningful
insight into how your network is working, and how changes will effect its operation.
1.2 Network Simulation basics
1.2.1 Digital Map
Simulator uses well-defined and easily obtainable map data formats that can be
ordered from all major digital mapping data suppliers. Conceptually, a pixel
represents the average value over the complete pixel. Each pixel is referred to using
the lower left co-ordinate. Slashes in index file paths can be either / or \ to allow
easy sharing of data with PC and UNIX based file servers. Although sub-folders are
supported with the paths, the up-one-directory symbol is not, for example,”010\..\”.
Typical, digital map includes: (Figure 1-1)

本文中的所有信息均为中兴通讯股份有限公司秘密信息，不得向外传播
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Figure 1-1 Height Data, Clutter Data, Vector Data, Building Raster
Height Data（DEM data）
Height data is used to form the height information of the clutter, which is
formatted in grid database.
The height data - digital terrain model (DTM) is stored in a binary format
where each element of the data represents the height above sea level in meters for a
square area of, for example, 50m x 50m..
Clutter Data（DOM data）
Clutter data is used to differ with the characteristics of the location, which is
formatted in grid database.
The clutter data is stored in a binary format with each element of the data
containing a code corresponding to a category of land usage for a square area of, for
example, 50m x 50m.
Vector Data（LDM data）
Line/Vector data contains features such as roads, railways, coastlines, and so on.
Separate mapping features must be in separate data files, however there can be more
than one file for a specific vector. Building vector data is a specialised version of
normal vector data, which contains a particular attribute called 'building' and
describes the shapes and heights of buildings in more detail, which is formatted in
vector data base.
All vector data now uses a MapInfo *.tab file format.
Building Raster Data（BDM Data）
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WiMAX Network Planning
The DEM format is exactly the same as the DTM except that the height values
stored represent building height above ground level, that is, flat earth. Typically the
pixel sizes would be in the range of 1m to 10m, which is formatted in vector data
base and in grid database.
1.2.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

The UTM (Figure 1-2) digital map is used for WiMAX RF planning generally.
The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system was developed by the United
States Army Corps of Engineers in the 1940s. The system was based on an
ellipsoidal model of the Earth. For areas within the conterminous United States, the
Clarke 1866 ellipsoid was used. For the remaining areas of the Earth, including
Hawaii, the International Ellipsoid was used. Currently, the WGS84 ellipsoid is used
as the underlying model of the Earth in the UTM coordinate system.
Figure 1-2 UTM Schema
The UTM system divides the surface of the Earth between 80° S latitude and
84° N latitude into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width and centered over a
meridian of longitude. Zones are numbered from 1 to 60. Zone 1 is bounded by
longitude 180° to 174° W and is centered on the 177th West meridian. Zone
numbering increases in an easterly direction.
Each of the 60 longitude zones (Figure 1-3) in the UTM system is based on a
transverse Mercator projection, which is capable of mapping a region of large
north-south extent with a low amount of distortion. By using narrow zones of 6° (up
to 800 km) in width, and reducing the scale factor along the central meridian by
only 0.0004 (to 0.9996, a reduction of 1:2500) the amount of distortion is held
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below 1 part in 1,000 inside each zone. Distortion of scale increases to 1.0010 at the
outer zone boundaries along the equator.
In each zone, the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the
transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two standard lines, or lines
of true scale, located approximately 180 km on either side of, and approximately
parallel to, the central meridian (ArcCos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale
factor is less than 1 inside these lines and greater than 1 outside of these lines, but
the overall distortion of scale inside the entire zone is minimized.
Figure 1-3 Simplified View of UTM Zones
1.3 Wireless Propagation Scenarios Definition

In the wireless network simulation, in order to obtain accurate prediction results,
it needs to make classification on various radio propagation environments. During
the classification, two factors are mainly considered, land use and land clutter.
Among the terrain characteristics, the main factors affecting the radio signal
propagation are the terrain contour and terrain roughness. The degree of terrain
variation can be measured by the "terrain irregularity parameter" h , also called the
interdecile range. The interdecile range indicates the difference between 10% and
90% of the peak height in the vertical contour of the terrain (Figure 1-4).
Figure 1-1 Interdecile Range
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From the prospect of radio wave propagation, various terrains can be classified
into the following main types based on the value of h , as listed in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 Interdecile Range h and Terrain Classification
Interdecile Terrain
Range (m) Classification
Water surfaces
0-5 or very smooth
surfaces
Smooth
5-20
surfaces
Slightly rolling
20-40
surfaces
Rolling
40-80
surfaces
80-150 Hills
150-300 Mountain areas
Rugged
300-700
mountain areas
Extremely
Greater
rugged mountain
than 700
areas
In the areas with densely distributed buildings, the radio wave propagation is
greatly affected by the clutter, especially by the sizes and distribution density of
buildings. In general, rural, suburban and urban areas are used to describe the
environmental features qualitatively. The rural areas refer to the open areas with few
buildings, and the forests and farmlands. The suburban areas refer to the areas with
sparse residential communities, parking lots, parks, and so on. The urban areas refer
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to the areas with high-rise buildings, dense office buildings and commercial districts.
However, such qualitative descriptions are not very accurate and different people
may have different definitions on them. For example, an area can be described as
urban area if it is in a small city, while in a large city it may be described as the
suburban area. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the clutter features
quantitatively.
In practice, the environment can be considered to be formed by various

independent scatters, and the clutter can be regarded as the aggregate of various
disorderly objects. For example, a town can be considered as a random set of
buildings, and each building can be looked as a scatter. Similarly, a forest is a
random set of trees. If the statistical features and the number of members of each
scatter set are known, the quantitative description about the environment can be
derived with statistical methods.
Considering the impact exerted by the environment on the radio propagation;

the following factors can be used when classifying the land use types:
 Building density (percentage of the area covered by buildings)
 Building size (the area covered by a building)
 Building height
 Building location
 Vegetation density
In 1977, Kozono and Watanabe tried to quantitatively describe the Tokyo urban
environment to research the influence of buildings on the mean received signal
strength. They proposed four parameters:
 Building-occupying area factor 
 Building-occupying extended area factor  
 Building volume  in the sampled area
 Building volume   in the extended area
The sampled area was a circle with the radius of 250 meters based on the Japan
public map. And the extended area indicated that along the line connecting the BTS
and the sampled area extending the sampled area towards the BTS into a 500 m x
500 m area. About the influence of buildings on the mean received signal strength,
they obtained such conclusion: although the correlation between  and the mean
received signal was better,  was more convenient to use and easier to be extracted
from the map.
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At present, from the digital maps, the following land use information can be
obtained:
 Locations of buildings
 Sizes or base areas of buildings
 Total area occupied by buildings
 Number of buildings in concerned areas
 Parking lots or parks with trees and vegetation
After getting such information, the following parameters can be further acquired:
 Building Size Distribution (BSD): It is the probability density function defined by

the mean and standard deviation. The standard deviation is an indicator on
evenness. For example, a small standard deviation implies that the buildings in
this area are even in size; while a large standard deviation means that the building
sizes vary in a big range.
 Building Area Index (BAI): It is similar to the parameter  mentioned above.
 Building Height Distribution (BHD): It is the function about probability density
distribution of the height of all buildings in the concerned area.
 Vegetation Index (VI): It is the coverage percentage of the areas covered by
something like trees.
In the following, three environment types are introduced. Each type further
includes multiple cases:
Type 1: Rural areas
Type 2: Suburban areas

A. Residential areas with open space
B. Residential areas with few or no open space
C. Residential areas with high-rise buildings
Type 3: Urban areas or dense urban areas

A. Shopping areas
B. Commercial areas
C. Industrial areas
Table below lists a group of recommended values for the parameters in type 2 and
type 3 environments.
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BSD BHD
Category BAI (%) Standard Standard VI (%)
Mean Mean
Deviation Deviation
2A 12~20 95~115 22~70 2 1 ≥2.5
2B 20~30 100~120 70~90 2~3 1 >5
2C ≥12 ≥500 >90 ≥4 1 ≤2
3A ≥45 200~250 ≥180 ≥4 1 0
3B 30~40 150~200 ≥160 3 1 0
3C 35~45 ≥250 ≥200 2~3
1.4 Model Selection
The selection of the propagation model is very important for network

simulation, and the model precision determines the precision of the simulation result
and the quality of network planning. In order to improve the precision of network
planning and simulation, it needs to choose some representative sites in the planned
area for field strength testing and then use the test data to calibrate the propagation
model. The calibrated propagation models suitable for various environments are
collected and grouped according to certain classification criteria. They form the
radio propagation model database. When performing network simulation for one
service area, select in the database a proper model whose environment
characteristics are similar to those of this service area. If an appropriate model in the
database can be directly applied in the area being simulated, the field strength test
on the scene can be omitted, which can save great personnel and equipment
resources and improve the efficiency.
The criteria for propagation model classification are in accordance with those
for classifying geographic areas. In addition, the model classification should also
take the frequency band into account. For example, under the same frequency band,
if the environmental characteristics of the current network are similar to the
conditions (such as the terrain contour, terrain roughness, building density and
average building height) under which the test data for propagation model calibration
are obtained, the current network can directly utilize this propagation model
1. Traffic Distribution
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The CDMA system is a self-interference system, and the traffic volume has a
direct impact on forward and reverse coverage radiuses. Therefore, when
performing network simulation the traffic allocation must accord with the actual
situation. The traffic can be allocated to the BTSs in the form of either subscriber
number or Erlang. Normally, the traffic is allocated to each BTS based on its Erlang
in busy hour.
For the same clutters, they have similar subscriber distribution and traffic
model features. In order to simplify calculation, similar clutters are assigned the
same traffic weight, while different clutters have distinguishing traffic. In digital
maps, this is reflected that different clutters are assigned different traffic weight.
During network simulation, it needs to allocate each clutter a traffic weight. The
traffic weight is just a relative value, and it needs to estimate the detailed number of
subscribers in each clutter based on the real environment features and the number of
potential subscribers.
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Section2 Propagation Model
Tuning
 Knowledge point
 Model Tuning-------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 1 2
From above discussion, it can be known that the macro and micro cells
generally adopt empirical or semi-empirical propagation models. In the Section 1.4,
we introduced some typical propagation models that are universally applicable. But
in some special propagation environments the prediction with these models may be
not accurate enough, and this will lead to unsatisfying network design. Therefore, it
needs to modify the parameters in those classical models to enable them to reflect
the real environment more accurately.
The propagation model calibration generally consists of the following four

stages:
Data collection
Data processing
Data analysis
Precision assessing
In the following section, we will describe these four stages in more detail.
2.1 Data Collection

In this stage, the vehicular test is conducted to collect the actual received signal
strength data in the area where the model is to be calibrated. The collected data can
come from either the CW (Continuous Wave) test or the test on the running network.
The CW test is a classic test method used for propagation model calibration. It
adopts the CW transmitter as the signal source and transmits signals through the
omni antenna. Its receiver measures received signal strength on the roads in various
directions and at different distance and gets the signal strength values. The CW test
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is applicable for almost all kinds of environments. Since the test routes have great
effect on the test result, it needs to make a careful design on the test routes. The
general principles for test route design include: testing on the roads along all
directions and at all distances; testing on the roads inside all kinds of clutters;
focusing on the common roads especially the byways (including the byways inside
clutters); and avoiding repeated tests on the same route.
In addition to the CW test, testing the received signal strength in the current
network can also provide test data for propagation model prediction. The advantage
of this method is that there is no need for erecting transmitter or antenna and only
the receiver is required during the test. Hence such method is personnel and
equipment effective, particularly, the measured signal strength can reflect more real
propagation features of the network and the calibrated model can provide the
prediction that is closer to the actual network.
Either for the CW test or the test on the signal strength in the current network,
the test data collection speed should follow the Lee's theorem, which states:
In the mobile communications environment, the actual level of the received

signal is formed by the superposition of the small-scale fading signal on the
large-scale fading signal. For the sake of simplicity, the function of the received
signal level can be expressed as:
r ( x)  m( x)  r0 ( x) (7.1)
Where, x indicates distance; m(x) indicates the mean received signal strength, which is
the combination of the large-scale fading (slow fading) and the space loss; r0(x) indicates
small-scale fading (fast fading); r(x) indicates the received signal. If there is no fast fading,
m(x) will be the only factor that needs to be considered. However in practice, the fast fading
exists indeed. So when testing the large-scale fading, the influence of the fast fading must be
avoided. Generally speaking, the terrain and clutter in one service area will remain
unchanged for a period of time, so for a given base station or a given location, the mean
received signal strength m(x) is almost unchanging during this period. The field strength test
is just to obtain the mean received signal strength at each test point in the test area, that is,
the fast fading influence is to be filtered from the received signal r(x). Normally, m(x) can be
expressed as:
1 x L
m( x ) 
2L 
x L
r ( y )dy (7.2)
Where, 2L is the mean sampling interval length.
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When averaging a group of measured signal strength r(x), if 2L is too short, the
influence of the fast fading still exists; contrariwise, the slow fading will be ignored.
William C. Y. Lee believes that if 2L is within a 40-wavelength interval, collecting 36 or up
to 50 sampling points can efficiently remove the fast fading influence.
40-wavelength is a reasonable value as a segment of length. If the length is shorter
than 40-wavelength, the weak Rayleigh fading still remains in the final mean value;
if it is longer than 40-wavelength, the local mean received signal strength will be
ignored. The coherent coefficient of two sampling points is less than 0.2 and their
interval should be equal to or larger than 0.8-wavelength, so there should be 50
sampling points within the length of 40-wavelength. With this test method, the
deviation between the test data and the actual mean received signal strength will be
less than 1 dB.
Based on the Lee's theorem, during the data collection for model calibration, it
needs to ensure that within a 40-wavelength interval 36 or up to 50 data points are
sampled, thus the proper vehicle speed can be calculated as follows:
Assume that the vehicle speed is v, n points are sampled per second by the test
equipment and the wavelength is , then:
36≤(40 /v)·n≤50 (7.3)
For example, when the transmit frequency is 800 MHz,  = 0.375 m, 30 points
are sampled per second, the required vehicle speed is in the range of 32.4 ~ 45
km/h.
2.2 Data Processing

Before being used for propagation model calibration, the collected test data
should be handled properly. And the data processing includes the following
contents:
Excluding the Test Data with Anomalous Signal Strength
Due to some reasons such as equipment failures, there maybe exists some
anomalous test data. For example, because of the receiver disconnection, some
measured data shows abrupt variation in the strength. Such anomalous data should
be excluded.
Excluding the Test Data in the Near-field

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During the CW test, in the areas near the transmitter, the received signal
strength is greatly influenced by the building shape and street orientation. Therefore,
the test data collected in these areas should be excluded.
Correcting GPS Error
The propagation model calibration requires the environment information

provided by the digital maps. Therefore, prior to analyzing test data, it needs to
check whether there exist errors between the GPS system of digital maps and the
test equipment being used. If there are errors between them, it needs to take some
proper measures to eliminate or reduce these errors. Multiple methods can be
utilized for minimizing the GPS errors, for example, modifying the GPS
information in the test data directly, or using the wireless network simulation
software tool to correct. Further descriptions about these methods are omitted here.
2.3 Data Analysis

For the test data collected with various methods, they have different data
analyzing methods.
In the CW test, the data collected is the received signal strength at the
transmitted frequency. It needs to first calculate the difference between the strength
of the transmitted and received signals to obtain the path loss at different distances,
and then through curve fitting acquire the median curve of the path loss, thus
achieving the radio propagation model for the tested area.
The calculation formula for the path loss can be expressed as:
L = Pt+Gt+Gr—Lc—Pr (7.4)
Where,
L indicates the path loss in units of dB.
Pt and Pr indicate the transmit power and receive power in units of dBm.
Gt and Gr indicate the transmit antenna gain and receive antenna gain in units of dBi.
Lc indicates the total loss of the antenna and feeder system in units of dB.
After calculating the path loss at each test point, it can be obtained the
parameters in the propagation model through curve fitting. For various propagation
models, they have different parameters to be corrected and these parameters can be
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selected according to the actual conditions. At present in the telecommunications
industry, many wireless network simulation software tools can support the functions
of automatically processing the CW test data and calibrating propagation models,
which greatly improves the efficiency of test data analysis.
For a running network, the collected data is the co-operating result of all the
cells in the network, as shown in Figure 2-1.
As seen from above discussion, the CW test method calibrates the propagation
model through curve fitting on the basis of the corresponding relationship between
the distance d and the received signal power Pr. If other parameters such as antenna
height are considered, the model calibration through CW testing can be taken as a
multiple linear fitting course. However, with respect to the model calibration
method by testing the current network, the model parameters are determined by the
corresponding relationship between a group of di and Pr; meanwhile during the data
analysis the power is in units of watt and the propagation model is a non-linear
formula. Therefore, the model calibration through testing the current network is far
more complex than that through CW testing. At present, the method of model
calibration through testing on the current network commonly adopts the multiple
non-linear regression method. And the most two important methods solving the
multiple non-linear regression are the Gauss-Newton algorithm and
Newton-Raphson algorithm, both of which adopt the iterative method to calculate
the parameters.
Once the data analysis is completed, the calibrated parameters including all
correction factors in the model and the clutter correction factor are generated. Take
the ZXPOS CNS1 software as an example, the model that it attends to calibrate is as
follows:
L = K1 + K2·lgd+ K3·Hms + K4·lgHms+ K5·lgHeff + K6·lgHeff·lgd+ K7Ld + Kclutter
(7.5)
Where,
d indicates the distance away from the transmitter in units of km.
Heff and Hms indicate the effective antenna height of the BTS and of the mobile station.
Ld indicates the diffraction loss.
K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6 and K7 indicate the model parameters to be calibrated.
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Kclutter indicates the correction factor of clutter loss, which includes the loss in local
clutter and other clutters on the propagation path.
Figure 2-1 Testing the Current Network for Propagation Model Calibration
2.4 Assessment Precision

To check whether the calibrated model parameters can represent the actual radio
propagation characteristics of the tested area, it needs to access their precision after
calibration. And here is the common assessing method: first, in the test environment,
use the calibrated model parameters to predict the signal strength in the test area; then
compare the actual tested data with these predicted values; at last, analyze the
comparison result, calculate the mean and the standard deviation, and judge according
to these two indexes the precision of the model calibration.
For each test point, it has two values of received signal strength: one is the
predicted value obtained by using the calibrated model and the other is the data
measured in practical test. Compare these two values. Assume that their difference is C,
and then the formulas for calculating the mean and the standard deviation of C can be
expressed respectively as follows:
n
C i
E (C )  i 1 (7.6)
n
1/ 2
1 n  (7.7)
 (C )   
 i 1
n
(Ci  E (C )) 2 

Where,
n indicates the number of test points.
Ci indicates the difference between the predicted value and the measured value of the
received signal strength at the ith test point.
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Section3 Simulation Flow
 Knowledge point
 Simulation Flow-------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 1 2
The wireless network simulation flow is shown in Figure 3-1.
In the data preparation stage, it needs to collect the information including the
requirement analysis, digital maps, traffic parameters, network parameters, etc. The
stage of propagation model calibration is not certainly necessary. When the area being
simulated can select a proper propagation model from the model database, the model
calibration stage can be ignored. But if there is no suitable model in the model database
for the simulated area, the model calibration is needed. For more details about model
calibration, please refer to the Section 7.3. Other stages in the network simulation flow
also include the path loss prediction, traffic distribution creation and wireless network
simulation analysis. Finally, output the wireless network simulation report.
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Figure 3-1 Wireless Network Simulation Flow
3.1 Data Preparation

The data needed by the network simulation mainly include the following types:
Requirement Analysis
First, consult the operator for the network design objectives and simulation
requirements, including the system frequency band, coverage range, coverage rate, etc.
Digital Maps
The higher resolution the digital maps have, the closer the simulation result is to
the actual situation. On the other hand, the higher resolution the digital maps have, the
more expensive they cost and the longer the simulation process takes. Therefore, it
needs to select the digital maps with proper resolution comprehensively considering the
demands on simulation precision and the simulation running time to optimize the
performance-to-price ratio. For example, for dense urban areas, the digital maps with
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higher resolution should be adopted. Particularly for the simulation in micro cells, the
digital maps containing building information should be used. While for the wide areas
in suburban or rural areas, the resolution of the digital maps can be relatively lower.
Network Parameters
(1) BTS parameters
BTS parameters include the BTS RF parameters such as the accurate latitude and
longitude of BTS location, antenna height relative to the ground, antenna type, azimuth,
downtilt and pattern files of each sector. They also include BTS equipment parameters
such as forward/reverse radio configuration, receive/transmit link loss, numbers of
various channels and their transmit power, handoff threshold, power control parameters,
carrier, and BTS noise figure, etc.
(2) MS Parameters
MS parameters include the maximum transmit power, body loss, radio

configuration, carrier, and MS noise figure, etc.
(3) Protocol Parameters
Protocol parameters include the forward/reverse data rate supported by the system,
corresponding relationship between demodulation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
threshold and frame error rate (FER), coding mode, etc.
(4) Traffic Parameters
Traffic parameters indicate the traffic type, traffic model and traffic volume
proposed by the network design.
3.2 Path Loss Prediction

The path loss prediction is the process to calculate the path loss of all grids within
a range a certain distance away from the transmitter with the propagation model of the
current cell. Note that the grid size should be consistent with the resolution of the
digital maps being used. In the network simulation, such grid is also called "bin".
The time that the path loss prediction takes is related to some factors including the
computer hardware configuration, the range set to be predicted, algorithms contained in
the propagation model such as the algorithms respectively for effective BTS antenna
height, for diffraction loss, for clutter height, etc. Generally speaking, the larger the
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predicted range is and the more complex the related algorithms are, the longer time the
path loss prediction will take.
3.3 Traffic Distribution Creation

The CDMA system is a self-interference system, and the subscriber quantity and
their distribution have a significant influence on the network performance. Therefore,
creating the traffic distribution is an important step in the CDMA wireless network
simulation.
The first step is to determine the traffic types, traffic models and traffic volume in
the network. The traffic types include the voice service, data service, and so on. The
traffic models are used for simulating the features of each traffic type with statistical
methods and thus achieving data processing in the computer. The traffic volume refers
to the traffic amount of each traffic type.
Secondly, it also needs to take the subscriber distribution characteristics into

account. For various clutters and roads, the subscriber presence probabilities on them
are different, so various clutters and roads can be set with different traffic weights.
Finally, create the traffic distribution file. The wireless network simulation can
simulate the actual network performance under a certain status on the computer
platform. However, in practical networks, the distribution of various types of
subscribers is random and not predictable. To simulate such feature of randomness, the
simulation takes the subscriber presence probability in each bin as a traffic distribution
file, that is, a random distribution about subscriber presence probability is generated
and this distribution is related to the traffic weight assigned to the type of the clutter
that the bin belongs to. During the simulation analysis, a subscriber may appear in any
bin of the network at random, however, his presence probability obeys the traffic
distribution file.
3.4 Wireless Network Simulation Analysis

The wireless network simulation analysis is divided into static analysis and
dynamic analysis. The static analysis refers to sampling the network status for multiple
times. Each sampling is called a snapshot which captures an instantaneous state of the
network. By making statistics and analyzing these multiple sampling results, the
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network simulation result can be obtained. The dynamic analysis refers to sampling the
network statuses continuously and simulating the continuous variation on processes
such as subscriber movement, resource arrangement, power control, and so on, thus
getting the simulation result on the network. Although the dynamic analysis can
simulate the network operation more comprehensively with higher precision, it is
seldom applied in the practical network planning and optimization due to its complex
implementation, a lot of calculation and huge time consumption. In terms of the static
analysis, despite the fact that the snapshots used by the analysis are separate
discontinuously, it can still reflect the real network performance relatively accurately as
long as the count of samplings is large enough. Therefore, in the current wireless
communications industry, the static analysis is the more widely used simulation
method.
The Monte Carlo method is a common analysis method used in static analysis.
The fundamental idea of this method is to transfer the issue being calculated into a
probability model and enable the model’s numerical characteristics (e.g. mean value) to
be the calculation result required, and then calculate the estimated values of these
numerical characteristics through sampling test and statistical methods. The statistical
experiment is such a method that generates a large number of required sampling values
of the random variables (i.e. random number) via the computer, and then performs the
calculation and obtains the evaluated values of the numerical characteristics.
In brief, the Monte Carlo method is to obtain the required approximate solution by
simulating the function composed of random variables x1, x2, ···, xp:
 =  (x1, x2, … , xp) (7.8)
and then getting the sampling values 1, 2, ···and at last getting the probability
distribution of  and statistical estimate of each matrix through statistical processing.
As we can see from above description, the Monte Carlo method is a unique method in
wireless network analysis.
Adopting the Monte Carlo method, the static analysis generates a large number of
instantaneous network snapshots in the computer and analyzes to acquire the network
performance results represented by all of these snapshots, and then, through statistical
assessment on these snapshot results gets the estimated network performance. The
static simulation analysis flow is shown in Figure 3-2.
-24-
Set relevant parameters needed

by network simulation
Determine mobile location layout
Initialize mobile and system
One snapshot
Forward and reverse link iteration
Record result when iteration

converges
Yes
Continue snapshot?
No
Processing all snapshot results
Output network analysis result
Figure 3-2 Flow of Static Simulation Analysis
Although snapshots are discrete in time, the analysis process on each snapshot is
the same. It normally includes the following steps:
Set the simulation parameters including BTS parameters, mobile terminal

parameters, network system parameters, etc.
-25-
According to the traffic distribution file, determine the location of terminals. The
terminal location in one snapshot differs from those in other snapshots. However, in
one snapshot, once the location of terminals has been determined, it will not change
any longer. The number of terminals in each snapshot follows the Poisson distribution
that takes the input terminal number as the mean value.
Initialize the system and terminal parameters such as channel usage, power usage,
terminal transmit power, etc.
Iterate the forward and reverse links until the iteration convergence condition is
satisfied. The iteration convergence condition can be either the iteration times or the
change rate of the two adjacent iterations.
Record all network performance indexes after iteration and determine whether the
next snapshot is necessary.
Make statistics of all snapshot results and output the final network performance
index.
3.5 Outputting Network Simulation Design Report

Analyze the simulation result. If the network performance does not reach the
design targets, make adjustment on relevant parameters and re-perform the simulation
until the design objectives are satisfied.
Through network simulation, multiple network performance predictions can be

provided for the CDMA wireless network design, including the coverage performance
prediction as well as the network system performance prediction.
The prediction on network coverage mainly includes the following two cases:
 Statistics of various coverage percentage, such as the coverage percentage of

forward total received power, coverage percentage of forward Ec/Io, etc.
 Simulation plots of various coverage, such as plot of forward link total
received power (Mean Received Power), plot of forward link Ec/Io (Pilot
Ec/Io), plot of reverse link terminal transmit power Tx (UL Required Tx
Power), etc.
And the commonly predicted performance indexes include: system soft handoff
percentage, system call drop rate, etc.
-26-
Section4 Quality Assessment on

Wireless Network Simulation
Design
 Knowledge point
 Quality Assessment--------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 3 4
From above discussion, it can be seen that the wireless network simulation design
is related to multiple factors, such as propagation model, traffic distribution, system
parameters, and so on. The simulation design quality is the cooperating effect of these
factors. A good network simulation design is able to truly reflect various performance
indexes of the network, guide the network planning and optimization and improve their
efficiency, and is cost-effective. Contrarily, a poor network simulation design will fail
to achieve these functions. Here we will introduce a method on accessing the quality of
network simulation design. The main steps of this method are: First, driving test on the
current network to measure its performance data; then comparing the test data with the
data designed in network simulation process; finally, according to the comparison
result assessing the network simulation design quality. The flow of this method is
shown in Figure 4-1.
-27-
Network simulation Test data on current
design result network
Comparing
Comparison result
Quality assessment on
comparison result
Deducing
Quality of entire network

simulation design
Figure 4-1 Assessing Flow on Wireless Network Simulation Quality
The basic idea of this method is to deduce the design quality in the entire network
through assessing the design quality on the tested roads. It can be considered as a
means of deducing population quality through assessing sample quality. This method
involves issues such as sampling, inferential methods, and so on, which will be
introduced in detail in the following section.
-28-
Figure 4-2 Deduction on Simulation Quality in Entire Network (from Sample to Population)
4.1 Acquiring Network Performance Data

The network performance data which is acquired through testing and is to be taken
as the samples of the entire network data should obey the principle of sampling which
states each individual is chosen entirely by chance. In practice, this principle means
that the test routes should be selected according to the following requirements:
 The test routes should cover the areas with both good and poor coverage in the
network.
 The test routes should cover the areas of all types of clutters as fully as possible.
Meanwhile, in order to remove the influence of fast fading, the data collection
should also meet the Lee's theorem. About details of Lee's theorem, please refer to the
Section 7.3.1.
The quantity of test data is an important factor affecting the deduction accuracy,
the more the test data is, the higher the confidence of the deduction result, but
-29-
meanwhile the more the test workload. Therefore, it needs to make a tradeoff between
test result confidence and test workload and try to minimize the workload under that
the confidence can be guaranteed.
4.2 Comparison Analysis

To compare the test data and simulation design result on the network, it needs to
map them to the same system simultaneously. In general, the network simulation
design data is saved in the units of grid whose size is consistent with the resolution of
the digital maps. To utilize the test data to the greatest extent, the test data can also be
mapped to the grid that has the same size like the grid used in the simulation design,
and then make comparison on them. When the test data is mapped into the grid,
multiple pieces of test data maybe appears in one same grid, under such case, all test
data in the same grid should be averaged to obtain the ultimate test data for this grid.
Record the grids which contain the test data, and read the simulation data from
these grids. Then calculate the difference between the two kinds of data one by one:
X ( x)  F ( x)  f ( x) (7.9)
Where,
X(x) indicates the error between the test data and the simulation data.
F(x) indicates the ultimate test data in the grid.
f(x) indicates the simulation data in the grid.
-30-
Figure 4-3 Test Data Processing in the Grid
Conduct above calculation in all the grids containing test data. The calculated X(x)
is a random variable following the normal distribution. Make statistics of the mean and
standard deviation of X(x):
1 N
E( X ) 
N
X
i 1
i
(7.10)
1/ 2
 1 N
S n1 ( X )     X i  E ( X )2  (7.11)
 N  1 i 1 
Here N is the number of the grids.
It has been proved that E ( X ) and S n1 ( X ) are unbiased estimates for the real
mean error E and the standard deviation  , and they can be used to assess the quality
of network simulation on the test routes.
4.3 Deduction on Network Simulation Quality

Based on the mean and standard deviation of the data on test routes, it can be
deduced the mean and the standard deviation confidence interval of the entire network
simulation design under a certain confidence level. That is, the simulation design
quality on the test routes can be used to deduce the quality of the simulation design on
the entire network.
In here, the principle of deducing the mean and standard deviation confidence
interval of the entire network simulation design through the mean and standard
deviation of the data on test routes is based on the random sampling theory in the
statistics science.
According to the statistics theories, when the sample mean E and standard
deviation  are known, if the population follows the normal distribution, the
population’s mean and standard deviation confidence interval under a certain
confidence level can be deduced based on the sample mean and standard deviation.
Assume that the sample mean is E and the standard deviation is , and for a
given value of 0    1 , the confidence interval of the population mean under the
1   confidence level is:
-31-
   
 E   / 2 , E    /2  (7.12)
 n n
Where,
n is the number of samples.
E is the mean of samples.
  / 2 is the upper fractile of the standard normal distribution  / 2 .
 is the standard deviation of samples.

For the given value of 0    1 , the confidence interval of the population standard
deviation under the 1   confidence level is:
 (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2 
 ,  (7.13)
   / 2 (n  1) 12 / 2 (n  1) 
2
Where,
n is the number of samples.
 is the standard deviation of samples.

 2 / 2 (n  1) is the value at  / 2 on the  2 distribution with the freedom (n－1).
12 / 2 (n  1) is the value at 1－  / 2 on the  2 distribution with the freedom (n－

1).
For example: In some one city, the quality indexes of the simulation design on
the test routes are:
E(X) = 1.0 dB
Sn-1(X) = 7.72 dB
Assume  = 4.55, then the quality index of the entire network simulation design is:
 Under 95.45% confidence level, the population mean confidence interval is

[0.7371, 1.2379];
 Under 95.45% confidence level, the population standard deviation confidence
interval is [7.5465, 7.9007].
The deduced result is shown in Figure 4-4.
-32-
Statistical analysis
Analysis result
Sample mean 0.98719
Sample standard deviation 7.72061
Sample variance 59.6078
Population mean under 95% confidence level
Population standard deviation under 95%

confidence level
Population mean under 95% confidence level
Figure 4-4 A Case of Network Simulation Quality Assessment
-33-
Section5 Simulation in Network
Planning and Optimization
 Knowledge point
 Simulation -------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 3 4
During network planning, the network simulation can help planning engineers in
many aspects such as determining BTS location, predicting forward and reverse
coverage performance, designing an appropriate network planning scheme to meet the
expected objectives. The simulation can be applied to planning a new network or a
network to be capacity-expanded.
In the network optimization stage, the network simulation can help network
optimization engineers analyze the problems existing in the network, compare various
solutions and determine the optimal resolution, thus avoiding the influence of repeated
adjustments on the network in practice.
In the following section, we will introduce the application of simulation in

wireless network planning and optimization with the CNS1 software.
5.1 Network Topology Design

Normally, at the beginning of the network planning stage, network planning
engineers survey the network environment and classify the target areas according to
their terrain and clutters. Then they select proper propagation models for these areas
from the model database. If for some one area no suitable model can be selected from
the model database, it needs to further conduct field strength testing in this area to
determine the propagation model applicable for this area. After that, they can calculate
the rough coverage radiuses in all these areas through link budget. Based on the
information of available sites provided by the customer and by using the network
planning software tool, the network planning engineers can obtain a prototype of the
wireless network with reasonable topology. The network topology design process is
shown in Figure 5-1.
-34-
Figure 5-1 Wireless Network Topology
In Figure 5-1, the dotted line outlines the target coverage scope. In this network,
the entire area is divided into two types of sub-areas based on their respective
environmental characteristics. In these two sub-areas, two propagation models are
respectively adopted and two different coverage radiuses are respectively obtained. It
should be noted that during the network topology design, the value of cell radius is
dependant upon the capacity demand as well as the coverage requirement.
After the preliminary network topology design is completed, output the major
simulation results such as forward and reverse coverage through the simulation
software tool. If the simulation results show that the coverage and capacity
requirements cannot be satisfied, it needs to modify the network topological structure
or adjust relevant parameters of antenna and feeder system until the desired goals are
achieved. Figure 5-2 shows the forward received power (Mean Received Power) plot
obtained by simulation. Figure 5-3 shows the reverse transmission power (UL Required
Tx Power) plot. The simulation results also include the useful information such as the
transmit power and the number of accessing subscribers under each sector, which can
be utilized by capacity analysis.
-35-
Figure 5-2 Simulation in the Planning of a New Network – Mean Received Power
Figure 5-3 Simulation in the Planning of a New Network –UL Received Tx Power
5.2 Network KPI Prediction

In the domestic and international network planning projects, the operators always
ask to measure the network planning results with Key Performance Indexes (KPI) and
demand that these indexes must be reached after the network is built and through
-36-
optimization. For a long time, how to evaluate whether the network planning quality
reaches the KPI demand have been a problem puzzling network planning engineers.
Before a network is built, the network simulation is the only way to predict the
network’s future coverage and operational performance. In this stage, through network
simulation the network planning scheme can be evaluated. At the early stage of
network planning, the coverage is the key measurement index, so in this section we
will focus on introducing the evaluation on network coverage performance through
simulation.
Here is an example: In the early stage of network planning in one project in some
one city, the simulation is utilized to predict the network coverage. When performing
the simulation, the following parameters are input:
 Digital maps: The digital maps are relatively accurate with a 20-meter resolution.
 System parameters: The system parameters used in simulation are set according to
the latest system parameter setting scheme from the research department.
 Propagation model: The propagation model used in simulation is obtained through
the CW test.
 Traffic distribution: It is considered that there is no subscriber in the network after
the network has just been put into operation.
The simulation statistics about the coverage percentage of forward received power
(Mean Received Power) is shown in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1 Mean Received Power Percentage
After the network is put into formal operation, conduct the test on the scene and obtain
the statistics about actual coverage percentage of Mean Received Power, as shown in
Table 5-2.
Table 5-2 Actual Mean Received Power Percentage
-37-
Compare above simulated and tested data and we can obtain the following graph:
Comparison between simulation data and tested data

Coverage percentage
Tested data
Simulation data
Mean Received Power (dBm)
Figure 5-4 Comparison between Simulation Data and Tested Data
From Figure 5-4, it can be seen that the simulated data and tested result on coverage
percentage of Mean Received Power is very close.
5.3 Capacity Expansion and Coverage Issue

The planning on network capacity expansion has two main objectives: one is to
solve the coverage problem existing in the current network, especially the indoor
in-deep coverage problems in urban areas; and the other objective is to satisfy the
growing traffic requirement in hot spots. Solely with the drive test data, the potential
indoor coverage problems or the negative influences on the traffic in hot spots can be
searched out only through deduction or estimation. While by utilizing the simulation
software tool, the network planning engineers can quickly find out the areas with
problems in the network and can be provided the most direct references to capacity
expansion by the simulation results.
In addition, by combining the simulation analysis and actual survey on the sites,
the rationality of the newly added sites can be fully demonstrated. This will help ensure
-38-
these new sites can on the one hand achieve the expected targets and on the other hand
will not introduce new problems to the network.
From the analysis in this chapter, it can be known that the network simulation can
be widely applied during network planning and optimization. By imitating the actual
operation of the network, the network simulation can provide the guide for network
planning design and optimization adjustment, hence preventing the influences of
repeated parameter adjustment on the network performance in practice.
-39-
Section6 Static Simulation
Algorithm
 Knowledge point
 Static Simulation Algorithm--------------------------------- --------------------- Level 3 4
6.1 Effective Site Antenna Height Calculation Methods

When adding a Standard Macrocell propagation model, on the Eff Ant Height tab,
you can choose one of these methods to calculate the effective site antenna height:
Absolute，Average，Relative，Slope，Knife-Edge based
Absolute Method (Effective Antenna Height)
The Absolute method uses the height of the base station antenna above ground as
the effective antenna height.
Heff = Hb
Where:
Hb is the base station antenna height above ground, in meters Here is an

illustrative diagram of the Absolute method:
-40-
Average Method (Effective Antenna Height)
The Average method calculates the effective antenna height as the base station
antenna height above the average terrain height across the area of the prediction.
Heff = Hb + H0b – Have
Where:
Hb is the base station antenna height above ground, in meters
H0b is the base station height above ground
Have is the average ground height over the prediction area
Here is an illustrative diagram of the Average method:
Relative Method (Effective Antenna Height)
The Relative method calculates the effective antenna height as follows:
Heff = Hb + H0b – H0m (for H0b > H0m)
Heff = Hb (for H0b <= H0m)
Where:
Hb is the base station antenna height above ground
H0b is the ground height at the base station
H0m is the ground height at the mobile
Here is an illustrative diagram of the Relative method:
-41-
Knife-Edge Based Method (Effective Antenna Height)
The Knife-Edge Based method calculates the effective antenna height based on the
difference between the area under the radio path and the area under the height profile
between the mobile station (MS) and the base station (BTS). The radio path is the
convex path from the mobile, over the knife-edges to the base station.
A RP  AHP
Heff = 2( d )
Where:
ARP is the area under the radio path
AHP is the area under the height profile
d is the distance of the mobile from the base station.
Here is an illustrative diagram of the Knife-Edge Based method:
Slope Method (Effective Antenna Height)
The Slope method calculates the effective antenna height as follows:
-42-
Heff = (H0b + Hb) – (H0m + Hm) + Kd
Where:
(H0b + Hb) is the ground height at the base station + height of antenna above
ground .
(H0m + Hm) is the ground height at the mobile + mobile antenna height above
ground .
K is the slope calculated over a user-specified distance,
ds measures along the profile starting from the mobile.
d is the distance between the mobile and the base station.
You can specify the distance ds and a minimum Heff minand maximum Heff
maxfor the effective antenna height, which are used to clip the calculated values.
K is calculated as follows:
H 0 m  H ds
K= ds
Where:
d is the slope distance.
H0mis the ground height at the mobile.
Hdsis the ground height at a distance ds from the mobile.
If the mobile is less than a distance ds from the base station, then:
H 0 m  H 0b
K= d
Where:
d is the distance of the mobile from the base station.
-43-
6.2 Diffraction Loss Calculation (Knife Edge) Techniques
When adding a Standard Macrocell propagation model, on the Diffraction tab, you
can choose from one of these knife-edge techniques to calculate the diffraction loss:
Epstein-Peterson，Bullington，Deygout，Japanese Atlas，Giovaneli
Epstein-Peterson Diffraction Loss Technique
The Epstein Peterson diffraction loss technique is based on the assumption that the
total loss can be evaluated as the sum of attenuation due to each respective significant
obstruction. Referring to the picture below, the diffraction loss from the obstacle is
calculated by assuming that the receiver is at the second obstruction (T-O1-O2). The
loss from the second obstacle is then calculated assuming the transmitter is at the first
obstruction and the receiver at the third (O1-O2-O3). Finally, the loss from a
transmitter at the second obstacle to the receiver (O2-O3-R) is calculated. The total
Epstein-Peterson diffraction loss is given by the sum of all the losses calculated.
Advantages：
This method does not ignore important obstacles in the way that the Bullington
method might, but to some extent it still suffers from underestimating the path loss.
When the obstacles are widely separated, this method gives more accurate values than
Deygout.
Disadvantages：
-44-
This method often gives too small values for obstructions loss where there are
obstacles close to each other and inside the first Fresnel zone.
Bullington Diffraction Loss Technique
The Bullington diffraction loss technique calculates the loss over multiple
obstructions by considering a single equivalent knife-edge positioned at the point of
intersection of the transmitter and receiver horizon paths. The total diffraction loss is
taken as that over the equivalent knife-edge obstruction.
Advantages：
This method has the advantage of being simple.
Disadvantages：
Significant obstacles can be ignored leading to an optimistic estimate of field

strength. This method often gives too small values for obstructions loss where there is
more than one obstacle inside the first Fresnel zone.
-45-
Deygout Diffraction Loss Technique
The Deygout diffraction loss technique calculates a „v-parameter for each edge,
then the one with the largest is termed the main edge and its loss is calculated in the
standard way. Additional losses for other obstructions are calculated between the main
edge and the obstructed terminal. The total Deygout loss is given by the sum of all
losses calculated. In order to extend the technique to many obstructions, it is necessary
to employ sub-main edges. These are the next most significant edges at either side of
the main edge. The loss from the sub-main-edge is calculated assuming a hypothetical
terminal located at the main-edge (ignoring any less significant edges).
Advantages：
This method provides accurate results where there are two obstructions, with one
being clearly dominant. For three or four obstructions, the Deygout method gives the
best results of any of the approximate methods.
Disadvantages：
Where there is no dominant edge, the Deygout method tends to overestimate the
loss. Where there are several equal obstacles inside the first Fresnel zone or close to
each other, this method underestimates the obstruction loss.
Japanese Atlas Diffraction Loss Technique
The Japanese Atlas diffraction loss technique is similar to the Epstein-Peterson

method, and was proposed by the Japanese postal service. Again it is based on the
assumption that the total loss can be evaluated as the sum of attenuation due to each
obstruction. However, in contrast to the Epstein-Peterson method, the effective source
is not the top of the preceding obstruction but the projection of the horizon ray for the
obstruction to a point on the vertical plane through one of the terminals. Referring to
-46-
the diagram, the total loss is given by the sum of losses for T-O1-O2, T -O2-O3 and
T -O3-R.
Advantages：
This method gives improved results when the obstructions are closely spaced.
Disadvantages：
To some extent this method still suffers from underestimating the path loss.
6.3 Giovaneli Diffraction Loss Technique

The Giovaneli diffraction loss technique calculates a „v-parameter‟ for each
edge. This is done by finding the gradient between the knife-edge of interest and the
previous knife-edge. This gradient is used to project a virtual transmitter (T') from the
knife-edge of interest to the start point. When finding the initial main edge, the start
point is the plane of the transmitter. The gradient between the knife-edge of interest and
the next knife-edge is then found. This is used to project a virtual receiver (R') from the
knife-edge of interest to the end point, in this case, the plane of the receiver (R). The „v
parameter‟ is calculated for the knife-edge of interest between the virtual transmitter
(T') and the virtual receiver (R'). The edge with the largest „v parameter‟ is termed
the main edge and its loss is calculated from the virtual receiver to the transmitter.
Once the main edge has been found, the losses for knife-edges on either side of the
main edge are calculated recursively using the same method as described previously.
However for the knife-edges between the transmitter and the main edge, the start point
is still the transmitter but the end point is now the main edge. For the knife-edges
-47-
between the main edge and the receiver, the start point is the main edge and the end
point is the receiver. This process is repeated recursively until losses have been
calculated for all knife-edges. The total Giovaneli loss is given by the sum of all these
losses.
-48-

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WiMAX Simulation

Date Author Remarks

Section2 Propagation Model Tuning ..........................................................................................................14

Section3 Simulation Flow............................................................................................................................20

Section4 Quality Assessment on Wireless Network Simulation Design ..................................................27

Section5 Simulation in Network Planning and Optimization..................................................................34

Section6 Static Simulation Algorithm ........................................................................................................40

1.1 Overview of network simulation

Network simulations are mainly concerned about the wireless parameters,

1.2 Network Simulation basics

1.2.1 Digital Map

Typical, digital map includes: (Figure 1-1)

Height Data（DEM data）

Clutter Data（DOM data）

Vector Data（LDM data）

All vector data now uses a MapInfo *.tab file format.

Building Raster Data（BDM Data）

1.2.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Figure 1-2 UTM Schema

Figure 1-3 Simplified View of UTM Zones

1.3 Wireless Propagation Scenarios Definition

Figure 1-1 Interdecile Range

Table 1-1 Interdecile Range h and Terrain Classification

150-300 Mountain areas

In practice, the environment can be considered to be formed by various

Considering the impact exerted by the environment on the radio propagation;

 Building Size Distribution (BSD): It is the probability density function defined by

Type 1: Rural areas

Type 2: Suburban areas

Type 3: Urban areas or dense urban areas

3C 35~45 ≥250 ≥200 2~3

1.4 Model Selection

The selection of the propagation model is very important for network

 Model Tuning-------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 1 2

The propagation model calibration generally consists of the following four

2.1 Data Collection

In the mobile communications environment, the actual level of the received

Where, 2L is the mean sampling interval length.

36≤(40 /v)·n≤50 (7.3)

2.2 Data Processing

Excluding the Test Data with Anomalous Signal Strength

Excluding the Test Data in the Near-field

Correcting GPS Error

The propagation model calibration requires the environment information

2.3 Data Analysis

L indicates the path loss in units of dB.

d indicates the distance away from the transmitter in units of km.

Ld indicates the diffraction loss.

2.4 Assessment Precision

n indicates the number of test points.

 Simulation Flow-------------------------------------------- --------------------- Level 1 2

The wireless network simulation flow is shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1 Wireless Network Simulation Flow

3.1 Data Preparation

(1) BTS parameters

MS parameters include the maximum transmit power, body loss, radio

(3) Protocol Parameters

(4) Traffic Parameters

3.2 Path Loss Prediction

3.3 Traffic Distribution Creation

Secondly, it also needs to take the subscriber distribution characteristics into

3.4 Wireless Network Simulation Analysis

 =  (x1, x2, … , xp) (7.8)