ANTICIPATED RESULTS

The result that we predicted is the calculation of the Qtheo (which is the theoretical value of flow
rate). Qexp must have the same value as Qtheo so that the coefficient of discharge will equal to 1.

Coefficient of discharge: Qexp / Qtheo

However the experimental result may be varies with the theoretical one as there might be
certain error occurred during conducting the experiment.

The calculation of theoretical value of flow rate;

Q =VA

V= √2gH

A= Πd2
4

Diameter of orifice : 4 mm

For Experiment 1 :

Q = √ 2(9.81)(0.40) x π (0.004)2 = 3.520 x 10-5 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 2 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.38) x π (0.004)2 = 3.433 x 10-5 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 3 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.35) x π (0.004)2 = 3.293 x 10-5 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 4 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.33) x π (0.004)2 = 3.198 x 10-5 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 5 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.30) x π (0.004)2 = 3.049.x10-5 m3/sec

4
Diameter of orifice : 8 mm

For Experiment 1 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.40) x π (0.008)2 = 1.408x10-4 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 2 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.38) x π (0.008)2 = 1.373x10-4 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 3 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.36) x π (0.008)2 = 1.336x10-4 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 4 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.34) x π (0.008)2 = 1.298x10-4 m3/sec

4

For Experiment 5 :

Q = √2(9.81)(0.30) x π (0.008)2 = 1.219x10-4m3/sec

4
APPARATUS

This equipment is used for a study of flow through an orifice i.e. velocity coefficient and
discharge coefficient jet profile may be compared with that of theory.
The equipment consists of:

1. Clear acrylic tank 20 cm diameter x 48 cm high. Water inlet is at the bottom of the tank
which has stilling materials to smoothen the flow. Level scale is attached to he side of
the tank.

2. An over flow pipe can adjust water level in the tank to as high as 42 cm from the center
of orifice. Water from overflow should be directed to the storage tank.

3. The sharp edged orifice is attached to and flushing with the side of the tank. Two
orifices are provided which are 4 (mm) and 8 (mm) diameter.

4. A white whiteboard with 8 probes is attached next and vertically parallel to the tank
and perpendicular to the jet path. The probes are at a distance of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35 and 40 (cm) from the orifice. A graph paper can be attached to the top of the board
to record the level of tip of the probes. (All probe lengths are equal). Hence tips of
probes at top or bottom provide the same projectile.

5. The equipment is used in conjunction with Hydraulics bench for measurement of flow
rate.
PROCEDURE.

1. The required orifice is installed

2. The overflow pipe is adjusted to obtain a required level in the tank
3. The water supply valve is opened to obtain a steady flow with minimum overflow.
4. The water label in the tank is make sure to be stable before the probe tips is adjusted to
be in line with the center of the jet. The probe tip profile (upper tip) is recorded and
marked as y=0
5. The flow volume (1L) is recorded by using a stopwatch and the bench measuring tank.
6. The result is compared and been explain in different orifice size.
7. The source contributing to error in this experiment is discussed.

DATA, OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Diameter of orifice: 4 mm
Experiment No.
1 2 3 4 5
Water Level H (mm.) 400 380 350 330 300
Volume (Lt.) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Time (sec) 40.53 40.91 45.03 47.97 48.91
Flow Rate (Lt/sec.) 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.021 0.020

Distance from graph

(mm)
X1= 50 , Y1= 250 250 250 250 250
X2= 100, Y2= 247 247 247 245 245
X3= 150, Y3= 239 238 238 236 235
X4= 200, Y4= 227 227 225 223 219
X5= 250, Y5= 214 211 208 205 199
X6= 300, Y6= 204 193 188 185 176
X7=350, Y7= 176 170 164 155 146
X8= 400, Y8= 150 145 134 126 113

Coefficient of Velocity
CV1 0.079 0.081 0.085 0.087 0.091
CV2 0.159 0.163 0.170 0.176 0.184
CV3 0.243 0.249 0.260 0.269 0.282
CV4 0.332 0.341 0.356 0.369 0.377
CV5 0.427 0.441 0.467 0.481 0.512
CV6 0.525 0.554 0.585 0.607 0.653
CV7 0.660 0.689 0.730 0.774 0.836
CV8 0.817 0.852 0.924 0.981 1.090

Coefficient of Discharge 0.710 0.699 0.668 0.657 0.656

C0
Diameter of orifice: 8 mm
Experiment No.
1 2 3 4 5
Water Level H (mm.) 400 380 360 340 300
Volume (Lt.) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Time (sec) 10.59 11.18 11.56 12.16 13.01
Flow Rate (Lt/sec.) 0.094 0.089 0.087 0.082 0.077

Distance from graph (mm)

X1= 50 , Y1= 252 252 252 252 252
X2= 100, Y2= 249 249 249 248 247
X3= 150, Y3= 241 241 240 238 236
X4= 200, Y4= 230 229 228 225 221
X5= 250, Y5= 216 213 210 208 201
X6= 300, Y6= 197 195 190 186 176
X7=350, Y7= 174 171 165 160 148
X8= 400, Y8= 154 145 140 134 115

Coefficient of Velocity
CV1 0.079 0.081 0.083 0.085 0.091
CV2 0.158 0.163 0.167 0.172 0.184
CV3 0.242 0.248 0.255 0.264 0.282
CV4 0.330 0.339 0.349 0.362 0.388
CV5 0.425 0.439 0.455 0.470 0.509
CV6 0.534 0.551 0.574 0.596 0.653
CV7 0.663 0.687 0.718 0.750 0.831
CV8 0.806 0.852 0.891 0.937 1.077

Coefficient of Discharge
C0 0.668 0.650 0.651 0.632 0.631
APPENDIX

Appendix 1 shows the apparatus used in this experiment.

REFERENCES

1. Mechanics of Fluid Laboratory CEWB121, Lab Manual, Experiment 2 :

HB 019 Orifice and Jet Flow
2. Orifice and Jet flow brief explanation -
http://www.cussons.co.uk/education/products/mechanics_of_fluids/basic_flow_experi
ments_bench/p6223_and_p6224_orifice_experiments.asp

3. How orifice works- http://www.engineerinhgcivil.com/flow-through-orifices.html