Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presentation contents
z BS 8006:1995 - Introduction
z Types of soft foundation problems
z Basal reinforced embankments to control foundation stability
z Basal reinforced embankments to control stability and
settlements
Basal reinforced embankments with prefabricated vertical drains
Basal reinforced piled embankments
z Geosynthetics for basal reinforcement
Types
Properties of interest
Specification
geosynthetics
Strengthened/reinforced
modes
soils and other fills Serviceability limit states -
deformation modes
z Use of partial factors to generate
acceptable factors of safety
z Design equations generated by
calibration procedures
z Allows for all suitable reinforcement
types
STANDARDS
z Extensive use in many countries
geosynthetics
Strengthened/reinforced z Materials
soils and other fills
z Design principles
z Design of retaining walls
z Design of slopes
Reinforced fill
Soil nailing
z Design of embankments
z Construction and maintenance
STANDARDS
b) Foundation is compressible
geosynthetics
Embankments may be
constructed by stage
Soft foundation
construction
Can take considerable time
a) Stage construction
to complete
Geosynthetic separator
Embankment Embankments may be
Berm Berm
constructed with berms
Soft foundation Can take up considerable
area
b) Berm construction Embankments may be
Embankment
Geosynthetic reinforcement constructed with basal
reinforcement
Soft foundation
Enables maximization of
embankment height and
minimization of area
c) Basal reinforcement construction
geosynthetics
Soft foundation
a) Local stability c) Lateral sliding
b) Rotational stability
Lateral Embankment
extrusion of Reinforcement Embankment Reinforcement Embankment Reinforcement
foundation
e) Overall stability
geosynthetics
Reinforcement
Y
Soft foundation
Most critical
slip surface Tro is combination of outward
embankment thrust and foundation
Maximum force stability
Locus of required
tensile force
geosynthetics
Model
Setup
Horizontal Displacement -
Reinforced
geosynthetics
Tmin Tr,t
Seaward Landward
side side
Causeway
Revetment 6m
3m
35 m
Geotextile reinforcement, Settlement after
Tult = 200 kN/m consolidation
Very soft marine clay,
su = 5 - 10 kPa
geosynthetics
End of
runway Hydraulic fill Geolon PET200
Previous fill
Rail tracks
Ballast Geolon PET200
5m Sand fill
Soft foundation
geosynthetics
4m Granular fill
Marine clay
foundation
Wick drains
geosynthetics
Embankment loading
Embankment 4
profile
Pile 2
Piles caps
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
End of Time (months)
construction T
r
4 Reinforcement strain
3 profile
2
1
0
3 40 15 62 7 8
Time Time (months)
a) Reinforcement tension regime in basal b) Example of reinforcement strain (tension)
reinforced piled embankment development in basal reinforced piled
embankment
geosynthetics
time is assumed
Load applied to
Time
geosynthetics
Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement
Embankment Embankment
movement Embankment
of fill Reinforcement
Pile caps
Piles
Piles
Piles
d) Lateral sliding e) Overall stability f) Surface deformations
geosynthetics
0.6 0.6
H/(s-a) = 2
H/(s-a) = 2
0.4 0.4 H/(s-a) = 4
H/(s-a) = 4
0.2 0.2
H/(s-a) = 6 H/(s-a) = 6
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
s /a s/a
geosynthetics
. Ka f f (γ H + 2ws ) H
Tds = 05 (Tds + Trp ) f n
Le ≥
0.5γ H α ' tan φ 'cv
ff = 1.3 for ultimate case, =1.0 for serviceability
case fn = 1.1
Ka = active earth pressure coefficient α’ = bond coefficient = 0.8 (conservative)
geosynthetics
Plastic deformations at
surface due to deformations
Embankment at base of embankment
Pile caps
Geosynthetic
Piles reinforcement
geosynthetics
H ds 3.0
a ds/Ds = 1%
2.0
Reinforcement ds/Ds = 2%
stiffness, J
1.0
s ds/Ds = 4%
0
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Reinforcement stiffness J (kN/m)
geosynthetics
Bridge Embankment
structure
Woven PP
Concrete slab geosynthetic Timber piles
Soft
foundation
geosynthetics
Geogrid
reinforcement Pavement Grassed
Pavement side slopes
Basal
geotextile
reinforcement
Geosynthetic reinforcements -
fundamental requirements
z Geosynthetics reinforcements are required to carry
tensile loads, at defined strains, over long design
lives
z These three attributes can be grouped into two sets of
properties:
Tensile load capability over time
Initial strength, creep, installation damage, durability
Tensile strain capability over time
Initial strain, creep
geosynthetics
TB fcr f cr x f mr
fmr or
Ta
TB
Geosynthetic long term design strength
Ta =
Design life f mr
where,
td
f mr = f mr11 x f mr12 x f mr 21 x f mr 22
Time
geosynthetics
Time t = tn
t = 60yrs t = 10yrs
60 60
t = 120yrs
40 40 t = 60yrs
20 20
t = 120yrs
Strain 0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
a) Typical isochronous creep curves for geosynthetic Strain (%) Strain (%)
reinforcement showing strain levels at different times b)Isochronous creep curves for woven polyester and polypropylene geotextiles
geosynthetics
Conclusions
z Geosynthetic reinforcement can be used to enhance
stability and control settlements of embankments
constructed over soft foundations
When enhancing stability geosynthetics behave as
reinforcement to resist destabilising forces
When controlling settlements geosynthetics can be used
to either accelerate the rate of settlement or prevent
settlements from occurring
z While there are many types of geosynthetics available,
woven and knitted geotextiles, geogrids and
geocomposite reinforcements are the most efficient for
the basal reinforcement of embankments