12 - Chapter 4 PDF

Chapter – 4
ANALYSIS OF HVDC CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
Converter transformer is very important and costly equipment in
the HVDC Transmission system. Thus great care has to be taken to
check whether its insulation can withstand the impulse over voltages
occurring in practice. Performance of the winding under impulse voltage
has a significant importance in the design of high voltage transformer
windings. Proper design of insulation not only provides trouble free
operation of the transformer, but also reduces the overall cost of it. The
purpose of impulse test is to ascertain the ability of the insulation of the
transformer to withstand the application of the standard test voltage.
Power frequency test by itself is not sufficient for the purpose. This may
be due to fast rate of rise of the impulse voltage and wave shape which
produces a non linear stress distribution through the transformer
winding and is characteristically different from that of power frequency
voltage.
4.1 ANALYTICAL MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER

The equivalent circuit of a transformer winding can be imagined in
the form of a string of inductors tapped by their parallel capacitance to
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ground and shunted by the parallel stray capacitance between the
winding sections. The long duration power frequency voltage distribution
in the windings is almost uniform. However, impulse voltage distribution
is highly non uniform and is based on the inductance and capacitance of
the winding.
In the present context, the neutral current is visualized as a non
stationary signal whose properties changes in time, when there is fault.
Detection of major faults has never been an issue since the waveforms,
which are being compared, show major difference for such fault. Hence,
the focus is on being able to detect accurately the smallest or minor type
faults. In order to understand the above phenomena prototype
transformers were subjected to theoretical and experimental
investigations. In this chapter, mathematical modeling of a converter
transformer and calculation of neutral current has been discussed.
4.1.1 FUNCTION OF CONVERTOR TRANSFORMERS:
Convertor transformers are specially designed oil insulated power
transformers and are similar to AC power transformers in many respects
of design and construction. They are oil insulated and OFAF cooled. They
are fitted with OLIC, bushings other usual accessories. They are most
vital and costly equipment in the HVDC convertor station. Convertor
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Transformers are subjected to very unusual times of stresses due to
combination of AC, DC voltages and harmonics.
Convertor transformers are used for transforming AC network
voltage to suitable voltages for feeding the 12 pulse convertor bridges.
The convertor transformer serves the following important functions
which are not performed by usual power transformers in AC substations.
 Convertor Transformer provides effective and natural barrier between
AC network and DC line. AC voltages/currents are not mixed with DC
voltages and currents, yet power is transferred from AC to DC
(rectification) or DC to AC (inversion)
 By tap changer fitted on the convertor transformer, the DC line
voltage DC power flow is effectively controlled.
 By means of tap changers reactive power requirement of converter is
minimized.
 The short circuit levels are precisely controlled by means of the closely
matched impedance of converter transformer. Impedance values are
selected for satisfactory operation of valves.
 DC load is distributed symmetrically by converter transformers over 3
phase of AC network.
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 By suitable combination of star-star, star-delta transformer
connections, the required phase shift and voltages are given at the
leads on the valve side. Thus the 12 pulse converter is possible with
the use of converter transformer and quadruple valves
 The reactance of converter transformer help in minimizing non
characteristic current harmonics.
4.1.2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF A CONVERTOR

TRANSFORMER:
 High speed, reliable on load taps changer with 24 or more steps and
regulation of +17.5 and -12.5 % (or more). The tap changers operate
frequently and should need only modest maintenance.
 Specially built low loss, loss noise core. The magnetic circuit is
suitable for higher V/F ratios and higher harmonic content.
 Exceptionally long bushings to achieve desired creepage distances.
 Very special design of insulation system and windings.
 Higher percentage impedance to limit short circuit currents during
convertor operation.
 High reliability.
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4.1.3 MODELING OF A TRANSFORMER AND
REPRESENTATION OF EQUIVALENT ELECTRIC
NETWORK.
A converter transformer can be modeled by sub-dividing the
windings into a large number of sections. The present transformer 315
400 206
MVA 3 3 KV is divided into 60 sections. Figure 4.1 shows the
constructional geometry of one limb of the converter transformer
comprising of tapping, HVAC and HVDC star windings. It has been
evaluated that for reasonably accurate neutral current calculation, it is
not required that the winding should be divided into such a large
number eight sections. Even formation of network with relatively smaller
number of sections can give accurate results. It also reduces the total
commutation time. For the purpose of the neutral current calculation the
tapping winding has been fully earthed as is done in a particular case of
impulse tests. The HVAC winding is divided into 8 sections and HVDC
winding is divided into 16 sections as shown in Figure 4.2. These
sections can be represented by self inductance (L) and mutual
inductance (M) with all other sections of the same winding as well as
with the other windings. The series and shunt capacitances are
calculated using standard formula [155] for parallel plate and cylindrical
geometry respectively. Using these above values an equivalent electric
network is derived.
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Figure. 4.1 Sectional Distribution of HVDC converter Transformer.
A: Tapping winding, B: HV winding, C: HVDC Transformer winding
(star)
Figure. 4.2. Simulation model of the transformer
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The transient voltage at any point in the winding for an impulse
excitation can be determined by solving the equivalent electric network.
An electrical equivalent network, made with the help of above parameters
has distribution given in Figure 4.3. The neutral current can be
calculated by applying impulse voltage at any point in the network. The
accuracy of the results obtained from equivalent circuit method depends
entirely on the number of sections introduced in the representation of
windings.
The equivalent circuit must describe the surge behavior of the
winding for wide range of variations of the input impulse voltage wave
shape and must be responsive to higher frequencies. This section
discusses the method of calculation of self / mutual inductance and
series/shunt capacitances.
Figure 4.3 Equivalent Circuit of a Single Winding of Transformer

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Where
L1 , L2 ..... Ln represent the self inductance of the respective sections.
M 12 , M 13 ......... M 1n M 23 give the value of mutual inductance between

first and second sections and so on.
Cg1 , Cg 2 ,......... .Cgn corresponds to the capacitance between sections
and ground
Cs1 , Cs 2 ,......... .Csn corresponds to the series capacitance of the

sections
Rsh is the shunt resistance for computing the neutral current
Figure 4.4 Self inductance of a circular element
Where 2a = Mean diameter of the element
b = Axial height of the element
c = Radial dimension of the element
N = Number of turns in the element
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4.1.4 SELF INDUCTANCE OF THE WINDING
The self inductance of a winding is given by
L = 0.001 N2 a P1µH (4.1)
Where 2a = Diameter of the winding in cm
N = Number of turns in the winding
P1 = P x f
Here P is a function of C/2a and f takes into account the

reduction of inductance due to separation of the turns in axial direction.
The values of P and f depend on the parameter c/2a and b/c.
Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of two axially separated filaments if

different diameters
4.1.5 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE BETWEEN WINDINGS
The mutual inductance between the two coils, illustrated in

the above Figure 4.5 can be calculated by using the formula
M  N1 N 2 f aA  H (4.2)
Where, N1 and N2 are number of turns in each coil
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'A' and 'a' are radii in cm.
f is evaluated as a function of the variable (K1)2
(A - a) 2  d 2
K 
1 2

where (A  a) 2  d 2
(4.3)
As a special case when A = a; M = N1N2f a.
4.1.6 SERIES CAPACITANCE OF TRANSFORMER

WINDING
The series capacitance of transformer winding depends on its
configuration. In the present study interleaved winding and plain disk
winding are considered.
4.1.6.1 SERIES CAPACITANCE OF INTERLEAVED WINDING
The series capacitance of an interleaved winding can be evaluated
by energy considerations. Let us consider an interleaved winding
comprising double discs with 2n turns / disc as shown in Figure 4.6
Let
CS = Equivalent series capacitance between two discs.
Ca = Capacitance between two discs based on geometric

factor.
2n = m (The number of turns in each disc)
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Ct = Capacitance between adjacent turns
If the voltage „v‟ is applied across the double disc, the energy stored
across the two discs
1
 CS V 2
2
V
Voltage across each turn= Vt 
2m
V V
Voltage across each disc  m 
2m 2
Considering the energy balance in the disc winding we get
2 2
1 V  1 V 
  .Ct .2.(m - 1)    .Ca  2
2 2  2 2  1 (4.4)
 CS V 2
2
Or
Ct Ca
  Cs
2 2 (4.5)
From the above equation, it can be observed that higher the
number of turns higher is the total equivalent series capacitance.
Further, it is generally true that Ca/2 is much smaller than the first
factor.
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Figure 4.6 configuration of interleaved winding
4.1.6.2 PLAIN DISC WINDING
Series capacitance of a plain disc winding is shown in

Figure 4.7(a) and is given by
a
Cs1  (Ca  Ct' )  [ a  coth  a ]
1   a2 (4.6)
Where
Cs1 = Total equivalent series capacitance of a disc
Ct = Capacitance between adjacent turns
Ca = Capacitance between two discs
Ct‟ = Ct /m
m = number of turns in a disc
= Ca / Ct‟
In general is much higher than unity hence approximately
Cs1 = Ca + Ct‟ (4.7)
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4.1.7 GROUND / INTER WINDING CAPACITANCE
The capacitance between any two windings is calculated using the
standard formula for parallel plate capacitor. The area of the plate is
calculated on the basis of the mean diameter of the windings. The
distance between the plate/cylinder is considered based on the
composite oil/pressboard dimensions.
Figure 4.7(a) Configuration of Plain Disc Winding
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4.1.8 INDUCTIVE CURRENT CALCULATIONS
In Figure 4.7(b) since a current shunt of a very small value of
Rsh is connected between node “n=1” and ground G, total current
through the inductive branch (n, n+1) is assumed to pass through the
shunt without being affected by the presence of capacitance Cg(n+1). The
current in the inductive branch is a function of the current in all other
branches due to mutual coupling between them. Since all node voltages
at any instant are known, the matrix equation defining the current and
voltage in all the branches can be described as:
 di 
[ L]   [V ]
 dt  or
 di  1
 dt   [ L] [V ]
  (4.8)
Where [L] is n x n matrix comprising of self and mutual
inductances;
[di/dt] is a column matrix representing rate of change of current in
all branches, [V] is column matrix, representing voltage drop across
branch.
From the equation (4.8) the di/dt in the nth inductance is given by
din
 Pn
dt or
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in ( t1 ) t1
 din   P0dt  P0t

in ( t o ) t0
in t1  P0 t  in (t0 )
or
in t 2  P1t  in (t1 )
also
in tn  Pn 1t  in (t n 1 )
i.e (4.9)
where Pn assumed to be constant in any interval Δt
Figure: 4.7(b) Electrical equivalent network of the simulation model
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4.1.9 CAPACITIVE CURRENT CALCULATIONS
Since Cg(n+) is very low, almost total current passing through the
series capacitance Csn is recorded by Rsh
1
Csn 
Vn ( n 1)  ic ( n ,n 1)
dvn ( n1)
Csn   ic ( n,n1)
Or dt (4.10)
From the above the capacitive current is given by
Vn ,n 1 (t1 )  Vn ,n 1 (t0 )
ic (t )  Csn
t (4.11)
Total neutral current at any instant is calculated using the
following equation:
i (t )  in (t )  ic (t )
(4.12)
400 206
The parameters of a 315 MVA, 3 3KV three winding
transformer (Transformer ground capacitance, Inter turn capacitance,
and Inductance were calculated using the above method and are given in
annexure-IV.
4.2 TRANSFORMER TESTING METHODS

The standard method of impulse testing for high voltage
transformer is carried out to determine whether a given transformer is
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able to with stand the voltage as per the relevant standard. In case of a
major failure, the voltage collapses and current overshoots. However,
major problems are encountered when full winding failure does not occur
and a small fault in the form of turn to turn takes place during the
impulse test. Since the fault is major it does not reflect in considerable
change, either current or in voltage wave shape. The difference is to be
determined by eye estimation only. Since the transformer can be
declared to have passed the test if no detectable change is observed, it is
likely that sometime a faulty transformer can be declared to have passed
alternately a healthy transformer can be declared to have failed due to
small change is current caused by partial discharge at test voltage level.
The impulse test on converter transformer is intended to assess its
dielectric strength at basic impulse level (BIL). The minimum lightning
impulse withstands level of an apparatus for the specified nominal
system voltage is known as the BIL. The impulse voltage testing is the
most efficient quality control tool, which reveals the largest part of
internal insulation faults caused by the design or the manufacturing
flaws.
The conventional method of impulse testing of a transformer is
based on the comparison of the applied voltage and the neutral current
oscillogram taken at reduced and full voltages. In this non-destructive
test, it is assumed that the winding impedance does not vary at the
voltages below the expected highest voltage range. The output signals
267
viz., neutral terminal current is expected to have the same shape
provided the test object remains healthy.
4.1
4.2
4.2.1 IMPULSE TEST ON A TRANSFORMER
The shape of the voltages, their magnitude and sequence of
application that constitute proof tests are covered by standards such as
IEC-76, 1980 and IS 22026, 1977. The generally recommended order at
different impulse application is
 One reduced full impulse

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 One 100% full impulse
 One or more reduced chopped impulse (S)
 Two 100% chopped impulse
 Two 100% full impulses
In addition to the record of the applied voltage, it is mandatory to
observe another performance related waveform during the test (IEC-722).
The transient waveform could be one of the following:
 The neutral current
 The winding current
 The current transferred to adjacent winding
 The tank current
 The voltage transferred to a non tested winding
4.3 METHOD OF DETECTING MINOR FAILURES

The standard method of impulse testing of a high voltage power
transformer is associated with the problems regarding identification of
minute failures particularly the inter turn faults. A minor difference
between the oscillogram of two cases can be indicative of inter turn
failure, which disqualifies a converter transformer. However, a strong
partial discharge can also result in a very similar difference which is
269
considered as acceptable, since the transformer does not have to be free
from the partial discharges at relatively higher impulse voltage test level.
Changes in the shape of the applied impulse voltage, due to
malfunctioning of the source, also affect the current oscillogram. In order
to establish the variations in current oscillograms with type of failure,
analytical modeling of the converter transformer is found to be useful. In
view of the above, the neutral current has been calculated by simulating
different types of failures.
4.3.1 IMPULSE TEST
The purpose of the impulse testing is to determine the ability of the
insulation of the transformer to withstand the transient voltage due to
lightning (including both direct and indirect stores). Full wave and
chopped wave impulse tests are methods to demonstrate the ability of
high voltage equipment to handle lightning strokes and switching over
voltages [137].
4.3.2 DETECTION AND LOCATION OF THE FAULT

DURING IMPULSE TESTING
The fault in the transformer insulation can be located during
impulse testing by means of any one of the following methods.
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4.3.2.1 GENERAL OBSERVATION
Fault detection, which is the heart of routine impulse testing,
needs to be automatic for high volume testing and in any case all faults
should be clearly indicated. A major insulation fault, such as terminal to
ground or terminal to a low voltage winding is an easy fault to detect.
Typically this kind of fault can be detected by observing noise, smoke,
and bubbles.
4.3.3 VOLTAGE OSCILLOGRAM METHOD
Faults or failure appears as a partial or complete collapse of the
applied voltage wave. The sensitivity of the method is low, particularly if
turn to turn faults to be detected. The transient voltages generated
during lightning strokes are not distributed uniformly along the
transformer windings. Thus, full wave and chopped wave impulse test
oscillograms are recorded to demonstrate the ability of transformers to
handle the lightning strokes as defined in international standards like
IEC, IEEE etc.
4.3.4 NEUTRAL CURRENT METHOD
In the neutral current method, a record of the impulse current
flowing through a resistive shunt between the neutral and ground point
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is used for detecting the fault. The neutral current oscillogram consists of
high frequency oscillations. These high frequency disturbances may be
super imposition of fault generated high frequency transients along with
reflections offered by the ground and of the windings for the fast rising
impulse currents. When fault occurs i.e. arcing between the turns or
from turn to ground take place, high frequency pulses similar to that of
the impulse current wave changes are caused.
4.3.4.1 TRANSFERRED SURGE CURRENT METHOD
In this method, the voltage across a resistive shunt connected
between the low voltage windings and the ground is used for identifying
the fault in the winding.
4.4 TRANSFER FUNCTION METHOD

It is an analytical model based diagnosis because the fault
detection is based on an identified model of the equipment. Ryszard
Malewski et al. [156] reported the transfer function of the transformer
winding, which is deconvoluted in the frequency domain from the
digitally recorded neutral current and impulse voltage applied during
impulse tests. The integrity of the winding insulation is determined by
comparing the transfer function obtained at Basic Insulation level (BIL)
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and reduced impulse test voltages. Differences between the transfer
function plots reveal local breakdown in the winding that can be
dissociated from partial discharges. Some manufacturers of large high
voltage power transformers have so far been using the transfer function
method as a diagnostic technique. However, this basic philosophy may
be affected by a malfunction of the test voltage source i.e. the HV impulse
generator, which produces a slightly different impulse form at the full
and reduced test levels. This in turn will cause a difference between the
compared neutral current oscillogram, which according to the existing
standard may be interpreted as a transformer fault. Another drawback of
the present test technique is misinterpretation during evaluation of the
chopped impulse test. Neutral current comparison is not applicable here.
Since the time to chop cannot be controlled accurately, the neutral
current and test voltage waveform changes considerably from one shot to
another. Successive oscillograms of these parameters show a
considerable difference due to the scatter in the chopped impulse
duration and result in highly variable transfer function.
273
Figure. 4.8(a) Calculation process for the transfer function method
Figure. 4.8(b) Transfer function method
The third shortcoming of the existing test procedure is the
subjective way of interpreting the differences observed in the
oscillograms. An experienced inspector can tell the nature of the fault
from the form of the observed deviation, but in practice this often results
in controversy between the inspectors representing the buyer and seller.
This ambiguity is mainly due to non availability of recognized evaluation
of criterion.
The proposed transfer function method consists of comparing the
frequency domain graphs as shown in Figure 4.8(a) deconvoluted from
the test voltage and neutral current records obtained respectively at full
274
and reduced test levels. Deconvolution yields the transfer function,
which is characteristic of the test object and an ideal condition,
independent of the form of the applied impulse. The Converter
transformer can be seen as a black box, with fixed frequency behavior
between the four pole terminals as shown in Figure 4.8(b).
A simplistic conceptual winding model can be imagined in the form
of a string of inductors tapped by their parallel capacitances to ground
and shunted by parallel stray capacitance between the winding sections.
Such a model is quite adequate for explaining changes in the transfer
function caused by a fault in the winding insulation. In the lower
winding sections a fault would cause an oscillation at a proportionately
lower frequency. Experiments have demonstrated that a local
breakdown, in the winding occurring at the fault impulse test voltage
(BIL) results in a frequency shift of the transfer function poles.
This can be detected by superimposing the transfer function
obtained at the BIL and reduced test voltages. Even minor shift in the
pole frequency indicates a local breakdown. This evaluation may be
accurate, since no other mechanism could change the frequency of the
local winding resonance with increase in the applied test voltage. As
predictable, in nearly resistance free network of inductances and
capacitances a breakdown results in resistance damping. Consequently
275
the pole height decreases, even though its frequency remains practically
unchanged.
The differences between the transfer function recorded at the BIL
and at the reduced test level fall into two categories i.e. a local
breakdown and partial discharge.
A comprehensive analog model has been proposed by Syed
M.Isllam et al. [155], which can simulate leakage faults, partial
discharges as well as winding displacements, short circuits etc.
Sensitivity analyses of the parameters by sliding faults along the
distributed winding model results in distinct changes on the transfer
function. These results contribute to enrich the ability of the transfer
function approach as an excellent tool for condition monitoring by
locating faults in the high voltage power transformer.
Many researchers started modeling of transformers and generated
huge amount of data. It is important to note that, the transformer model
must be absolutely compatible with commercially available software
ensuring the simulation of the environment and the computation
management. Many authors [157,158] presented a method of modeling
internal faults in a power transformer which is entirely compatible with
Electromagnetic transient program (EMTP). The basic model is the one
supplied by the BCTRAN routine of the EMTP simulation software.
BCTRAN computes the elements of matrices [R] and [L] based on
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excitation and short circuit tests in positive as well as zero sequence
elements of resistance, self inductance and mutual inductance. Using
these matrices every turn to earth and turn to turn faults were modeled
on the basis of leakage factors. These leakage factors can be determined
from geometrical data of the transformer and location of the fault.
A number of high frequency transformer models suitable for
transient simulation have been proposed in recent years. Even though
these models are very accurate, there are still number of problems in
terms of efficiency, numerical stability and data acquisition
requirements.
Some researchers attempt to present finite element analysis of
internal winding faults in a distribution transformer [159]. The
transformer with a turn to earth fault as well as turn to turn fault is
modeled using coupled electromagnetic and structural fine elements. The
terminal behavior of the transformer is studied by an induction coupling
of the finite element method and circuit simulation. The procedure was
realized using commercially available software. The equivalent circuit
model was exported and used in a circuit analysis package to study the
terminal behavior of the transformer compared with the previously
available experimental results. It is reiterated that with the help of Finite
Element model of transformer, an accurate estimation of the terminal
values of an internal winding fault is possible.
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4.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS (FRA)
The method of system characterization by means of its frequency
behavior is called as frequency response analysis (FRA). The analysis is
recently introduced in the field of transformer testing and diagnosing.
T.N Vaessen et al. [151] proposed FRA method, which is easy to use in
field applications. The analysis gives reproducible results and high
resolution frequency spectra of both magnitude and phase without the
use of sophisticated equipment. The basic requirement for the analysis is
impulse source, a digitizer and a software implementation of a Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) technique.
There are two ways of injecting the wide range of frequencies:
 By injecting an impulse into the winding or make a frequency
sweep into the winding using a sinusoidal signal. The former is
known as the low voltage impulse method
 Swept frequency method
The obtained frequency spectra can be used for diagnostics and
will be used as a finger print of a transformer. Mechanical changes and
the voltage independent defects like winding shorts are reflected in this
“finger print”. Results from FRA measurements can also be used as a
starting point for the development of a frequency dependent transform
model, which is required for transient calculations. Juan A. Martinez et
278
al. [152] presented a review of transformer model simulation for the
frequency content below 10 kHz.
Simon Ryder et al. [153] suggested that FRA is a powerful
diagnostic test technique. FRA consists of measuring the impedance of
transformer windings over a wide range of frequencies and comparing the
results of these measurements with a reference set. Differences may
indicate damage to the transformer, which can be investigated further by
combining with other techniques.
The low and medium frequency components in the frequency
response estimated by using the conventional Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) are insufficient [154]. To overcome this problem SSA (synthetic
spectral analysis) is proposed, which is based on CCM (cut and
concatenation method) for high quality frequency responses and the
„LOG‟ frequency interpolation for a balanced comparison over a whole
frequency range.
4.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE EXISTING METHODS

The testing of the transformer suffers from the following
limitations:
279
 It is necessary to avoid short circuiting of the other windings or
else the detection sensitivity decreased.
 This method is satisfactory for the small transformers. For the
transformers where there is considerable series capacitance, this
method may not give good result.
 Many times the allowable partial discharge that is tolerable is also
considered as a fault in the existing methods of testing.
 Comparison of neutral currents becomes more difficult during
chopped impulse tests and is also not acceptable as time of
chopping can not be more accurately controlled.
 The variation of resonant frequencies in the event of very minor
faults is often difficult to interpret from transfer function approach.
Hence it is not much effective in identifying the very minor faults in
a transformer.
4.7 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Converter transformers are essential y designed as special high
power transformers. However during the operation, the windings
connected to values have a D.C. potential to ground in addition to
280
induced A.C. voltage. This D.C. potential (due to connection to high
voltage D.C. values) requires different insulation design and winding
design.
The faults associated with the HVDC converter transformer are to
be analyzed using the neutral current obtained during the impulse test
on the HVDC converter transformer. A 315MVA converter transformer
model is used for the analysis. The neutral currents are to be analyzed
using the FFT, ANN and Wavelet Transform techniques. The neutral
currents obtained during the normal operating condition are decomposed
in to various frequency components and based on the wavelet transform
technique the reconstruction of the neutral current signal is to be done.
The HVDC converter transformer is subjected to various faults such as
winding to winding fault, winding to ground fault, turn to turn fault and
the signal is used to classify the faults in the converter transformer. The
techniques based on the wavelet transforms are proposed for the location
of faults in the converter transformer.
4.8 CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS IN CONVERTER

TRANSFORMER
4.8.1 CALCULATION OF NEUTRAL CURRENTS
281
The standard impulse voltage waveform can be represented with
following equation:
V = V0(e-αt – e-βt) (4.13)
Where α and β are constants and depends upon the rate of rise
and decay of the pulse. For a given value of α=0.7936 x 106 and
β=0.02335 x 106 impulse voltage generated has a rise time of 1.2µs and
tail time of 50µs. When a signal in the time domain is converted into the
frequency domain, magnitude vs frequency plot is obtained. The
magnitude at first frequency step i.e. Δf is called DC level of the signal.
The neutral currents were calculated using computational method for
healthy winding and the winding with simulated faults along the
winding. The following converter transformer model has been considered
for neutral current calculation. Figure 4.9(a) represents a standard
impulse voltage applied to the transformer and Figure 4.9(b) represents a
standard impulse voltage applied to the transformer in frequency
domain.
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Figure 4.9(a) Standard Impulse Voltage Applied in time domain
Figure 4.9(b) Standard Impulse Voltage Applied in frequency domain
4.8.2 ANALYSIS OF HVDC CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
In order to carry out the study a typical transformer has been
considered with the following rating.
KVA rating : 315MVA, Single phase 3 winding
Rated voltage
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HV side : 400 / 3 KV
LV side : 206 / 3 KV both star and delta
Construction : Y/Y/∆
Tappings : 24 steps, on load – 12.5% to + 17.5%
Type of cooling : OFAF
This section describes the equivalent circuit of a transformer
model. Calculation of neutral current is carried out under various
condition i.e. healthy and faulty conditions. FFT analysis is carried out
for the neutral currents obtained from transformer model for different
conditions. The transformer is having 60 sections. The sectional
distribution of the windings is as follows:
 Tapping winding - 12 sections
 HV winding-32 sections and
 Star winding of the converter transformer - 16 sections
The details of the inter turn capacitances and inductances i.e.
equivalent circuit parameters is given in annexure-V for the convenience
the model has been simulated with 24 sections i.e. 8 sections of HV
winding and 16 sections of HVDC winding. The Tapping winding is
assumed to be short circuited and hence is eliminated in the simulation.
The current in the neutral has been measured at node no.25. Various
284
faults are simulated at different locations along the windings as follows.
The recorded neutral currents for various operating conditions of the
converter transformer have been given in annexure – IV.
4.8.3 NORMAL CONDITIONS
A standard impulse voltage of 1KV, 1.2µsec/50 µsec is applied at
node no.10 as shown in Figure 4.8. The highest magnitude of neutral
current under no fault condition is 1.4e-3 amperes. The waveform for the
neutral current during the normal operating conditions is shown in
Figure 4.10(a).
The neutral current is calculated for time duration of 102.4 µsec at
a sampling rate of 0.1 µsec. Dominant frequency corresponding to the
normal operating condition has been calculated using FFT analysis as
shown in Figure 4.10(b). The dominant frequencies in the neutral current
wave form are given in table 4.1. It is also observed that the neutral
current is consisting of the major part of the DC current.
Figure. 4.10(a) neutral current of the converter transformer during

normal operation
285
Figure. 4.10(b) FFT analysis of the neutral current signal during the
normal operating condition
4.9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.9.1 RECONSTRUCTION OF NEUTRAL CURRENTS USING

GABOR WAVELET
The aim of the present analysis is to segregate the neutral current
signal into the time varying current waveform at each dominant
frequency.
The wavelet transform can map any finite energy waveform from
the time domain to a finite energy two dimensional distribution in the
time- frequency domain. The transformation provides a way to predict
the time of occurrence and the variation of transient current with time at
a particular frequency. The wavelet transform W(a,b) of a function I(t)
with respect to a given mother wavelet (t), is defined as
286
(4.14)
Where a = scaling parameter
b = translation parameter
f = frequency
The Gabor mother wavelet has been used and is given by the
equation
(4.15)
Where 2 is a constant and control the band of frequencies to be
identified.
In order to evaluate the time varying current waveform at a
particular frequency, it is essential to determine the multiplication factor
(k). This factor converts the wavelet transform of the neutral current
signal at a particular scale parameter (a) into the transient current
waveform for corresponding frequency ( f  1/ 2  a ).
287
Table 4.1 Value of k w.r.t 2 for a frequency of 50 kHz.
2 F (kHz) K f2/k
8 50 707.24 1.0004
16 50 500.25 0.5005
64 50 250.13 0.1251
256 50 125.08 0.0313
512 50 88.42 0.0156
1024 50 62.56 0.0078
2048 50 44.27 0.0039
4096 50 31.36 0.0020
5120 50 28.10 0.0016
The selection of 2 value is based on the accuracy with which the
output waveform i.e. wavelet transformed input waveform at a particular
scale parameter matches with the input or original waveform. Table 4.1
gives the value of k corresponding to a 2 for a sinusoidal signal of
frequency equal to 50 kHz. Table 4.10 shows the value of f2/k for various
values of f and a constant 2=1024.
288
Table 4.2 Variation of k w.r.t. Frequency
F (kHz) K f2/k
107 37.383 0.0131
205 51.840 0.0113
293 57.670 0.0113
332 88.810 0.0113
381 65.617 0.0113
4.9.1.1 WAVELET CALCULATION
An algorithm is developed using Gabor Wavelet equation for
analysis of the neutral current. A suitable computer program has been
written using Gabor wavelet equation for the detection and
reconstruction of the neutral current signal of LV winding of the HVDC
converter Transformer. For the neutral current, the time frequency
characteristics were determined using wavelet transform. The wavelet
analyzed signal is again analyzed using FFT algorithm to find the
accuracy of the wavelet. All the wavelet signals have been added after
multiplying with the concerned k value. That signal is the reconstructed
signal of the original signal. Figure 4.10(a) shows a typical nature of
neutral current for healthy winding of the converter transformer. The
currents thus measured show a characteristic of neutral current pattern.
The current is analyzed by FFT to obtain the range of dominant
289
frequencies contained in the neutral currents. A typical FFT plot for
above is shown in Figure 4.10(b).
Table 4.3 List of dominant frequencies and corresponding K values w.r.t. 2 values
2
S.No Frequency  K
1 48845 Hz 16 156.31
2 68342 Hz 256 46.23
3 106870 Hz 64 115.62
4 146088 Hz 512 47.80
5 204937 Hz 256 80.05
6 243853 Hz 512 61.763
7 293252 Hz 512 67.73
8 331741 Hz 512 72.04
9 380947 Hz 1024 54.62
10 410401 Hz 1024 56.69
11 430367 Hz 5120 26.32
12 458892 Hz 1024 59.94
13 488453 Hz 1024 61.84
14 527270 Hz 2048 45.87
15 547202 Hz 1024 65.46
16 566675 Hz 4096 34.11
17 585425 Hz 5120 30.70
The dominant frequencies are identified from the FFT analysis plot
of the neutral current. Table 4.3 indicates a list of 17 predominant
frequencies. These frequencies are used to obtain the dilation coefficients
for carrying out the wavelet analysis. The 2 is chosen in such a way that
290
the wavelet output is representing that particular frequency component.
Figure 4.11(a), 4.11(b) and 4.11(c) represents the FFT analysis applied to
each wavelet transform output. Figure 4.12 shows wavelet transform
neutral current signals for the identified 17 predominant frequencies.
Reconstruction is done by adding the all the frequency components by
multiplying with the corresponding k values. Figure 4.13 shows the
reconstructed neutral current signal along with the original neutral
current signal. It is clear that the reconstructed signal is almost identical
to the original signal.
Figure. 4.11(a) Magnitude Vs. Frequency plot for the FFT analysis of
the wavelet transformed signals 1-7 listed in Table 4.3.
291
Figure. 4.11(b) Magnitude vs. Frequency plot for the FFT analysis of
Figure. 4.11(c) Magnitude vs. Frequency plot for the FFT analysis of
292
Figure. 4.12(a) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
frequency of 9770 Hz, 2=0.25
Figure. 4.12(b) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

frequency of 48.845 kHz, 2=16
Figure. 4.12(c) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

293
Figure. 4.12(d) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
Figure. 4.12(e) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

Figure. 4.12(f) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

294
Figure. 4.12(g) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
Figure. 4.12(h) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

Figure. 4.12(i) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

295
Figure. 4.12(j) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
Figure. 4.12(k) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

Figure. 4.12(l) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

296
Figure. 4.12(m) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
frequency of 458.89kHz, 2=1020
Figure. 4.12(n) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

Figure. 4.12(o) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

297
Figure. 4.12(p) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner
frequency of 547.20Hz, 2=1020
Figure. 4.12(q) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

Figure. 4.12(r) wavelet transform of the input signal for a corner

298
Figure. 4.13 Reconstructed and Original Neutral current signals.
4.9.2 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL FAULTS IN A

CONVERTER TRANSFORMER USING ANN
A standard impulse voltage with a raise time of 1.2μs and a tail of
50μs is applied to one of the limb of the star winding of the HVDC
converter transformer. The calculated neutral current is normalized after
taking the absolute value of the signal. The neutral current signal is
sampled at 0.1 μs of time and 1024 samples taken for 102.4 micro
seconds of time. The neutral current signal for various fault conditions is
plotted in Figure 4.14.
The neutral current samples of the HVDC converter transformer
are divided into 16 sets. The normalized data is given as input to train
the artificial neural networks using back propagation algorithm.
299
Figure 4.14(a): Recorded Neutral Current during normal operating
condition
Figure 4.14(b): Recorded Neutral Current during inter turn fault in

LV winding fault
Figure 4.14(c): Recorded Neutral Current during inter turn fault in

HV winding fault
300
Figure 4.14(d): Recorded Neutral Current during winding to winding
fault
Figure 4.14(e): Recorded Neutral Current during winding to ground

fault
Figure. 4.15: Normalized local average values as input patterns for

training neural network.
301
Figure. 4.16: Normalized local maximum values as input patterns for
training neural network.
A separate training data is prepared after taking the local average
values and maximum for every 6.4μs of time. Out of the recorded neutral
current data of 102.4μs, the normalized local average data and the local
maximum data is given as an inputs to the neural networks and the
networks are trained till the error is reduced. The training data for all the
fault conditions is given after normalization is given in Figure 4.15 and
4.16. The error plot of neural network after training with the local
average values is given in Figure 4.17. The error plot of neural network
after training with the local maximum values is given in Figure 4.18.
From Figure 4.17 it can be stated that the neural network has
taken more than 180 iterations to reduce the error to 4.64276x10-16 in
case when average data is taken as the input sets and from Figure 4.18
it has taken less than 130 iterations to reduce the error to 3.76898x10-16
when the local maximum values have been taken as the training and
302
testing patterns. A total number of 34 sets of data is prepared and out of
this 20 sets of data is used for training and 14 sets of data is used for
testing the Artificial Neural Network. Table 4.4 is shows various test
results with both average test patterns and Maximum test patterns.
From the test results as listed in Table 4.4 and Figure. 4.19 it can be
stated that the local maximum value based training patterns are
providing better diagnosis characteristics when compared to that of the
local average value based data sets.
Figure 4.17: Mean square Error plot after training using local
average patterns as training sets.
Figure 4.18: Error plot after training using local maximum patterns
as training sets.
303
Table. 4.4 Test result for the network for both average and maximum data sets.
Diagnosis by
Fault Fault Location Local Average Local Maximum
value value
Normal Operation YES YES
12th Disk YES YES
14th Disk YES YES
15th Disk YES YES
Turn to 17th Disk YES YES
Turn
Faults 20th Disk YES YES
21st Disk YES YES
22nd Disk YES YES
24th Disk YES YES
17th to 4th YES YES
17th to 5th YES YES
18th to 4th YES YES
18th to 5th YES YES
19th to 4th YES YES
19th to 5th YES YES
Winding 20th to 4th YES YES
to
Winding 20th to 5th YES YES
20th to 6th YES YES
21st to 5th YES YES
21st to 6th YES YES
21st to 7th NO NO
22nd to 6th YES YES
22nd to 7th NO YES
17th Ground NO YES
18th Ground NO YES
Turn to 19th Ground YES YES
Ground 20th Ground YES NO
21st Ground YES YES
22nd Ground YES YES
304
Figure 4.19: Summary of the test results for the classification of
faults in convertor transformer.
4.9.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL FAULTS IN A

CONVERTER TRANSFORMER USING WAVELET
TRANSFORMS
The fault data generated for training the ANN is used for the
classification of faults by using wavelet transform technique also. For
this purpose daubechies4 (with 8 levels of decomposition) wavelet is used
as the mother wavelet. The wavelet coefficients for various operating
conditions are recorded and are used to generate the training data for
ANN. A set of model plots of the wavelet coefficients for various operating
conditions of the HVDC converter transformer are as shown in Figure
4.20(a) to 4.20(d).
305
Figure. 4.20(a) Wavelet transform of the neutral current of the HVDC
converter transformer during No fault (Normal Operation)
Figure. 4.20(b) Wavelet transform of the neutral current of the HVDC

converter transformer during Turn to Turn Fault
306
Figure. 4.20(c) Wavelet transform of the neutral current of the HVDC
converter transformer during Winding to winding fault
Figure. 4.20(d) Wavelet transform of the neutral current of the

HVDC converter transformer during Turn to Ground fault.
307
The normalized absolute level 8 wavelet coefficients are used for
training the Artificial Neural Networks. The feed forward back
propagation method is used for training the artificial neural networks. A
three layer neural network with 10 neurons in the input layer 4 neurons
in hidden layer is used for this classification problem.
A total number of 34 sets of data is prepared and out of this 20
sets of data is used for training and 14 sets of data is used for testing the
Artificial Neural Network. Figure 4.21 shows the mean square error
during the training of ANN for the classification of faults in the converter
transformer. The ANN has taken 347 epochs for the training to attain an
accuracy of 0.025. Table 4.5 is shows various test results for
classification of faults in the converter transformer.
Figure. 4.21 Mean square error curve during the training of ANN for
the classification of faults in converter transformer
308
Table. 4.5 Test result of the neural network for the classification of
faults.
Fault Fault Location Classification by ANN

Normal Operation YES
12th Disk YES
14th Disk YES
15th Disk YES
Turn to Turn 17th Disk YES
Faults 20th Disk YES
21st Disk YES
22nd Disk YES
24th Disk YES
17th to 4th YES
17th to 5th YES
18th to 4th YES
18th to 5th YES
19th to 4th YES
19th to 5th YES
Winding to 20th to 4th YES
Winding 20th to 5th YES
20th to 6th YES
21st to 5th YES
21st to 6th YES
21st to 7th YES
22nd to 6th YES
22nd to 7th YES
17th Ground YES
18th Ground YES
Turn to 19th Ground YES
Ground 20th Ground YES
21st Ground YES
22nd Ground YES
309
4.10 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NEUTRAL
CURRENT
In an effort to characterize the behavior of the converter
transformer, internal short circuits and incipient faults were analyzed.
Experiments were performed on a custom built transformer winding. For
the purpose of experiment, the leads from disc of high voltage winding
and tapping winding, and also turns at various locations in tapping
winding were brought out. The paper insulation of discs and turns at
specific locations is removed such that bare copper is available for
creating the faults between different discs and between adjacent turns.
The exposed copper conductors of each discs and turns in the HV
winding and tapping winding are physically shortened one after another
to create disc as well turn faults, simulating the internal faults in
transformer. The experiment was conducted by applying a low voltage
standard impulse (1.2/50μs) from a Recurrent Surge Generator (RSG)
and recorded the voltage and neutral current signals on a digital
oscilloscope. The same experiment is repeated by using a standard high
voltage impulse from a P-35 bench type impulse generator and voltage
and current signals are recorded on a digital oscilloscope. The above
signals are measured for healthy as well as winding with disc-to-disc and
turn-to-turn faults. The recorded currents are analyzed by wavelet
transforms (WT) and plots are obtained for each case. Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) is carried out for selected neutral current to determine
310
the range of frequencies contained in the signal. From the results it has
been inferred that wavelet technique can be applied for detection of
minor faults in a power transformer. The concept of the experimental
studies, application of recurrent surge, high voltage impulse and wavelet
calculations for analysis of neutral currents are described below.
4.10.1 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON TRANSFORMER
The measurements were carried out on the HV winding and
tapping winding of a Transformer. A low voltage impulse was applied
from Recurrent Surge Generator (RSG) at the HV central lead of the
winding and currents was recorded by an oscilloscope at the neutral
terminal across a suitable shunt. The transient neutral currents were
recorded for healthy winding and for the disc-to-disc faults created at
various places along the winding. Subsequently, the recurrent surge was
also applied to one end of the tapping winding and currents were
recorded at other end of the winding. These currents were recorded for
healthy winding and winding with fault created in the disc and turn at
different locations along the length of the winding. These experiments
were repeated using suitable Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) for shorting the
discs and turns at several places in the HV and tapping windings. The
neutral currents were also recorded for healthy winding and winding
311
with faults. The details of the transformer used and the method adopted
are given below.
4.10.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF TRANSFORMER
The Transformer and test setup used for study has the power
rating of 61 MVA and the voltage rating of 11.5/230 kV as shown in
Figure 4.22. The high voltage winding is of two-group construction with
center entry type having a total of 112 discs. Each disc is of inter leaved
type having 22 turns per disc as shown in Figure 4.23. The tapping
winding comprises 40 plain discs of 4 turns each shown in Figure 4.24.
Both HV and tapping windings are considered for experimental data
generation. Due to symmetry, only one half of each winding is used for
experimental studies. The schematic diagrams used for experimental
studies are shown in Figure 4.25 and in Figure 4.26. Equivalent
electrical circuit of Generator Transformer for minimum tap position is
shown in Figure 4.27.
312
Figure.4.22: Photographs of 61MVA, 11.5/230kV Generator
Transformer
Figure.4.23: Photograph of upper Figure.4.24: Photograph of

half HV Winding of Generator Tapping Winding of Generator
Transformer Transformer
313
Figure.4.25. Electrical Figure.4.26. Electrical
Connection without tapping Connection with HV and tapping
winding for 11.5kV/230kV GT. winding of GT.
U(t)
ELECTRICAL NETWORK OF A MULTI-WINDING TRANSFORMER
Figure. 4.27. Electrical equivalent circuit of generator transformer
314
4.10.1.2 APPLICATION OF RECURRENT SURGE GENERATOR
(RSG)
Figure 4.28 shows a view of the experimental set up used for this
study. An impulse voltage of magnitude 100 Volts from RSG (Type 481)
was applied at the center entry lead of HV winding and the neutral
currents were recorded on digital oscilloscope (Type Nicolet Power Pro
610) across a 20Ω shunt as shown in Figure 4.29. Currents were
recorded for healthy winding as well as for winding with shorted discs.
Similarly, an impulse voltage of magnitude 100 Volts was applied at 40th
disc of tap winding and the neutral currents were recorded at 1st disc of
the winding across the 20Ω shunt. In order to carry out the experiment,
the paper insulation from the outer end of a number of discs/turns along
the height of the HV and tapping windings were removed to have an
access to the bare copper conductor of the discs and turns. The bare
portions of the conductors were physically shorted to create short circuit
and neutral current was recorded for each fault.
Figure 4.28: Circuit diagram for experimental setup
315
Figure 4.29: Neutral Currents recorded on oscilloscope across 20
ohms shunt
The following recordings were carried out on healthy and shorted
disc/turns of HV and tapping windings:
A. High Voltage Winding (Disc faults)

1). Healthy winding (without fault)
2). 2 to 4 disc fault
316
B. TAPPING WINDING (Disc faults)
1). Healthy winding (without fault)
2). Outer turns of disc no 39 and disc no.38
3). Outer turns of disc no 39 and disc no37
7). Outer turns of disc no. 39 and disc no.32
8). Outer turns of disc no. 39 and disc no.31
9). Outer turns of disc no. 39 and disc no. 29
317
C. TAPPING WINDING (Turn faults)
1). 1 to 2 turn fault in 40th disc
5). 1 to 2 turn fault in 33rd disc
8). 1 to 2 turn fault in 21st disc
4.10.1.3 APPLICATION OF VOLTAGE FROM AN IMPULSE

GENERATOR
An impulse voltage of magnitude 10 kV (positive polarity) from
Bench type Impulse generator (HAEFLY make, Model P-35) was applied
at the center entry of high voltage lead. The neutral currents were
recorded using digital oscilloscope (type CL 564A, Lecroy make) across a
1Ω shunt.
The currents were recorded for healthy winding as well as shorted
discs for high voltage and tapping windings. A 5 kV impulse voltage was
318
applied for turn-fault in the tapping winding. The bare portion of the
disc/turn conductors were shorted across the Metal Oxide Varistor
(ELPRO make, 440/20J) and neutral current have been recorded for
each fault.
4.10.1.4 APPLICATION OF METAL OXIDE VARISTOR (MOV)
Varistors (Variable Resistors) are Voltage-dependent resistors with
a symmetrical V - I characteristic curve whose resistance decreases with
increasing voltage. When connected in parallel with any circuit, it will
form a low-resistance shunt when voltage increases. The voltage
dependence of varistors may be approximately characterized by the
formula, I = kVα, where 'α' denotes the "non linearity" exponent and in
this way may be interpreted as a measure of the steepness of the V-I
characteristics. Like other varistor transient suppressors, the new
varistor has a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic that makes it
useful in voltage-regulation applications. Because of its non-linear V-I
curve, it has a very steep-slope as compared to the most other varistors.
It can pass currents over a narrow voltage range.
At low applied voltages, the metal oxide type varistor looks like an
open circuit because its unique low-pass material assumes the
properties of an insulator. When applied voltage exceeds rated clamping
voltage, the device effectively becomes a short circuit; steady-state power
319
dissipation is typically a fraction of a milliwatt, as compared to the
hundreds of watts dissipated by some other varistor devices. At present
operating voltage ratings for MOV-based series varistors range from 140
to 1400 Volts peak.
By keeping in view the above characteristic, ELPRO make RDN
440l2OJ disc type MOV has been selected for experiment. Figure 4.30(a).
shows the connection of varistor to the windings where the neutral
current is measured. Simplified equivalent electrical circuit for the metal-
oxide-type varistor is a combination of capacitance and resistances. The
capacitance can be attributed to the very thin dielectric, which becomes
a fairly significant factor for the varistor's dynamic characteristic. The V-I
characteristic of RDN 440/20J was studied by at different impulse
voltages and corresponding currents were measured and resistance
values have been calculated. The experimental data is shown in figure
4.30(b) and Table 4.6. The V-I characteristic curve has been generated
when the MOV has been connected across the discs and turns at various
locations along the length of the high voltage and tapping windings. The
neutral currents were recorded on oscilloscope. All the neutral current
recordings as mentioned in the previous section were repeated using
MOV. The main aim of using this device is to record the neutral currents
when actual shorting of disc or turn is taking place in the winding during
high voltage impulse test. The experimental setup for neutral current
measurement using MOV is shown in Figure 4.31.and in Figure 4.32.
320
Table 4.6: Voltage - Current characteristic of MOV (440/20J)
Voltage (kVp) Current (A) Resistance (Ω)
0.50 - -
1.00 0.781 1175.10
1.10 1.219 902.37
1.25 1.578 687.14
1.35 2.391 459.62
1.50 3.094 379.81
2.00 5.375 267.09
3.00 11.090 165.05
4.00 16.310 140.25
5.00 21.620 160.27
6.00 26.630 120.31
7.00 31.940 114.16
8.00 37.720 107.01
Figure. 4.30(a) Close up view of MOV / shunt Connection in HV

winding
321
Figure. 4.30(b) Voltage - Current characteristic of MOV
Figure. 4.31 Neutral Current Recording using Digital Oscilloscope
322
]
Figure.4.32: Photograph showing use of MOV during Neutral Current
measurement on HV winding using high impulse voltage
The neutral currents were recorded for healthy winding as well for
the winding with created faults along the length of HV and tapping
windings. The faults are created in the discs of HV winding and disc and
turn of tapping winding. A voltage surge of 10kV is applied and neutral
currents were recorded using oscilloscope. Different cases are considered
for neutral current recordings by creating faults at different locations.
The neutral currents are also recorded for all the above cases by
applying 10 kV standard impulse voltage to HV and tapping windings. A
Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) was employed across the discs of HV winding
and discs/turns of tapping winding. The applied impulse voltage is
shown in Figure 4.33. Few typical neutral current waveforms using RSG
are shown in Figure 4.34 for HV winding and Figure 4.35 for tapping
winding.
323
Figure. 4.33 Applied impulse Figure. 4.34(c) Neutral Current
voltage waveform waveform with 2 – 6 disc fault
in HV winding
Figure. 4.34(a) Neutral Current Figure. 4.34(d) Neutral Current

waveform with out disc fault in waveform with 2 – 8 disc fault
HV winding in HV winding
Figure. 4.34(b) Neutral Current Figure. 4.34(e) Neutral Current

waveform with 2 – 4 disc fault waveform with 2 – 10 disc fault
in HV winding in HV winding
324
Figure. 4.34(f) Neutral Current Figure. 4.34(i) Neutral Current
Figure.4.34 (g) Neutral Current Figure. 4.34(j) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.34(h) Neutral Current Figure. 4.34(k) Neutral Current

325
Figure. 4.34(l) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(a) Neutral Current
waveform with 10 – 12 disc waveform without disc fault in
fault in HV winding tapping winding
Figure.4.34 (m) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(b) Neutral Current

waveform with 12 – 14 disc waveform with 39 – 38 disc
fault in HV winding fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.34(n) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(c) Neutral Current

fault in HV winding fault in tapping winding
326
Figure. 4.35(d) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(g) Neutral Current
fault in tapping winding fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(e) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(h) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.35(f) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(i) Neutral Current

327
Figure. 4.35(m) Neutral Current
Figure. 4.35(j) Neutral Current waveform with 39 – 37 disc
waveform with 39 – 27 disc fault in tapping winding
fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(n) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.35(k) Neutral Current waveform with 37 – 35 disc
waveform with 39 – 26 disc fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(o) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.35(l) Neutral Current
waveform with 35 – 33 disc
waveform with 39 – 25 disc
328
Figure. 4.35(p) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35s) .Neutral Current
Figure. 4.35(q) Neutral Current Figure.4.35(t) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.35(r) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(u) Neutral Current

329
Figure. 4.35(v) Neutral Current Figure.4.35(y) Neutral Current
waveform with 21 – 19 disc waveform with 7 – 5 disc fault
fault in tapping winding in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(w) Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(z) Neutral Current

waveform with 15 – 13 disc waveform with 5 – 3 disc fault
fault in tapping winding in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(x)Neutral Current Figure. 4.35(aa) Neutral

waveform with 9 – 7 disc fault Current waveform with 38 – 33
in tapping winding disc fault in tapping winding
330
Figure. 4.35(ab) Neutral Figure. 4.35(ae) Neutral
Current waveform with 32 – 27 Current waveform with 13 – 8
disc fault in tapping winding disc fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(ac) Neutral Figure. 4.35(af) Neutral Current

Current waveform with 27 – 22 waveform with 8 – 3 disc fault
disc fault in tapping winding in tapping winding
Figure. 4.35(ad) Neutral Figure. 4.35(ag) Neutral

331
Figure. 4.36(a) Neutral Current Figure. 4.36(d) Neutral Current
waveform with 1 – 2 turn fault waveform with 1 – 2 turn fault
in 40th disc of tapping winding in 37th disc of tapping winding
Figure. 4.36(b) Neutral Current Figure. 4.36(e) Neutral Current

in 40th disc of tapping winding in 33rd disc of tapping winding
Figure. 4.36(f) Neutral Current

Figure. 4.36(c) Neutral Current
waveform with 1 – 2 turn fault
waveform with 1 – 4 turn fault
in 29th disc of tapping winding
in 40th disc of tapping winding
332
Figure. 4.36(g) Neutral Current Figure. 4.36(j) Neutral Current
Figure. 4.36(h) Neutral Current Figure. 4.36(k) Neutral Current

in 21st disc of tapping winding in 9th disc of tapping winding
Figure. 4.36(i) Neutral Current Figure. 4.36(l) Neutral Current

333
4.10.2 FFT ANALYSIS OF THE NEUTRAL CURRENTS:
The Fast Fourier analysis has been carried out for all the above
cases to obtain the dominant frequencies. Typical FFT waveforms for
healthy winding and winding with disc fault in HV winding are given in
Figure 4.37. Similarly the FFT waveforms for healthy winding and
winding with disc and turn faults in tapping winding are shown in Figure
4.38 and 4.39.
Figure. 4.37(a) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(c) FFT of Neutral

Current waveform with out Current waveform with 2 – 6
disc fault in HV winding disc fault in HV winding
Figure. 4.37(b) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(d) FFT of Neutral

334
Figure. 4.37(e) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(h) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.37(f) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(i) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.37(g) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(j) FFT of Neutral

335
Figure. 4.37(k) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.37(n) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.37(l) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(a) FFT of Neutral

Current waveform with 10 – 12 Current waveform without disc
disc fault in HV winding fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.37(m) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(b) FFT of Neutral

disc fault in HV winding disc fault in tapping winding
336
Figure. 4.38(c) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(f) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.38(d) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(g) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.38(e) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(h) FFT of Neutral

337
Figure. 4.38(i) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(l) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.38(j) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(m) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.38(k) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(n) FFT of Neutral

338
Figure. 4.38(o) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(r) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.38(p) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(s) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.38(q) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(t) Neutral Current

Current waveform with 29 – 27 waveform with 23 – 21 disc
disc fault in tapping winding fault in tapping winding
339
Figure. 4.38(u) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(x) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.38(v) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(y) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.38(w) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(z) FFT of Neutral

340
Figure. 4.38(aa) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(ad) FFT of Neutral
Figure. 4.38(ab) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.38(ae) FFT of Neutral

Figure. 4.38(ac) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(a) FFT of Neutral

341
Figure. 4.39(b) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(e) FFT of Neutral
turn fault in 40th disc of turn fault in 33rd disc of
tapping winding tapping winding
Figure. 4.39(c) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(f) FFT of Neutral

turn fault in 40th disc of turn fault in 29th disc of
Figure. 4.39(d) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(g) FFT of Neutral

turn fault in 37th disc of turn fault in 25th disc of
342
Figure. 4.39(h) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(k) FFT of Neutral
turn fault in 21st disc of turn fault in 9th disc of tapping
tapping winding winding
Figure. 4.39(i) FFT of Neutral Figure. 4.39(l) FFT of Neutral

turn fault in 17th disc of turn fault in 5th disc of tapping
tapping winding winding
Figure. 4.39(j) FFT of Neutral

Current waveform with 1 – 2
turn fault in 13th disc of
tapping winding
343
4.10.3 WAVELET TRANSFORM OF THE NEUTRAL
CURRENTS
The individual neutral current data for all the cases mentioned
above, were analyzed for their time – frequency characteristics using
Daubechies wavelet transform for detection of faults in time scale. Every
signal has been analyzed using wavelet transform technique as is done in
case of the theoretical analysis of the converter transformer. The wavelet
coefficients obtained form this analysis can be used for training of the
ANN and hence this technique can be adopted in the analysis and
identification of the faults of the transformer. Figure 4.40
Typical wavelet analysis waveforms for healthy winding and
winding with disc fault in HV winding are given in Figure 4.40. Similarly
the wavelet plots for the healthy winding and the winding with disc and
turn faults in tapping winding have been shown in Figure 4.41 and 4.42.
The absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for disc to
disc fault in HV winding using Daubechies Wavelet has been given in
Table.4.7. The absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for
disc to disc fault in tapping winding using Daubechies Wavelet has been
given in Table.4.8 and Table.4.9 and the absolute maximum value of the
Wavelet coefficients for 2 turn Fault in the discs of tapping winding using
Daubechies Wavelet has been given in Table.4.10. The level 8 coefficients
can be used to locate the faults in the windings.
344
Figure. 4.40(a) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
out disc fault in HV winding
Figure. 4.40(b) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

2 – 4 disc fault in HV winding
345
Figure. 4.40(c) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.40(d) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

346
Figure. 4.40(e) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.40(f) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

347
Figure. 4.40(g) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.40(h) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

348
Figure. 4.40(i) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.40(j) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

349
Figure. 4.40(k) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.40(l) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

350
Figure. 4.40(m) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
with 12 – 14 disc fault in HV winding
Figure. 4.40(n) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

351
Figure. 4.41(a) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
without disc fault in tapping winding

39 – 38 disc fault in tapping winding
352

353

354

355

356

357
Figure. 4.41(m) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
with 39 – 37 disc fault in tapping winding
Figure. 4.41(n) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

358
Figure. 4.41(o) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(p) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

359
Figure. 4.41(q) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(r) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

360
Figure. 4.41(s) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(t) Neutral Current waveform with 23 – 21 disc fault in

tapping winding
361
Figure. 4.41(u) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(v) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

362
Figure. 4.41(w) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(x) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform

363
Figure. 4.41(y) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with
Figure. 4.41(z) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

364
Figure. 4.41(aa) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
Figure. 4.41(ab) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform

365
Figure. 4.41(ac) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
Figure. 4.41(ad) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform

366
Figure. 4.41(ae) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform
Figure. 4.42(a) Wavelet transform of Neutral Current waveform with

367
1 – 3 turn fault in 40th disc of tapping winding

368

1 – 2 turn fault in 33rd disc of tapping winding
369

370
1 – 2 turn fault in 21st disc of tapping winding

371

372
A total of 14 sets of data have been generated to train and test the
artificial neural network using back propagation algorithm. The training
data has been generated by normalizing the absolute 8th level wavelet
coefficients. The following are the observations made during the
classification and location of faults in the transformer winding. 10 sets of
data are used for training the ANN and 4 sets of data have been used for
testing. The testing results are given in table 4.11. From the table it is
observed that more amounts of data for training the ANN is required to
improve the accuracy in locating the faults in the transformer windings.
373
Table.4.7 : Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for
Disc to Disc Fault in HV winding using Daubechies Wavelet
Descripti Location of Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients

Sl.
on of Fault in
No. d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 a8
Fault Winding
Without
1. - 12.610 13.935 4.327 8.752 3.932 0.763 0.608 0.343 0.842
fault
2. 2 Discs 2-4 Discs 13.169 13.370 5.092 9.297 2.138 1.429 0.552 0.325 1.017
3. 4 Discs 2-6 Discs 12.518 14.084 3.512 8.334 4.775 1.560 0.707 0.386 0.940
4. 6 Discs 2-8 Discs 12.502 14.671 3.653 8.581 4.509 0.955 0.660 0.474 1.188
5. 8 Discs 2-10 Discs 12.338 14.050 4.523 9.052 2.280 1.110 0.589 0.212 1.372
6. 10 Discs 2-12 Discs 12.683 13.688 4.331 8.801 3.991 0.835 0.515 0.302 1.022
7. 12 Discs 2-14 Discs 12.941 13.021 4.172 7.733 4.533 1.739 0.687 0.268 1.537
8. 14 Discs 2-16 Discs 13.240 12.816 3.850 7.747 4.608 1.334 0.682 0.289 1.631
9. 2 Discs 4-6 Discs 12.409 14.511 2.960 7.452 4.350 1.768 0.577 0.343 1.043
10. 2 Discs 6-8 Discs 12.498 14.116 3.582 8.536 4.583 1.168 0.558 0.434 1.177
11. 2 Discs 8-10 Discs 12.630 13.831 4.215 8.707 1.919 1.060 0.365 0.104 1.211
12. 2 Discs 10-12 Discs 12.508 14.103 3.374 8.376 4.677 1.406 0.628 0.309 1.165
13. 2 Discs 12-14 Discs 12.975 14.186 4.304 8.702 3.827 1.013 0.557 0.413 1.345
14. 2 Discs 14-16 Discs 13.143 13.694 4.486 8.782 1.530 0.843 0.482 0.294 1.460
Table.4.8 : Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for

Disc to Disc Fault in tapping winding using Daubechies Wavelet
Descrip Location of Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients

Sl.
tion of Fault in
No. d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 a8
Fault Winding
Without
1. -- 1.1759 1.3675 3.5728 9.5690 7.4753 1.2757 0.8727 0.4180 3.0670
fault
2. 2 Disc 39-38 Disc 1.1477 1.4166 3.3122 9.5338 7.2363 0.8399 0.6865 0.3845 2.4396
3. 3 Disc 39-37 Disc 0.9070 1.2819 3.6695 9.2097 6.3304 0.8504 0.5563 0.3096 2.8746
4. 4 Disc 39-36 Disc 0.9482 1.3136 3.6770 8.9336 6.3745 0.8481 0.4313 0.3172 2.6192
5. 5 Disc 39-35 Disc 0.9420 1.3301 3.4457 9.7129 6.9865 1.0450 0.6740 0.3616 2.4400
6. 7 Disc 39-33 Disc 1.1541 1.3159 3.6247 9.5258 6.9793 1.0204 0.8082 0.3021 2.8403
7. 8 Disc 39-32 Disc 1.1683 1.2676 3.7723 9.5797 7.0157 0.9743 0.8960 0.2518 2.3905
8. 9 Disc 39-31 Disc 1.3148 1.3603 3.4079 9.6011 6.9489 0.7668 0.8012 0.2836 2.3834
9. 11 Disc 39-29 Disc 1.7509 1.2763 4.1910 8.0783 4.9634 1.7711 0.6912 0.5257 2.1089
10. 13 Disc 39-27 Disc 1.8583 1.3427 3.9013 8.7042 5.8622 1.2704 0.5214 0.3969 2.4487
11. 14 Disc 39-26 Disc 1.7618 1.2602 4.1182 8.0708 4.7495 1.5443 0.6800 0.4311 2.1178
12. 15 Disc 39-25 Disc 1.7899 1.3135 3.7721 8.4325 5.1805 1.3868 0.9107 0.2496 2.7943
374
Table.4.9 Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for
Disc to Disc Fault in tapping winding using Daubechies Wavelet
Descri Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients

Location of
Sl. ption
Fault in
No. of d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 a8
Winding
Fault
1. Without fault 1.0356 1.0069 3.0364 9.6602 4.7369 2.1822 0.9720 0.5610 3.0191
2. 2 Disc 39 to 37 discs 12.6102 13.9351 4.3268 8.7524 3.9324 0.7633 0.6082 0.3432 0.8419
3. 2 Disc 37 to 35 discs 13.1688 13.3700 5.0917 9.2971 2.1379 1.4291 0.5525 0.3250 1.0167
4. 2 Disc 35 to 33 discs 12.5177 14.0845 3.5119 8.3342 4.7750 1.5601 0.7067 0.3862 0.9399
5. 2 Disc 33 to 31 discs 12.5023 14.6706 3.6526 8.5805 4.5088 0.9555 0.6601 0.4736 1.1875
6. 2 Disc 31 to 29 discs 12.3383 14.0496 4.5225 9.0518 2.2797 1.1105 0.5886 0.2119 1.3724
7. 2 Disc 29 to 27 discs 12.6831 13.6878 4.3314 8.8012 3.9912 0.8355 0.5147 0.3024 1.0220
8. 2 Disc 27 to 25 discs 12.9410 13.0208 4.1720 7.7334 4.5329 1.7390 0.6871 0.2677 1.5374
9. 2 Disc 25 to 23 discs 13.2399 12.8159 3.8496 7.7467 4.6080 1.3342 0.6820 0.2886 1.6312
10. 2 Disc 23 to 21 discs 12.4092 14.5115 2.9599 7.4517 4.3502 1.7683 0.5774 0.3430 1.0433
11. 2 Disc 21 to 19 discs 12.4976 14.1164 3.5824 8.5359 4.5833 1.1684 0.5577 0.4338 1.1773
12. 2 Disc 15 to 13 discs 12.6296 13.8308 4.2155 8.7069 1.9186 1.0604 0.3653 0.1037 1.2109
13. 2 Disc 9 to 7 discs 12.5083 14.1028 3.3736 8.3763 4.6774 1.4055 0.6276 0.3094 1.1651
14. 2 Disc 7 to 5 discs 12.9753 14.1865 4.3043 8.7018 3.8274 1.0126 0.5571 0.4135 1.3454
15. 2 Disc 5 to 3 discs 13.1430 13.6937 4.4862 8.7818 1.5302 0.8430 0.4824 0.2944 1.4603
16. 2 Disc 38 to 33 discs 1.1759 1.3675 3.5728 9.5690 7.4753 1.2757 0.8727 0.4180 3.0670
17. 2 Disc 32 to 27 discs 1.1477 1.4166 3.3122 9.5338 7.2363 0.8399 0.6865 0.3845 2.4396
18. 2 Disc 27 to 22 discs 0.9070 1.2819 3.6695 9.2097 6.3304 0.8504 0.5563 0.3096 2.8746
19. 2 Disc 21 to 16 discs 0.9482 1.3136 3.6770 8.9336 6.3745 0.8481 0.4313 0.3172 2.6192
20. 2 Disc 13 to 8 discs 0.9420 1.3301 3.4457 9.7129 6.9865 1.0450 0.6740 0.3616 2.4400
21. 2 Disc 8 to 3 discs 1.1541 1.3159 3.6247 9.5258 6.9793 1.0204 0.8082 0.3021 2.8403
375
Table.4.10: Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients for
2 turn Fault in the discs of tapping winding using Daubechies
Wavelet
Descr Locatio Absolute maximum value of the Wavelet coefficients

Sl. iption n of
No. of Fault in d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 a8
Fault Winding
1. 2 Turn 40th disc 1.1683 1.2676 3.7723 9.5797 7.0157 0.9743 0.8960 0.2518 2.3905
2. 3 Turn 40th disc 1.3148 1.3603 3.4079 9.6011 6.9489 0.7668 0.8012 0.2836 2.3834
3. 4 Turn 40th disc 1.7509 1.2763 4.1910 8.0783 4.9634 1.7711 0.6912 0.5257 2.1089
4. 2 Turn 37th disc 1.8583 1.3427 3.9013 8.7042 5.8622 1.2704 0.5214 0.3969 2.4487
5. 2 Turn 33rd disc 1.7618 1.2602 4.1182 8.0708 4.7495 1.5443 0.6800 0.4311 2.1178
6. 2 Turn 29th disc 1.7899 1.3135 3.7721 8.4325 5.1805 1.3868 0.9107 0.2496 2.7943
7. 2 Turn 25th disc 1.0356 1.0069 3.0364 9.6602 4.7369 2.1822 0.9720 0.5610 3.0191
Table.4.11 Test results of ANN for the classification of faults
Local Average
Fault Fault Location
value
Normal Operation YES
Disc to 39 to 37 No
Disc
29 to 27 YES
faults
in
15 to 13 YES
tapping
winding 9 to 7 No
2 to 4 No
Disc to
Disc 6 to 8 YES
faults
in HV 10 to 12 YES
winding
14 to 16 YES
376
4.11 CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter the analytical modeling of the HVDC converter
transformer has been discussed. A typical 315MVA transformer has been
considered for the analysis. The neutral currents were captured across
the 16th node to ground connection. Various testing methods of the
converter transformer were discussed.
From the analysis of the neutral current using FFT analysis
various dominant frequencies are identified. The wavelet transform of the
neutral current for these corner frequencies has been calculated. The
reconstructed signal using these wavelet transformed signals is almost
identical to the original neutral current signal. This technique can be
adopted for the elimination of noise.
The faults associated with the HVDC converter transformer have
been analyzed and are classified using ANN and wavelet transform
technique. The neutral currents have been analyzed using the FFT, ANN
and Wavelet Transform techniques. A technique that can be adopted for
the location of minor faults in the windings of the transformer windings
is proposed.
The comparative studies in this dissertation have demonstrated
that significant improvements over the traditional methods can be
achieved. The flexibility of the proposed approaches enables them to use
in variety of feasible applications in power system analysis. It can be
377
concluded from the results of the analysis of the converter transformer
that the combination of the techniques (Wavelet & ANN) can be adopted
for better fault diagnosis classification and location.
The digital recording of neutral currents in the HV and taping
windings of a 61MVA, 11kV/220kV transformer has been carried out
by applying a Low voltage impulse at one of the terminal for various
test conditions of the winding. The changes in the neutral current
characteristics depend primarily on the extent of failure. However the
core has been removed. The neutral currents are recorded using
digital oscilloscope for healthy winding and also by shorting several
pairs of discs and turns in succession. The recorded neutral currents
are analyzed by using FFT and wavelet transform and different plots
obtained for each case have been presented. The absolute 8th level
wavelet coefficients have been normalized and are used to train and
test the ANN. The test results of the ANN have been presented. From
the experimental analysis it is observed that to obtain more accuracy
more amounts of data required for the training of ANN.
378

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Chapter – 4

ANALYSIS OF HVDC CONVERTER TRANSFORMER

Converter transformer is very important and costly equipment in

the HVDC Transmission system. Thus great care has to be taken to

occurring in practice. Performance of the winding under impulse voltage

has a significant importance in the design of high voltage transformer

windings. Proper design of insulation not only provides trouble free

purpose of impulse test is to ascertain the ability of the insulation of the

transformer to withstand the application of the standard test voltage.

produces a non linear stress distribution through the transformer

winding and is characteristically different from that of power frequency

4.1 ANALYTICAL MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER

the form of a string of inductors tapped by their parallel capacitance to

winding sections. The long duration power frequency voltage distribution

in the windings is almost uniform. However, impulse voltage distribution

is highly non uniform and is based on the inductance and capacitance of

In the present context, the neutral current is visualized as a non

stationary signal whose properties changes in time, when there is fault.

faults. In order to understand the above phenomena prototype

transformers were subjected to theoretical and experimental

investigations. In this chapter, mathematical modeling of a converter

transformer and calculation of neutral current has been discussed.

4.1.1 FUNCTION OF CONVERTOR TRANSFORMERS:

Convertor transformers are specially designed oil insulated power

transformers and are similar to AC power transformers in many respects

vital and costly equipment in the HVDC convertor station. Convertor

combination of AC, DC voltages and harmonics.

Convertor transformers are used for transforming AC network

voltage to suitable voltages for feeding the 12 pulse convertor bridges.

The convertor transformer serves the following important functions

which are not performed by usual power transformers in AC substations.

 Convertor Transformer provides effective and natural barrier between

AC network and DC line. AC voltages/currents are not mixed with DC

voltages and currents, yet power is transferred from AC to DC

 By tap changer fitted on the convertor transformer, the DC line

voltage DC power flow is effectively controlled.

 By means of tap changers reactive power requirement of converter is

matched impedance of converter transformer. Impedance values are

selected for satisfactory operation of valves.

 DC load is distributed symmetrically by converter transformers over 3

the use of converter transformer and quadruple valves

 The reactance of converter transformer help in minimizing non

characteristic current harmonics.

4.1.2 SPECIAL FEATURES OF A CONVERTOR

frequently and should need only modest maintenance.

suitable for higher V/F ratios and higher harmonic content.

 Exceptionally long bushings to achieve desired creepage distances.

 Very special design of insulation system and windings.

 Higher percentage impedance to limit short circuit currents during

A converter transformer can be modeled by sub-dividing the

windings into a large number of sections. The present transformer 315

constructional geometry of one limb of the converter transformer

comprising of tapping, HVAC and HVDC star windings. It has been

evaluated that for reasonably accurate neutral current calculation, it is

number eight sections. Even formation of network with relatively smaller

tapping winding has been fully earthed as is done in a particular case of

winding is divided into 16 sections as shown in Figure 4.2. These

sections can be represented by self inductance (L) and mutual

geometry respectively. Using these above values an equivalent electric

Figure. 4.2. Simulation model of the transformer

excitation can be determined by solving the equivalent electric network.

An electrical equivalent network, made with the help of above parameters

has distribution given in Figure 4.3. The neutral current can be