English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world so it is not surprising that so many

people want to learn how to speak English. In your English classes you no doubt learn interesting things
but I’m sure you haven’t heard all of these facts before:

1 ‘E’ is the most commonly used letter in the English language. In fact, as many as one in eight of all the

letters written in English is ‘e’.

2 More English words begin with the letter ‘S’ than any other letter of the alphabet.

3 ‘I am.’ is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.

4 The longest English word that can be spelled without repeating any letters is ‘uncopyrightable’.

5 The following sentence contains seven different spellings of the sound “ee”: ‘He believed Caesar could
see people seizing the seas’.

6 Do you know what is special about the following sentence? ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every letter in the English language.

7 The longest word in English has 45 letters: ‘pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis’! It is a

type of lung disease caused by inhaling ash and sand dust.

8 There is no word in the English language that rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple.

1
9 ‘Queueing’ is the only word with five consecutive vowels (five vowels in a row). This is a great word to
use when you play hangman!

10 ‘Pronunciation’ is the word which is most mispronounced in the English language!

11 Due to a printing error, there was a word in the English dictionary from 1932 to 1940 which didn’t
have a meaning. The word was ‘Dord’ and it became known as ‘ghost word’.

13 English is the official language of the sky! It doesn’t matter which country they are from, all pilots

speak in English on international flights.

14 There are nine different ways to pronounce ‘ough’ in English. This sentence contains all of them: ‘A
rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after
falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed.’

15 The most difficult tongue twister in the English language is “sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick”. How
difficult is this for you?

Riddles
Can you work out the answers to these fun English riddles?

1. What has a face and two hands but no arms or legs?

2. What type of cheese is made backwards?

3. Which letter of the alphabet has the most water?

4. What begins with T, ends with T and has T in it?

5. Which month has 28 days?

clock A 1) backwards) ’made’ (spell Edam 2) (sea) C The 3) teapot A 4) all of them!!

2
Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns
(Brojive I nebrojive imenice)

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Most nouns in English are countable.
(Brojive imenice su one koje se mogu brojati. Većina imenica u engleskom jeziku su brojive.)

Examples:
 I have two dogs.
 Sandra has three cars.
 Jessie has ten dollars.

Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are not counted in English. Generally, we do not use plural forms of these
words; however some of these words do end in "s", so don't get confused.
(Nebrojive imenice se ne mogu brojati. Generalno, ne koristimo oblike za množinu kod ovih
imenica; ipak neke od ovih reči se zavrsavaju na “S”, pa se nemojte zbuniti.)

Examples:
 Mack drinks a lot of water.
 Cindy gives great advice.
 Paul enjoys politics. Ends with "s" but uncountable

*Nebrojive imenice su: gradivne (milk, wood, air…), apstraktne (love, intelligence, fear…) I
zbirne (money, police, cattle…)

Uncountable Plurals
Sometimes in English, we do use uncountable nouns in plural forms. This is most commonly
done with liquids and substances.
(Ponekad možemo koristiti nebrojive imenice u množini. To je najčešće slučaj kod tečnosti I
materijala.)

Examples:
 We'll have two coffees. Cups of coffee
 I bought three waters. Bottles of water
 The company produces two leathers. Types of leather

3
EXERCISE

For each word below, decide whether it is a countable or an uncountable noun:

1. honey 11. gravity

2. table 12. bicycle

3. advice 13. vanilla

4. wallet 14. information

5. health 15. wheat

6. luggage 16. air

7. computer 17. house

8. salt 18. anger

9. strength 19. tea

10. English 20. plant

4
British English and American English

If you are planning a trip to America but you’ve been studying British English (or vice versa), you
could have a few problems on your trip. For example, imagine one day that you really want to

eat this ->

If you ask someone in the UK where you can buy ‘chips’, they’ll probably send you to a local fish
and chips shop or to MacDonald’s. However, if you ask someone in America the same question,
they will probably tell you to go to a supermarket, thinking you want this ->

Although technically we all speak the same language (English), there are many differences
between British English and American English:

Pronunciation – Although the word might be spelt the same, it is possible that people from the
UK and America pronounce it differently. E.g. the word ‘tomato’ is pronounced ‘tom-ah-to’ in
the UK but ‘tom-ay-to’ in the USA and the word ‘mobile’ is pronounced ‘mow-bile’ in the UK but
‘mow-bl’in the USA.

Spelling – There are a few major spelling differences between British and American English. This
is because British English has generally kept the spelling of words that it has taken from other
languages but American English has changed the spelling to look more like how the word
actually sounds when you say it.

For example: colour – color, centre – center, organize – organize, programme – program

5
Grammar – There are many grammatical differences between American and British English. For
example, if someone asks if you are hungry but you have just finished your lunch, in British
English you would need to use the present perfect tense, “No, I’ve eaten already”, but in
American English you can use the past tense, “No, I ate already” (this would be incorrect in
British English).

Vocabulary – As you can see, there are many differences between British English and American
English. However, the most complicated for English language learners is probably the
differences in vocabulary, including idioms and phrasal verbs. Below you will see a few of the
main vocabulary differences between British and American English:

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

autumn fall
boot (of a car) trunk
dustbin or bin garbage can or trash can
flat apartment
holiday vacation
garden yard
lift elevator
petrol gas, gasoline
pavement sidewalk
queue line
tube or underground subway

6
Simple Present Tense
FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

 You speak English.

 Do you speak English?
 You do not speak English.

USE (UPOTREBA)

1. Repeated Actions (radnje koje se ponavljaju)

Examples:
I play tennis every Sunday.
She always forgets her purse.
We go to the seaside every summer.

2. Facts or Generalizations (činjenice ili generalizacije)

Examples:
Cats like milk.
Florida is in America.
Windows are made of glass.

3. Descriptions (opisi)

Examples:
She is beautiful.
The house is huge.
He is very funny.

4. Scheduled Events in the Near Future (planirani, rasporedom utvrđeni događaji u bliskoj
budućnosti)

Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
Class begins at 2.

7
* REMEMBER! Kod 3. lica jednine (he, she, it), potvrdnog oblika, na glagol dodajemo nastavak
-S

He wears sunglasses.
She goes to work every day.
It looks perfect.

+
I like English. We like English.
You like English. You like English.
He/She/It likes English. They like English.

-
I don’t Like English. We don’t like English.
You don’t like English. You don’t like English.
He/She/It doesn’t like English. They don’t like English.

?
Do I like English? Do we like English?
Do you like English? Do you like English?
Does he/she/it like English? Do they like English?

* SLOŽENA PITANJA (sadrže upitne reči why, when, where, what, how…)

Why do you like English? (na prosto pitanje samo “nalepimo” upitnu reč)

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks:

1. You ___________ (look) nice.

2. They __________ (work) together.
3. She ___________ (shop) every weekend.
4. ____ we ________ (need) bread?
5. ______ he _________ (like) movies?
6. I _____________________ (not want) that shirt.
7. Ben ___________________ (not eat) meat.
8. Susan and Mark __________________ (not go) to the theater.
9. My mother ___________ (cook) every day.
10. He _________ (be) my best friend.

8
Read the following text and answer the questions:

A Special Christmas Present

David wants to buy a Christmas present for a very special person, his mother. David's
father gives him $5.00 a week pocket money and David puts $2.00 a week into his bank
account. After three months David takes $20.00 out of his bank account and goes to the
shopping mall. He looks and looks for a perfect gift.

Suddenly he sees a beautiful brooch in the shape of his favourite pet. He says to himself, "My mother
loves jewelry, and the brooch costs only $17.00." He buys the brooch and takes it home. He wraps the
present in Christmas paper and places it under the tree. He is very excited and he is
looking forward to Christmas morning to see the joy on his mother's face.

But when his mother opens the present she screams with fright because she sees a
spider.

1. What does David want to buy his Mother?

2. Who does David get his money from?
3. How much money does David take to the mall?
4. What does David buy his mother?
5. What does David do with the present when he takes it home?
6. Where does David put the present on Christmas Eve?
7. Why does David's mother scream?

Fill in the blanks:

Hello everybody! My name .......... (be) Stewie and this .......(be) my family.
My mother’s name .......(be) Louis. She ....... (be) a housewife. She ............... (get up) at 7o’clock every
morning and ................ (prepare) breakfast. She .............. (clean) our house and ............. (feed) our dog.
She usually............ (meet) her friends at home and she .............. (make) delicious cakes. She ....... (be)
the best mom and I ............ (love) her very much.
My father’s name .......(be) Peter. He....... (be) fat. He .............. (work) at a factory. The factory
............ (make) cars. My father ............. (like) watching football matches on TV but he can’t play football.
He really ......... (like) his job but he ................................. (not earn) much. He ....................... (come back)
home at 7 o’clock in the evening and ..........(play) with me. I love him as well.
Every morning I ........... (get up) at 7 o’clock. I ......... (wash) my face and ............(brush) my teeth. Then, I
................... (get dressed) and ..........(have) my breakfast. I ............ (leave) home at 8 o’clock and
............(wait for) the school bus. After school I ...........(go back) home by bus and I ............ (get off) the
bus at 4 o’clock. I ...........(change) my clothes and .............(go out) at 4:30.I .........(go) to the playground
and .........(play) football with my friends. We .......... (have) dinner at 8 o’clock. After dinner I .......(do) my
homework and ............. (watch)cartoons.

9
Prepositions of Time (in, on, at)
(Predlozi za vreme)

We use:

 at for a PRECISE TIME

 in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
 on for DAYS and DATES

AT IN ON

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at noon In 1965 on 6 March
at sunrise in summer on Independence Day
at dinnertime in the next century on Christmas Day
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
at night in the Ice Age on 21 Dec. 2010
at the weekend* In 2 months on my birthday
at Christmas* In the morning

*In American English, "on the weekend" and "on Christmas" is used

Fill in the blanks using the correct preposition:

1. Lana’s birthday will be ___ a few months.

2. I’ll see you ___ Wednesday.
3. By eleven o'clock ___ the evening, I am in bed.
4. Her grandmother will arrive there ___ half-past seven in the morning.
5. It happened ___ the twentieth century.
6. ___ breakfast-time we do not eat salad.
7. Diamond was born ___ the 30th of July.
8. We will go out to dinner ___ Friday night.
9. ___ what year were you born?
10. ___ what day were you born?
11. He is arriving in Texas ___ five o'clock in the evening.

10
Native Americans - From Nomad to Farmer

Many scientists believe that the earliest people in North Americans may have traveled here from the
continent of Asia many thousands of years ago.

At that time, Earth was experiencing an Ice Age. Much of the water that separates the northern parts of
Asia and North America would have been frozen at the time. It may have formed an ice bridge that
people were able to walk across.

Perhaps they were hunters following their food. Perhaps they were adventurous. We do not know for
sure. Their migration to North America, however, may make them the grand forefathers of the people
we call Native Americans.

We do know that the earliest North Americans were nomads. They traveled from place to place instead
of settling in one place. Eventually, these nomads began to find permanent settlements. They had
already learned to gather plants growing in the wild forests. After a time, they began to learn about
agriculture. Agriculture is raising plants and animals for human
use. With better sources for food, they didn’t need to move
around to look up for it so much.

As they began to look for more permanent homes, they paid

attention to the resources of specific locations. They wanted to
live near water sources, such as streams or rivers. This helped to
make sure that they could water their crops and take care of the
water needs of humans and animals. It’s not surprising, then, to
discover that most early villages were located very close to
water sources.

People moved around less often than before. However, they

were still slowly migrating to other areas. Every time a group or
tribe moved into a different natural environment they had to adapt to the climate and resources of that
area. The clothing they wore, the kind of houses they built and even the kind of food that they ate
depended upon the region in which they lived.

Answer the following questions:

1. In what state was much of the water that separated the northern parts of Asia and North
America?
2. Some people think that the North Americans migrated because ……..
3. What took them a while to learn?
4. What did the tribes do every time they moved to a new place?
5. Where were most early villages located?

11
History of Thanksgiving
Modern Thanksgiving has its direct origins in American history.

On Sept. 6, 1620, a group of Puritans left England and set sail on a ship called the Mayflower.
They arrived in the New World after 65 days.

They settled in a town called Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilgrims' first winter
was so harsh that less than half of the group survived the season.

On March 16, 1621, an Abnaki Indian named Samoset entered the Plymouth settlement. He
welcomed the Pilgrims in English, and the next day returned with another American Indian
named Squanto, who spoke English well. With Squanto's help, the Pilgrims were able to survive
in the New World. He taught them how to avoid plants that were poisonous and how to plant
corn and other crops.

The harvest was very successful, due to help from the

American Indians. The Pilgrims had enough food for
the winter and had learned how to survive in the New
World. Plymouth Colony's Governor, William Bradford,
decided to throw a feast and invited the colony's
American Indian neighbors to take part. The American
Indians brought food as well, and the celebration
lasted for three days.

Many view the first Thanksgiving as an example of

great respect and cooperation between two different
cultures. But others see it as a symbol of the colonists' persecution of the American Indians.
Sadly, the friendly spirit of the first Thanksgiving and the 50-year period of peace that followed
is one exception in a long history of bloodshed between Native American tribes and European
settlers.

In 1970, some American Indians began observing a Day of Mourning on Thanksgiving Day to
remember the violence and discrimination suffered by their ancestors. The Day of Mourning is
observed by gathering at the top of "Coles Hill," which overlooks Plymouth Rock.

12
TRUE OR FALSE?

1. Pilgrims arrived in the New World on the Mayflower after sailing from Europe for 65
days
2. The first Native American Indian that the pilgrims met did not speak English
3. Squanto helped the pilgrims survive in the New World
4. The first harvest of the pilgrims was very successful and they had enough food for the
winter
5. The pilgrims had a feast to celebrate their good harvest, but they did not invite the
Native American Indians who helped them with their crops
6. Many people view the first Thanksgiving as a symbol of the pilgrims eventual
persecution of the Native American Indians

13
Present Continuous Tense

FORM
[am/is/are + present participle (verb+ing)]

Examples:
 You are watching TV.
 Are you watching TV?
 You are not watching TV.

USE (UPOTREBA):

1. To express the idea that something is happening now (da izrazimo nešto što se dešava sada,
u ovom trenutku)

Examples:
 You are learning English now.
 You are not swimming now.
 I am sitting.

2. Longer actions in progress now (radnja koja traje I sada je u progresu)

Examples:
 I am studying to become a doctor.
 I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
 We are working on a special project at work.

3. Near future (bliska budućnost)

Examples:
 I am meeting some friends after work.
 She is going to the party tonight.
 They are coming tomorrow.

4. Repetition and irritation with "Always" (ponavljanje i iritantno ponašanje)

Examples:
 She is always coming to class late.
 He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
 I don't like them because they are always complaining.

14
+
I am watching TV. We are watching TV.
You are watching TV. You are watching TV.
He/She/It is watching TV. They are watching TV.

_
I am not watching TV. We are not (aren’t) watching TV.
You are not (aren’t) watching TV. You are not (aren’t) watching TV.
He/She/It is not (isn’t) watching TV. They are not (aren’t) watching TV.

Am I watching TV? Are we watching TV?

Are you watching TV? Are you watching TV?
Is he/she/it watching TV? Are they watching TV?

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences below using the appropriate tense, Pres. Simple or Pres. Continuous:

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I

(study) French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) .

4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) .

5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) .

6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so
loudly.

7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can
find a good publisher when he is finished.

15
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be) printed by a company in New York. Their prices
(be) inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.

Read the text below and answer the questions:

It’s a rainy Saturday. It’s raining a lot and Mary and her family are spending the afternoon at
home. Her uncles are visiting them. Mary and her father are in the living room. Mary is drawing
and her father, Mr. Harris, is surfing the net. They are also
talking.
Mary’s older brother, Peter, is in his bedroom playing
computer games. He is a computer fanatic and he spends
much time playing on the computer. His little brother, Jim,
is also in the
living room. He is playing with his dinosaurs’ collection.
Sometimes he teases Mary, he is a
really naughty boy.
Mary’s mother, Mrs. Harris, is in the kitchen preparing a
snack for all of them. She is making
some tea and talking to Mary’s uncles – Luke and Tom.
They are from the nearest town and stopped by to say
hello.
Fluffy, the family cat, is sleeping on the kitchen’s sofa. He is one lazy cat.

1. What day of the week is it?

2. Where is Mary?
3. What is she doing?
4. What is her brother’s name?
5. What is Mr. Harris doing?
6. What is Mrs. Harris doing in the kitchen?
7. Who are Luke and Tom?
8. Where are they from?
9. What is Fluffy, the cat, doing?

16
Present Simple and Continuous Taboo topics game
Taboo questions challenge

Below are some more Present Simple and Present

Continuous questions, some of which are too
personal or difficult to answer. Give each question below
a number of points based on how difficult it is to answer:
5 points = Extremely difficult/ a taboo question
4 points = Very difficult
3 points = Quite or a little bit difficult
2 points = Quite easy
1 points = Very easy/ an ordinary question

 “Do you prefer a bath or a shower?”

 “How often do you take a bath or shower?”
 “Where did you buy the shoes that you are wearing now?”
 “What are you carrying in your pockets now?”
 “How do you feel about capital punishment?”
 “How much money do you earn?”
 “Do you wear glasses to watch the TV/ drive/ read?”
 “Which perfume is your favorite?”
 “Do you feel nervous when you have exams?”
 “What do you usually do when you are on holiday?”
 “How much alcohol do you drink every week?”
 “What do you usually do on your days off?”
 “What do you think about the President or Prime Minister of your country?”
 “How do you feel about Gypsies?”
 “Where do you buy underwear?”
 “What color underwear are you wearing today?”
 “How are you feeling?”
 “Do you snore?”
 “How many hours do you sleep a night?”
 “How much do you weigh?”

Useful language
Politely refusing to answer a question
“I’d rather not answer that” “I’d rather not say”
“I’m afraid that’s a bit personal”
Impolitely refusing to answer a question
“(That’s) none of your business!” “Keep your nose out (of other people’s business)!”
“I could tell you, but then I’d have to kill you”

17
Common English Idioms Part I

An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning which is different from the meanings of each individual
word in it. For example, if someone says to you “I’m pulling your leg”, you might think it is
strange because you would definitely be able to feel if someone was holding your leg and
pulling it! This idiom actually means that they are teasing you or playing a joke on you.

Kevin: “I just heard that there’s a problem with the company’s

computers and we won’t be paid until next week!”
Steve: “Oh no! I won’t be able to pay my rent on time! What am I
going to do?”
Kevin: “Haha I’m just pulling your leg! The computers are working
fine. You’ve been paid already.”

Between a rock and a hard place

Meaning:
To be in a very difficult situation and to have to make a hard decision between two things that
are equally unpleasant.

Examples:
“Someone drove into my car yesterday and now I’m stuck between a rock and a hard place – I
can either drive around with a big dent in my car or pay lots of money to have it repaired.”

“I don’t know what to do – if I go to the party I won’t be able to do my homework and my

teacher will be really angry tomorrow but if I stay at home and do my homework I’m going to
miss a great party! I hate being between a rock and a hard place!”

A leopard can’t change its spots

Meaning:
A person cannot change who they are (their character), no matter how hard they try.

Example:
The waiter tried to be friendly to his customers but a leopard can’t
change its spots and he was still very rude.

18
Let the cat out of the bag

Meaning:
To reveal a secret or a surprise, usually by accident.

Examples:
“It’s a secret. Try not to let the cat out of the bag.”

“Well the cat’s out of the bag now. Everyone knows Amy will be given the lead role in the play.”

Get up on the wrong side of the bed

Meaning:
To be in a bad mood – to be grumpy or unpleasant from the moment you wake up for no
obvious reason.

Examples:
“Why are you in such a bad mood today? Did you get up on the wrong side of the bed?”

“I feel terrible. I definitely got up on the wrong side of the bed today. Actually, maybe it was all
the wine I drank last night!”

Not my cup of tea

Meaning:
If something is not your cup of tea, you do not like it or you are not interested in it.

Examples:
“Some people love playing cricket, but it’s not my cup of tea.”

“I know that horror films are not your cup of tea, but you should definitely see this one – it’s
amazing!”

19
A piece of cake

Meaning:
Something which is very easy to do.

Examples
“I’m sure the test next week will be a piece of cake for me. I’ve
been studying for weeks!”

“The football match today was a piece of cake! All the best players in the other team had
injuries so we scored 6 goals!”

Under the weather

Meaning:
To feel ill/unwell.

Examples:
“Hi John, it’s Simon. Sorry but I can’t come to your party – I’m a bit under the weather.”

“I’ve been feeling a little under the weather today. I had to wait outside in the rain for 2 hours
last night and I think I may have caught a cold.”

Bite the bullet

Meaning:
To make yourself do something difficult or unpleasant that you have been
avoiding doing.

Examples:
“I can’t believe I haven't found a new job yet. I'm going to have to bite the bullet and sell my car
so I can pay my rent!”

“My teacher knew I cheated so I had to bite the bullet and admit it.”

20
Sleep on it

Meaning:
To spend time (usually at least a day) thinking about something carefully before making a
decision.

Examples:
Mr. Davis: “So Tom, would you like to work here?”
Tom: “I’m not sure. Can I sleep on it and let you know tomorrow?”

“She told me she would sleep on it and let me know her decision but it’s been 3 days now and
she still hasn’t called!”

Test yourself

Can you complete these sentences with the idioms above?

1. My sister is in such a bad mood all day. She definitely ________________________________

________________________.
2. You don’t need to give me an answer now. Why don’t you ____________________________
___________ and tell me when you’re ready?
3. I can’t believe you ________________________________________. You ruined the surprise!
4. I’m caught _____________________________________. If I stay in this job I will be really
unhappy but if I quit my job I might not find a new one for months. I don’t know what to do.
5. I thought the exam would be ______________________________ but it was really difficult. I
wish I’d studied more.
6. I’m feeling a bit _______________________________. I think I’ve caught a cold.
7. Katie used to have a reputation for gossiping. I've heard she's changed now, but I don't trust
her: __________________________________________________.
8. I hate going to the dentist but I’ve had a bad toothache for a week. I guess I’ll have to ______
_______________________ and book an appointment.
9. Some people love listening to classical music but it’s not my ___________________________

21
Google

Read the following passage and answer the

questions that follow.

You know that you're doing something big

when your company name becomes a verb. Ask
Xerox. In 1959 they created the first plain paper
copy machine. It was one of the most successful products ever. The company name Xerox grew
into a verb that means "to copy," as in "Bob, can you Xerox this for me?" Around 50 years later,
the same thing happened to Google. Their company name grew into a verb that means "to do
an internet search." Now everyone and their grandma knows what it means to Google it.

Unlike Xerox, Google wasn't the first company to invent their product, not by a long shot. Lycos
released their search engine in 1993. Yahoo! came out in 1994. AltaVista began serving results
in 1995. Google did not come out until years later, in 1998. Though a few years difference may
not seem like much, this is a major head start in the fast moving world of tech. So how did
Google do it? How did they overtake their competitors who had such huge leads in time and
money? Maybe one good idea made all the difference.

There are millions and millions of sites on the internet. How does a search engine know which
ones are relevant to your search? This is a question that great minds have been working on for
decades. To understand how Google changed the game, you need to know how search engines
worked in 1998. Back then most websites looked at the words in your query. They counted how
many times those words appeared on each page. Then they might return pages where the
words in your query appeared the most. This system did not work well and people often had to
click through pages and pages of results to find what they wanted.

Google was the first search engine that began considering links. Links are those blue underlined
words that take you to other pages when you click on them. Larry Page, cofounder of Google,
believed that meaningful data could be drawn from how those links connect. Page figured that
websites with many links pointing at them were more important than those that had few. He
was right. Google's search results were much better than their rivals. They would soon become
the world's most used search engine.

It wasn't just the great search results that led to Google becoming so well liked. It also had to
do with the way that they presented their product. Most of the other search engines were
cluttered. Their home pages were filled with everything from news stories to stock quotes. But
Google's homepage was, and still is, clean. There's nothing on it but the logo, the search box,
and a few links. It almost appears empty. In fact, when they were first testing it, users would
wait at the home page and not do anything. When asked why, they said that they were,
"waiting for the rest of the page to load." People couldn't imagine such a clean and open page
as being complete. But the fresh design grew on people once they got used to it.

22
These days Google has its hands in everything from self-driving cars to helping humans live
longer. Though they have many other popular products, they will always be best known for
their search engine. The Google search engine has changed our lives and our language. Not only
is it a fantastic product, it shows that one good idea (and a lot of hard work) can change the
world.

1. Which event happened last?

a. Lycos released their search engine. b. Yahoo! released their search engine.

c. Google released their search engine. d. Xerox released their copy machine.

2. Which statement would the author of this text most likely disagree with?

a. Part of Google's success is due to the design of their homepage.

b. Google succeeded by following examples of others in their field.

c. Google wasn't the first search engine, but it was the best.

d. Google's success may not have been possible without Larry Page.

3. Which best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?

a. There are lots and lots of websites connected to the internet.

b. Google created a better way to organize search results.

c. Many smart people have worked on search engines over the years.

d. Older search engines used unreliable methods to order results.

4. Which statement would the author most likely agree with?

a. Google became successful because its founders were well-connected.

b. Google was the world's first and best search engine.

c. Google changed the world by solving an old problem in a new way.

d. Google's other products are now more important to its success than search.

23
Comparison of Adjectives (Poređenje prideva)
There are three forms of comparison:
 positive
 comparative
 superlative

1. Comparison with -er/-est

clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives (Koristimo -er/-est za ove prideve):

 Adjectives with one syllable (jednosložni pridevi)

big – bigger – the biggest
small – smaller – the smallest
cheap – cheaper – the cheapest
 Adjectives with two syllables, ending in –y, -er, -le, -ow (dvosložni pridevi koji se
završavaju na –y, -er, -le, -ow)
happy – happier – the happiest
clever – cleverer – the cleverest
simple – simpler – the simplest
slow – slower – the slowest

* Spelling rules (pravila za pisanje)

large larger largest leave out the silent –e

big bigger biggest

Double the consonant after short vowel
sad sadder saddest

dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)

Here -y is not changed to -i.

shy shyer shyest
(although consonant before -y)

24
2. Comparison with more/the most

intelligent – more intelligent – the most intelligent

We use more/the most with adjectives with more than one syllable ( Koristimo more/the most
za višesložne prideve)

beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful

difficult – more difficult – the most difficult

3. Irregular comparison (Nepravilno poređenje)

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

good better the best

bad worse the worst
much more the most
many more the most
little less the least

4. Special adjectives (Posebni pridevi)

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (Neki pridevi se porede na oba načina)

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

clever cleverer/more clever the cleverest/the most clever

common commoner/more common the commonest/the most
common
likely likelier/more likely the likeliest/the most likely
pleasant pleasanter/more pleasant the pleasantest/the most
pleasant
polite politer/more polite the politest/the most polite
quiet quieter/more quiet the quietest/the most quiet
simple simpler/more simple the simplest/the most simple
stupid stupider/more stupid the stupidest/the most
stupid
subtle subtler/more subtle the subtlest/the most subtle
sure surer/more sure the surest/the most sure

25
EXERCISE

Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct form
(comparative or superlative):

1. This is a nice cat. It's much than my friend's cat.

2. Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is .
3. This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is
the exercise on the worksheet.
4. He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the hobby in the world.
5. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even one
last weekend.
6. School is boring, but homework is than school.
7. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is than
skateboarding.
8. This magazine is cheap, but that one is .
9. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even than ours.
10. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the joke I've ever
heard.

Fill in all the gaps with the correct forms of the adjectives:

1. → longer →
2. → → worst
3. modern → →
4. → → nicest
5. → → nearest
6. → → flattest
7. popular → →
8. → happier →
9. many → →
10. exciting → →

26
Read the article and look for comparative adjectives.

Yesterday my brother and I went to see a football game. We watched our two favorite teams,
the Eagles and the Hawks. It was the second week of the season and the day was much colder
than the week before. We were excited because I love the Hawks and he loves the Eagles.

The seats were good, but I wanted something closer to the field. However, we sat and enjoyed
the game. Well, we enjoyed it until we started arguing. The problem with my brother and I is
that we both think our team is better than the other team. He always says to me that the
Eagles are faster, stronger, and smarter than the Hawks. I never agree. On this day, he was
wrong. The Hawks played a lot better than the Eagles. They looked stronger and tougher than
the Eagles.

One thing I didn’t like was that the food and drinks were much more expensive than other
places, and tasted much worse. I was surprised that a hotdog and a drink cost $7. Also, the
hotdog was smaller than normal hotdogs. So I was a little sad about my meal, and hoped to get
something tastier after the game. But I was happy because the Hawks beat the Eagles by 15
points.

Driving home I talked about how much better my team

was than the Eagles. My brother was getting angry and I
noticed he was driving a lot faster than usual. We were
lucky he didn’t crash. Finally he saw a police car so he
started to drive slower. So we made it home safe and
overall it was a great day. Although we fight, it is a lot
more fun going to games with my brother than anyone
else.

1. Where did the brothers go yesterday?

2. Which teams played?
3. Who won the game?
4. Why do the brothers fight?
5. What does the writer complain about?

27
REVISION 1

1. Underline all countable nouns (podvucite sve brojive imenice):

water computer dog

chair peach sand
pencil police ball
tea umbrella song
book music fear
sugar table window
air school chocolate

2. Fill in the blanks using Present Simple or Present Continuous:

John _______________ (play) football at the moment.

We often ________________ (have) tests at our school.
I _________________ (listen) to my teacher now.
Look! Mandy and Susan __________________ (watch) a film on TV.
Olivia ___________________ (visit) her uncle every weekend.
Now the sun _________________ (shine).
They sometimes __________________ (write) poems in the lessons.
Listen! The band _________________ (test) the new guitar.
First I __________________ (get up), then I brush my teeth.
Every morning my mother _________________ (wake up) up at 6 o'clock.

3. Fill in the blanks using Present Simple or Present Continuous:

Harold Black is a famous pianist. He________________(give) two or three concerts every week.
He ________________(travel) a lot and this week he is in New York. He________________
(stay) at an expensive hotel. He is at his hotel now. He________________(have) his breakfast in
the dining−room. He________________(drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(read)
a newspaper. Harold is always very busy. He________________(play) the piano regularly.
He________________(practice) for four hours every day. He________________(go) to bed late
and he always ________________(get up) early. But he sometimes________________(get)
dressed too quickly, and this morning he________________(wear) one blue sock and one red
one!

4. Fill in the blanks using the correct preposition (in, on, at):

 Let's meet _______________ Tuesday.

 Let's meet _______________ two hours.
 I saw him _______________ 3:00 PM.
 Do you want to go there _______________ the morning?

28
  Let's do it _______________ the weekend.
 I can't work _______________ night.
 I'll be there _______________ 10 minutes.
 Let's meet at the park _______________ noon.
 I saw her _______________ my birthday.
 I like going to the beach _______________ the summer.

5. Write comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives:

bad
regular
exciting
happy
wonderful
clever
friendly
beautiful
clear
few
fast
good
little
strong

6. What is the meaning of these idioms?

Under the weather - _______________________________________________

Let the cat out of the bag - __________________________________________

Piece of cake - ____________________________________________________

Not my cup of tea - ________________________________________________

Between a rock and a hard place - ____________________________________

29
Simple Past Tense

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verb

TO BE: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we/you/they were

Examples:

 You called Debbie.

 Did you call Debbie?
 You did not (didn’t) call Debbie.

USE (UPOTREBA):

1. Completed action in the past (završena radnja u prošlosti)

Examples:

 I saw a movie yesterday.

 Last year, I traveled to Japan.

2. Series of completed actions (serija završenih radnji)

Examples:

 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others
at 10:00.

3. Past facts or generalizations (činjenice I generalizacije iz prošlosti)

Examples:

 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

 He didn't like tomatoes before.

30
+
I went to the cinema. We went to the cinema.
You went to the cinema. You went to the cinema.
He/She/It went to the cinema. They went to the cinema.

_
I didn’t go to the cinema. We didn’t go to the cinema.
You didn’t go to the cinema. You didn’t go to the cinema.
He/She/It didn’t go to the cinema. They didn’t go to the cinema.

Did I go to the cinema? Did we go to the cinema?

Did you go to the cinema? Did you go to the cinema?
Did he/she/it go to the cinema? Did they go to the cinema?

EXERCISE:

Put the verbs into the past simple:

1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.

2. It (be) fantastic.
3. I (visit) lots of interesting places. I (be) with two friends of
mine .
4. In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.
5. In the evenings we (go) to pubs.
6. The weather (be) strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain) a lot.
8. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) your last holiday?

31
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs:

Meet _______________
Drive _______________
Speak _______________
Put _________________
Write _______________
Sing ________________
Do _________________
Run ________________
Stand _______________

Put the sentences into simple past:

We move to a new house. → ______________________________________________

They bring a sandwich. → _________________________________________________
He doesn't do the homework. →____________________________________________
They sell cars. → _________________________________________________________
Does she visit her friends? →_______________________________________________

Choose Was or Were:

The teacher _______ happy.

The students ________ very clever.
But one of them _______ in trouble.
We _______ sorry for him.
He ________ nice though.

Conversation questions:

1. What did you eat for breakfast?

2. What did you do yesterday?
3. Which singers or what kind of music did you like when you were younger?
4. Where did you go on your last vacation?
5. Did you like school when you were a child?
6. What was your favorite subject in school?
7. What did you do for your last birthday?

32
 Reading Comprehension

Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley is the greatest ever reggae singer. He spread reggae
and his message of love and unity to a worldwide audience. His live
performances were legendary for their passion and energy. Marley’s album
‘Exodus’ was voted by ‘Time’ magazine as the best of the 20th Century. The BBC
declared his song ‘One Love’ as the song of the millennium.

Marley was born in 1945 in a small village in Jamaica to a white father and black mother. The racist
bullying he received as a child had an impact on his songwriting. He left school at the age of 14 to make
music. He met members of his future band The Wailers at a jam session. It took several years before
they became famous.

The Wailers' first album ‘Catch a Fire’ was released in 1973 and sold well. Another album followed a year
later which included the song ‘I Shot The Sheriff’. Eric Clapton’s cover of the song in 1974 brought
Marley a lot of global attention. In 1975, Marley released his breakthrough song ‘No Woman, No Cry’,
still regarded as a classic today.

Marley left Jamaica for England in 1976 to record his ‘Exodus’ and ‘Kaya’ albums. He toured the world
and performed to campaign against apartheid in South Africa and to celebrate Zimbabwe’s
independence. He died of cancer in 1981, aged 36. He was given a state funeral in Jamaica according to
the Rastafari tradition. He continues to be an important influence on today’s music.

QUESTIONS:

1. Who was Bob Marley?

2. When and where was he born?
3. Where did Bob go in 1976?
4. Why did he die? How old was he?

Match the words from the article on the left with their synonyms on the right:

1. unity a. famous
2 legendary b. well-known
3. declared c. influence
4. impact d. a number of
5. several e. harmony
6. famous f. announced

33
Write the past tense of the verbs:

1. I (hide) ________________ the chocolates from my little sister yesterday.

2. My father (feel) ________________ a little sick a week ago.

3. The dog (dig) ________________ a big hole in the garden yesterday.

4. All those houses (burn) ________________ to ashes in the last fire.

5. The big parrot (cost) ________________ a fortune last year.

6. The girls (buy) _________________ pizza for dinner.

7. As I was running, I didn’t see the log and (fall) ________________ down.

8. I (give) _______________ my mother a beautiful birthday present.

9. The girls (bring) _______________ sandwiches for lunch last week.

10. They (choose) __________________ a nice dress for prom.

11. I (dream) ________________ that Diego was in Russia.

12. I can’t talk. I (catch) ________________ a terrible cold.

13. My sister (find) ________________ a cell phone under the table.

14. The boys (drink) ________________ a two-liter Coke after practice.

15. I (hear) ________________ that Patsy is away on business.

16. Are you sure Dana (forgive) __________________ her boyfriend last night?

17. My father (drive) __________________ so fast that I was afraid to crash.

18. I (get) ________________ a 10 in my last exam.

19. The Olympic Games were (hold) __________________ in Sydney a few years ago.

20. When my sister went to China, she (fly) _________________ by herself.

34
Henry Ford Biography
(1863–1947)

Born on July 30, 1863, near Dearborn, Michigan, Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in
1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the
industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head.

When Ford was 13 years old, his father gave

him a pocket watch, which the young boy
promptly took apart and reassembled. Friends
and neighbors were impressed, and requested
that he fix their watches and clocks too.
Unsatisfied with farm work, Ford left home the
following year, at the age of 16, to take an
apprenticeship as a machinist in Detroit. In the
years that followed, he would learn to skillfully
operate and service steam engines, and also
studied bookkeeping.

In 1903, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company. Ford introduced the Model T in
October of 1908. However, more than for his profits, Ford became renowned for his
revolutionary vision: the manufacture of an inexpensive automobile made by skilled workers
who earn steady wages. Simple to drive and cheap to repair, half of all cars in America in 1918
were Model T's.

When it comes to his political views, Henry Ford was quite a controversial person. He opposed
World War I, because he was concerned that those who financed the war were just looking to
make a profit at the expense of human life. Ford opposed America's entry into World War II as
well. In the early 1920s, Ford sponsored a weekly newspaper that published strongly anti-
Semitic views. He also expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler and Germany, and in 1938
accepted the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the Nazi regime’s highest medal for a foreigner.

Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83.

1. When and where was Ford born?

2. What is he famous for?
3. What happened in 1908?
4. Why was he considered controversial?

35
Match the words with their meanings:

promptly disagree
skillfully famous
establish respect
renowned immediately
inexpensive set up
oppose competently
admiration cheap

Complete the table in simple past:

Positive Negative Question

Jane was tired.
Sean did not work
Was Betty thirsty?
Louis didn’t throw the ball.
Did she see us?
He criticized you.
Mary didn’t sing.

Ask for the bold part of the sentence:

1. Billy ate an apple.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The children played in the garden.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Laura came home at six o’clock.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The girl wrote five letters.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. My friends swam in the lake.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

36
Past Continuous Tense

FORM

[was/were + present participle (verb+ing)]

Examples:
 You were studying when she called.
 Were you studying when she called?
 You were not studying when she called.

USE:

1. Interrupted Action in the Past (radnja u prošlosti koja je prekinuta)

 I was watching TV when she called.

 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

2. Parallel Actions (paralelne radnje)

 I was studying while he was making dinner.

 While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
 Were you listening while he was talking?

3. Specific Time in the Past (specifično vreme u prošlosti)

 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

4. Atmosphere (atmosfera)

 When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on
the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting.

5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" (ponavljanje, često iritantno sa prilogom always)

 She was always coming to class late.

 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
 I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

37
+
I was reading. We were reading.
You were reading. You were reading.
He/She/It was reading. They were reading.
_
I wasn’t reading. We weren’t reading.
You weren’t reading. You weren’t reading.
He/She/It wasn’t reading. They weren’t reading.

Was I reading? Were we reading?

Were you reading? Were you reading?
Was he/she/it reading? Were they reading?

EXERCISE

Write sentences in past continuous:

1. My mother / read / a novel ________________________________________________

2. I / watch / TV ____________________________________________________________
3. We / not talk / about school ________________________________________________
4. My brothers / listen / to the radio ____________________________________________
5. You / read / a book? _______________________________________________________

Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous):

1. While Tom ______________ (read), Amely _______________ (watch) a documentary

on TV.
2. Marvin ____________ (come) home, ______________ (switch) on the computer and
_______________ (check) his emails.
3. The boys ________________ (swim) while the girls ___________________ (sunbathe).
4. While the parents _________________ (have) breakfast, their children
___________________ (run) about.
5. Martha _____________ (turn) off the lights and ______________ (go) to bed.

38
Choose the correct time expression used with the past continuous tense:

1. What were you doing (while / during) the meeting?

2. They were discussing the problem (when / while) I walked into the room.
3. Was Alice paying attention (while / during) the presentation?
4. Alex wasn't playing golf (this / at) morning. He was working.
5. She was working quietly (when / while) he opened the door.
6. Jackson wasn't listening (while / during) he was explaining the situation.

Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence:

1. Jamie was doing a language course in London. →

2. Andrew was carrying a heavy box. →
3. The teacher was testing our English. →
4. At six o'clock, we were having dinner. →
5. Sally was hurrying to school because she was late. →

Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous):

1. While we ______________, we _______________a horrible accident. (drive, see)

2. He _______________ to see his grandmother yesterday. (go)
3. I _______________ very hard last night. (work)
4. I _________________ when someone ________________my lunchbox yesterday. (play,
steal)
5. Susan _________________ lunch when someone __________________ the doorbell.
(have, ring)
6. Last year, I __________________ to do a lot of research while I _________________ on
my project. (have - work)
7. Sam _________________ hurt while he __________________ football. (get, play)
8. Yesterday at 7 o'clock, Anna ________________ a movie. (watch)

39
Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:
 at for a POINT
 in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
 on for a SURFACE

At tells us that someone/something is located at a specific point or location. It shows an exact

position.

She's waiting at the entrance.

Someone is at the door.
I work at a bank.

*At is also used for place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
 at a concert, at the party
 at the movies, at university, at work

In tells us that someone/something is in an enclosed space. Basically, when something is inside

something.

I watch TV in the living-room.

She is in the car.
Look at the girl in the picture.

On tells us that someone/something is located on a surface. Use on when one thing is attached
to or touching something.

The picture is on the wall.

The book is on the desk.
My apartment is on the first floor.

* Kids are playing in the street.

He lives at 34 Oxford Street.
He lives on Oxford Street.
It is also important to say that in BrE in the street is more common, while in AmE on the street
is used.

40
EXERCISE

Fill in the gaps using AT, IN, ON

1 - I always keep some extra money ______ my bag in case of emergencies.

2 - I'll read it tonight _______ home.
3 - Do you live _______ a house or an apartment?
4 - Did you learn English ______ Malta?
5 - She grew up ______ a farm.
6 - I read about it ______ the newspaper.
7 - He went for a swim ______ the river.
8 - The dog's sleeping ______ the carpet.
9 - The information is ______ the top of the page.
10 - Were you ______ the party too?

Other Prepositions of Place

41
 The Griffins’ House

The Griffins are a family of fictional characters from the animated television series “Family
Guy”. Peter and Lois Griffin have three children: Meg, Chris and Stewie. Their teenage
daughter, Megan, isn’t very popular and Chris, their teenage son, is very fat, not very smart and
looks like a younger version of his father. Stewie is their youngest and diabolical child. Living
with the family is Brian, the family dog, who walks on two legs and talks to people.

The Griffins live at 31 Spooner Street in Quahog in a detached house with a green roof and
yellow walls. We can see five windows and also two dormer windows on the roof. The two
windows downstairs have got wooden shutters. On the ground floor, there’s a sunroom with a
glass door. There’s also a garage on the left side of the house. Peter sometimes leaves his car in
the driveway. Next to the garage there’s a picket fence to keep people and animals out. Around
the house there’s a garden with a green lawn. There are some bushes and trees in the garden,
but there are no flowers.

The house is in an attractive and classical style and it looks spacious. The bathroom and the
bedrooms are upstairs. Peter and Lois sleep in the master bedroom. The children also have a
room of their own. The rooms are kept clean and tidy by Lois. Only Stewie’s room is sometimes
a mess. He leaves his toys all over the floor. The kitchen and the dining room are downstairs.
There’s a staircase that leads to the first floor. Next to it is the living room where the family
enjoys watching TV. The Griffins live in a friendly neighborhood.

42
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
Correct the false sentences

1. The Griffins are a real family. ______________________________________________

2. Everybody likes Megan. __________________________________________________
3. The family lives in a flat. __________________________________________________
4. Peter always parks his car in the garage. _____________________________________
5. Chris and Stewie share a room. _____________________________________________

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. How many boys do Lois and Peter have?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Chris like?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Who is Brian?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What’s the Griffins’ address?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. How many windows are there?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Where does the family watch TV?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

43
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS:

in front of, on, under, next to, in, between, behind

1. The clock is ____________ the wall.

2. The ball is ___________ the table.
3. The chair is ___________ the table.
4. The lamp is ___________ the book and the flowers.
5. There is a rug ____________ the table.
6. The pillows are ___________ the armchair.
7. The cat is _____________ the armchair.
8. The table is ____________ the rug.
9. There are some flowers ____________ the vase.

44
Organic Foods

Organic food is very popular nowadays. It is also quite expensive. Some organic food costs twice
as much as non-organic food. New parents and pet owners pay up to 200% more for organic
food, whereas some people think organic food is a waste of money.

There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use
agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides. In many countries organic foods have special labels.
These guarantee that the products are natural.

Some people think organic means locally grown. Originally this was true. Over time organic
farming became more difficult. The demand for organic food grew larger than the supply. Small
companies had to sell out to large companies. There wasn't enough organic ingredients. This
made it difficult for many organic companies to stay in business. Today, many large companies
have an organic line of products.

Is organic food more nutritious? This is part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers
believe it is. They think agricultural chemicals cause health problems such as cancer or allergies.
However, lots of health professionals disagree. Few studies prove that organic foods prevent
health problems. Health specialists worry more about bacteria, such as E.coli and salmonella.
These can come into contact with both organic and non-organic food. That is why doctors
recommend washing produce very carefully, no matter where it comes from.

Most people agree that naturally grown food tastes better. But is tastier food worth the extra
money? This is a matter of opinion. Whether it is healthier or not may require more research.
However, organic consumers argue it is better to be safe than sorry.

45
Vocabulary quiz

 What is a debate?
 When something is "nutritious" it is ____________________
 Some people think paying extra for organic food is a ______________________
 What is the meaning of “better safe than sorry”?
 What does it mean to stay in business?

Reading comprehension

 What is the main difference between organic and non-organic food?

 Is organic food always locally grown and sold?
 Why is it difficult to be an organic business?
 What causes E.coli?

Organic Foods Discussion

 Are there any foods that you wouldn't eat as a

child that you eat now?
 Do you read the nutritional information on the
foods you buy?
 Do you prefer your own country's food or other
kinds of food?
 Do you buy organic food? Is it worth to pay extra
money for it?
 Why is organic food more expensive than non-organic?
 Do you think organic food tastes better?
 What is the most unusual thing you've ever eaten. Did it taste good or bad?
 Which food is overpriced?

46
Present Perfect Tense

FORM

[have/has + past participle]

Examples:
 You have seen that movie many times.
 Have you seen that movie many times?
 You haven’t seen that movie many times.

USE:

1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present (radnja koja je
počela u prošlosti i nastavlja da traje i u sadašnjosti)

 I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (and I still do.)

 She has worked in the bank for five years.
 We have had the same car for ten years.

2. Experience (iskustvo)

 I have been to France.

 He has never traveled by train.
 I think I have seen that movie.

3. An action that was completed in the very recent past (radnja koja je završena u veoma
bliskoj prošlosti)

 We have just seen her.

 I have just finished my work.

4. An action in the past that has direct impact on the present (radnja u prošlosti koja ima
direktan uticaj na sadašnjost)

 I have eaten too much (and now I feel sick).

 He hasn’t studied enough (so he failed his exam).
 They haven’t done their homework (so their teacher is angry).

47
+
I have worked. We have worked.
You have worked. You have worked.
He/She/It has worked. They have worked.

-
I haven’t worked. We haven’t worked.
You haven’t worked. You haven’t worked.
He/She/It hasn’t worked. They haven’t worked.

?
Have I worked? Have we worked?
Have you worked? Have you worked?
has he/she/it worked? Have they worked?

PRACTICE

Make the present perfect - it could be positive, negative or question:

1) (She / go / to the library today) __________________________________________________

2) (you / keep a pet for three years) ________________________________________________

3) (you / eat Thai food before)? ____________________________________________________

4) (it / rain all day)? _____________________________________________________________

5) (who / we / forget to invite)? ___________________________________________________

6) (we / not / hear that song already) _______________________________________________

7) (he / not / forget his books)_____________________________________________________

8) (she / steal all the chocolate)____________________________________________________

48
Change the verb into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect

1) Last night I (lose) _________________ my keys – I had to call my flatmate to let me in.

2) I (lose)__________________ my keys - can you help me look for them?

3) I (visit)__________________ Paris three times.

4) Last year I (visit)___________________ Paris.

5) I (know)__________________ my great grandmother for a few years - she died when I was
eight.

6) I (know)___________________ Julie for three years - we still meet once a month..

7) I (play)___________________ Hockey since I was a child - I'm pretty good!.

8) She (play)___________________ hockey at school but she didn't like it.

9) Sorry, I (miss) ____________________ the bus - I'm going to be late.

10) I (miss)__________________ the bus yesterday.

Choose past simple or present perfect:

1) We (go) _____________________ to the theatre last week.

2) Yesterday I (have) _________________ dinner with a friend.

3) I (never taste) ______________________ champagne.

4) When I (be) _________________ a child, I (love) _________________ ice-skating.

5) I (not/have) ______________________ any coffee today - I feel very sleepy!

6) I (not/drink) _______________________ any coffee yesterday.

49
Saving Lives

My name’s Albert and I’m a lifeguard. I’ve worked here for 4 years and I really love my job. I’ve
saved some lives and that’s really rewarding. It’s nice to know that my job is important to keep
people safe while they’re resting and having fun at the beach.
I also like to know that my advice is useful to keep people free from being assaulted, injured or
even sunburned. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, from 9 to 5 and rest two Sundays a month.
Twice a month I work from 9 to noon because while people rest I have to do my job.
My friends think I should quit and have the opportunity to rest and go out during the weekend,
but I can’t imagine doing anything else.

 When Albert says “I’ve worked here for 4 years” is he referring only to the present or is
he referring to the past and the present?
 If he said: “I worked there 4 years ago.” would it be a reference to the past or present?

Answer the questions about the text:

1. What’s Albert’s job?

2. Does he like his job? What does he say about it?
3. How long has he been a lifeguard?
4. Does he work only during the week?
5. What are his duties at work?

We use the present perfect with for to talk about the duration of an action (for five years); we
use the present perfect with since to refer to the beginning of an action (since July). Complete
with “for” or “since”:

I’ve lived here __________ 10 years.

I’ve known Marilyn ___________ last summer.
We’ve been here _____________ 11 a.m.
Alice has studied at this school ___________ 2 years.
The boys have stayed at the beach _______ 2 hours.
Kevin has been married with Susan _________ 1998.

50
History of Snowboarding
Highlight Tenses used in the Text
 Past Simple - action or situation in the past
(emphasizes who did something)
 Present Perfect - action or situation over a
period of time (from the past to the present)
 Present Simple - situation now

A Look at the Intriguing History of Snowboarding

To say who actually invented the sport of snowboarding would be impossible because people
have always loved to slide down a snow-covered hill. Soaring through the snow on some kind of
seat or board is nothing new. The ways to enjoy the snow are numerous, and people have
devised ways to turn garbage can lids and cardboard into ‘snow boards’ to enjoy an afternoon
outdoors. The various ways to glide through snow have become more sophisticated and have
evolved into using polished boards in much the same manner as a surfboarder would ride a
wave.

There have been many attempts at developing a modern snowboard. In 1965, the ‘Snurfer’ (a
word play on ‘snow’ and ‘surfer’) was developed as a child’s toy. Two skis were bound together
and a rope was placed at the front end to afford control and stability. Over 500,000 ‘Snurfers’
were sold in 1966 but they were never seen as more than a child's plaything even though
organized competitions began to take place.

In 1985 the first magazine dedicated specifically to snowboarding hit the newsstands with huge
success and furthered the popularity of this exciting sport. Hoards of fans began to organize
regional events and pretty soon snowboarding events were held in all parts of the world. In the
year 1994 snowboarding was finally declared an Olympic event, much to the delight of fans.

By 1998 snowboarding constituted almost 50% of all winter activity. Today, all ski resorts accept
snowboarders.

From the first crudely built snowboards to the advanced models available today, snowboarders
have carried a ‘bad boy’ image. This rebel reputation is still common today in spite of the fact
that snowboarding appeals to men, women, and children of all nationalities and social groups.
At most major ski resorts you can find snowboarding gear, information, and lessons.

51
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

 When was snowboarding invented?

 How did people make snow boards in the old days?
 When did first snowboarding magazines show up?
 Since when has snowboarding been an Olympic event?
 Do you like winter sports? Which is your favorite?
 Have you ever tried snowboarding? If not, would you like to?
 Are winter sports expensive?
 What new sports would you like to try?

PRACTICE

Choose been or gone:

1. ‘Where is Pamela?’ ‘She’s been/gone home.

2. ‘Do you like Berlin?’ ‘Yes. I’ve been/gone there twice and I love it.’
3. Jane’s been/gone to the dentist and now she’s going shopping.
4. Nick and Ann aren’t here. They’ve been/gone to the cinema.
5. Alan’s been/gone at the gym. He feels exhausted.

Complete the sentences. Use for or since:

1. We haven’t watched TV __________ Monday.

2. The boy hasn’t eaten anything ______ six hours.
3. I’ve known Pam ___________ primary school.
4. What have you done ______you finished school?
5. We have studied Chinese ______ three years.

Choose just, yet or already:

1. He is here now. He has just/already/yet arrived.

2. Has Paul started his new job just/already/yet?
3. Their plane has not landed just/already/yet?
4. Ned has just/already/yet fed his pets.
5. Her hair’s wet. She’s just/already/yet washed it.
6. They have just/already/yet visited a lot of countries.

52
Spend Your Weekend Wisely

How many times have you realized it’s Sunday night and wondered where your weekend went?
Don’t let this happen to you ever again.

1. Plan it out.

The key to having a satisfying weekend is to plan

it out. Select 3 to 5 activities you’d like to do, and
plan when you’re going to do them, whether it’s
dinner with a friend or just taking a nap. Planning
will ease the stress of trying to get a table on
Saturday night – plus, anticipation is half the fun
anyway.

2. Skip the chores.

Sure, you need to pick up your dry cleaning and shop for groceries on Saturday morning. But
your chores will take up time, even if they should be quick and easy. If you can, do your chores
during the week. Not an option? Limit them to an hour or two on one day, so you have at least
one full day off to relax.

3. Stay healthy.

Contrary to popular belief, that 500-calorie piña colada doesn’t magically get healthier on
Saturday night. While you can indulge on occasion, don’t drink, eat or sleep in excess just
because it’s the weekend. You’ll undo the hard work you put in over the week and nurse a
major hangover on Sunday – not productive.

4. Be happy.

After sex, eating and relaxing, one study found that exercise, socializing, and participating in
spiritual activities made people the happiest. If you can, do all of these activities this weekend.
Not the religious type? Meditation or some soul-searching counts as spiritual activity too.

5. Keep some free time.

While having some plans each weekend is great, don’t overdo it. Make sure you have enough
‘me time’ so you can relax and recharge for the week ahead.

53
5. Consider leaving.

If you’ve had a rough week, why not take a mini-vacation? Whether it’s a day trip or a night
away, there are several nearby adventures waiting to be discovered.

6. Plan your week.

Don’t spend Sunday nights wallowing because the weekend’s almost over. Instead, make a list
of things you want to accomplish in the next week, and make sure you actually do them.
Creating a list helps you look forward to the week ahead and gives you some control over your
life. Still can’t beat the Sunday night blues? Schedule something fun for that time, like a nice
dinner or a relaxing massage.

 What did you do last weekend? Was it busy or quiet? Tiring or relaxing? Boring or fun?
Give details

1. Read the questions about the weekend. Write 1-4 for how often you do each activity.

1 = I never do this.
2 = I sometimes do this.
3 = I usually/often do this.
4 = I always do this.

On the weekend, do you ever:

* work or study?
* do housework or go shopping?
* sleep until noon?
* stay home and just relax?

How often do you:

* go to the gym or go swimming?

* go for a long walk?
* play sports?
* watch sports on TV?

How often do you:

* eat out?
* see relatives?
* have a house party or barbecue?
* go out with friends to a bar or club?

54
Do you ever:

* go to concerts?
* go to museums?
* go to the movie theater?
* read books?

Do you ever:
* go away on a business trip on the weekend?
* visit relatives in another city?
* go to the mountains or to the beach?
* spend the weekend in another city?

-What would be a perfect weekend for you?

-What would you do?
-Where would you go?
-Who would you spend it with?

55
Modal Verbs

Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They give additional information
about the function of the main verb that follows it.

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1: They don't use 's' for the third person singular.

2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

Modal verbs are used to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity,
ability.

1. CAN

Modal verb CAN is used to express:

 ability She can speak six languages.

 permission Can I use your phone please?
 possibility Smoking can cause cancer.
 request Can you help me?

2. COULD

Modal verb COULD is used to express:

 ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast.

 permission Could I borrow your dictionary?
 request Could you say that again more slowly?
 possibility It could rain tomorrow!
 suggestion We could try to fix it ourselves.

3. MAY

Modal verb MAY is used to express:

 permission May I go out?

 possibility China may become the greatest economic power.

56
4. MIGHT
Modal verb MIGHT is used to express:

 permission Might I suggest an idea?

 possibility They might give us a 10% discount.

5. MUST

Modal verb MUST is used to express:

 obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
 logical conclusion He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.

 MUSTN’T expresses prohibition! You mustn’t smoke in the hospital.

6. SHOULD/OUGHT TO

Modal verbs SHOULD/OUGHT TO are used to express:

 advice You should / ought to revise your lessons

 saying what’s right I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
 uncertain prediction Profits should/ought to increase next year.

7. WOULD

Modal verb WOULD is used to express:

 polite request Would you close the door, please?

 offer Would you like something to drink?
 habits in the past Sometimes I would stay at work until late.

8. NEED NOT

Modal verb NEED NOT is used to express:

 lack of necessity I need not buy tomatoes. We have plenty.

57
EXERCISE

Choose the correct modal verb:

I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I ________________ eat anything.

cannot
couldn’t
mustn’t

You ______________ look at me when I am talking to you.

could
should
would

I was using my pencil a minute ago. It _______________ be here somewhere!

can
could
must
would

You really ________________ be late again.

mustn’t
need not

I ________________ be able to help you, but I’m not sure yet.

might
would
can

I really ________________ try to get fit.

may
must
would

I’m so hungry I _______________ eat a horse!

can
could
must
should

58
The Story of Helen Keller

I’d like you to know the story of Helen Keller, who could neither see nor hear from the time she
was a baby. Yet the brilliant girl was able to overcome all those handicaps, to graduate from a
college with honors and become a useful citizen.

I must say there was nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she was born. She could walk when
she was a year old; she could say a few words. But one day the child fell ill. For days she had a
high fever and soon the parents learned that their darling would never be able to see and hear.

The little child was now doomed to a life of silence and darkness. She could not hear what was
said to her and did not know how to talk, she was unable to play with other children.

When Helen was 6 years old her parents took her to Washington to famous doctors to find out
if they could do something to make her hear and see again, but the doctors could do nothing.
The child was hopelessly deaf. Dr. Bell said the Kellers should address the Perkins Institution for
the blind in Boston and ask if they could send someone to help the child.

It was a wonderful day for Helen Keller when Ann Sullivan arrived in March 1887. Helen was
nearly seven, Ann Sullivan was past twenty. Ann Sullivan found a way to make herself
understood. She gave the child a doll, and taking Helen’s hand she slowly spelled out "d-o-l-l".
The child learnt for the first time that things must have names. During the next 3 months, she
learned 300 words and could even put some of them into sentences. By means of the hand
language, Helen and her teacher were able to talk to each other.

Helen learned to read books that were printed for the blind with raised letters. She also learned
to use the typewriter to write what she wanted to say. When Helen was 10 she was determined
that she would learn to speak. At first she learned only the sounds of the letters of the
alphabet, but soon she was able to say words and sentences. Helen practiced speaking day
after day until at last she developed a clear voice.

At the age of 20 Helen Keller passed all the difficult entrance exams to Radcliffe College. She did
extremely well in her classes and could keep up with the other students. Helen wrote “The
Story of My Life” while she was in college. In her writings and lectures she did everything she
could to help and encourage others who were blind.

59
  Was Helen Keller born blind and deaf?
 What had happened to her?
 What did her parents do?
 Who finally helped Helen learn how to read and speak?
 Why is her story so fascinating?
 Do you know any other examples of extraordinary people?

Fill in the blanks with proper modal verbs:

1) When Susan was five, she _________ read and write.

2) I _________ get up early today. Because it is Sunday.
3) Birds _________ fly but lions _________.
4) This bag is too heavy for you. _________ I help you?
5) I _________ wear school uniform at my school.
6) You _________ smoke here. It is forbidden.
7) _________ you turn on the lights, please?
8) I _________ help my mother with the housework. She is tired.
9) You _________ do your homework if you want to go out.
10 _________ you help me with the cleaning?
11) She _________ walk because she has broken her leg.
12) You _________ pay the taxes regularly.
13) You _________ park here. You _________ find a parkland.
14) She _________ win the match because she was ill.
15) We _________ buy tickets for the concert. Susan has already bought them.
16) My father is very talented. He _________ paint very well.
17) It is cold outside. You _________ wear you jacket.
18) It is raining heavily. You _________ take your umbrella.
19) You _________ use your mobile phone at the cinema.
20) My mother _________ go to the dentist. She has a terrible toothache.
21) _________ I borrow your camera tonight?

60
What would be the very first thing to buy if you won the lottery?

If you could meet someone famous, who would you meet?

Where would you go on holiday if you could go anywhere?

If you found Aladdin’s lamp, what would be your three wishes?

If you could travel in time, would you go to the past or the future?

What superpower would you like to have if you could choose?

What would you change about your appearance if you could choose one thing?

61
REVISION 2

1. Write the past simple and past participle form of the verbs:

say _________________ ___________________

buy _________________ ___________________
write _________________ ___________________
think _________________ ___________________
beat _________________ ___________________
wake _________________ ___________________
dig _________________ ___________________
hide _________________ ___________________
ride _________________ ___________________
read _________________ ___________________

2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous:

While I (drive), I (have) an accident.

____________________________________________________________________

Kate (have) dinner and then she (do) her homework.

____________________________________________________________________

Sam (plan) a party and then he (phone) his friends.

____________________________________________________________________

The thieves (hide) in the kitchen when the police (come) in.
____________________________________________________________________

What (you/do) when I (call) you last night?

____________________________________________________________________

What (they/do) at 10pm last night - it was really noisy?

____________________________________________________________________

When I (leave) the house, it (snow).

____________________________________________________________________

Yesterday I (go) to the library, next I (have) a swim and later I (meet) Julie for coffee.
__________________________________________________________________________

62
3. Put in the correct preposition (at, in, on):

He's swimming ______ the river.

Where's Julie? She's ______ school.

The plant is ______ the table.

Please put those apples ______ the bowl.

Frank is ______ holiday for three weeks.

Lucy was standing _____ the bus stop.

There's nothing _____ TV tonight.

4. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple):

Mother: I want to prepare dinner. (you / wash) ______________________ the dishes yet?
Daughter: I (wash) _____________ the dishes yesterday, but I (have / not) _______________
the time yet to do it today.
Mother: (you / do /) __________________ your homework?
Daughter: No, I (come / just) ________________ home from school.
Mother: You (come) ___________________ home from school two hours ago!
Daughter: Well, but my friend Lucy (call) _______________ when I (arrive) ______________
and I (finish / just) _________________ the phone call.

A: (you / be / ever) ______________________ to London?

B: Yes, I (be) __________________ there three times.
A: When (be) _______________ the last time you (be) ___________________ there?
B: Last summer. I (spend) ________________ two weeks in Brighton with my parents and we
(go) _________________ to London one weekend.
A: (you / like) _______________ it?
B: Oh yes. We really (have) _____________ a great time in London.
A: Lucky you! I (be / never) ________________ to London.

63
 7 Ways to be Successful

Many people want to be successful in life, but it's easier said than done. There are so many
distractions in life that it can be challenging to accomplish our goals. By keeping the following
advice in mind, however, you can dramatically increase your chances of becoming successful in
whatever you choose to pursue.

1. Imagine yourself being successful. Einstein said that the imagination is more important than
knowledge. The more vividly and accurately you imagine your success, the easier it will be to be
successful.

2. Surround yourself with other people who are successful. When you're surrounded with
people who are highly-driven, it's encouraging.

3. Stay away from distractions. There are so many distractions in this world that you really
don't need. Whenever you are doing something that is
not useful or productive, imagine yourself as a loser with
shattered dreams and push yourself away.

4. Set a time for when you want to achieve your goal. If

you don't know when you will achieve your dream you
might get off the course. Don’t let this happen and give
yourself a time frame in which you want to achieve
something.

5. Take risks. Step out of your comfort zone. Successful people think big and act big. It can be a
scary thing to do, but if you don't, then will you ever be successful? Successful people make big
investments (in their careers, in their businesses, in their education) and all investments involve
risk. But don't be reckless. Study your risks, make sure the odds are in your favor, then take a
leap.

6. Be persistent. Don't give up. If your first attempt didn't work, don't quit. Always keep in mind
the following sentence: "If you don't give up, you cannot fail".

7. Remove fear and doubt from your way of thinking, and focus on keeping positive in every
situation. You will be more effective if you keep a positive mind and stay focused on your goal.
Remember, you can be your own best friend or your own worst enemy.

64
Vocabulary

1. Distraction A. to try to achieve something over a long period of time

2. Pursue B. to completely destroy someone's hopes, beliefs, or confidence
3. Vivid C. when you spend a large amount of time, energy, on something
4. Highly-driven D. not caring or worrying about the bad or dangerous results
5. Loser E. trying to do something, especially something difficult
6. Shattered F. someone who is never successful in life, work, or relationships
7. Comfort Zone G. something that doesn’t let you focus
8. Investment H. to give special attention to one particular person or thing
9. Reckless I. to have a lot of motivation
10. Take a leap J. very clear, seeming real
11. Attempt K. go for something, take a chance
12. Focus L. activities or situations that you feel happy and confident in

 What is this article about?

 Why is it difficult to be successful? Describe a time when you had a difficult time being
successful.
 Can you describe the 7 ways to be successful?
 What are some other things you can do to be successful?

What would make you feel the most successful? Rank these successes in order from 1(the
best) – 8 (not so amazing).

____Getting a job ____Looking attractive ____Having children ____Accomplishing a goal

____Getting a promotion ____Receiving an award ____Getting married ____Winning a race

Free Discussion

1. What is your biggest success in life? What small successes do you have every day?
2. Would you sacrifice happiness or love for the opportunity to be successful in your job?
Why/Why not?
3. Who do you think are the most successful people you know? Why do you consider them the
most successful?
4. What would you do with 5 Million dollars?

65
The Secrets of Success - Read each statement and discuss your feelings

What do you think about this I think there's some truth to it because ____________
statement, “_____”? I think that's completely wrong because ___________

1. Money is the best measure of success.

2. Happiness is the best measure of success. Do whatever makes you feel good.
3. Finding a good partner is the best measure of success. Having a beautiful, interesting
boyfriend or girlfriend means we must be successful.
4. Success is winning at whatever you decide to do.
5. Success is conquering oneself and having control of all emotions and desires.
6. Success is getting the respect of other people.

What should I do?! Read these problems and try to give advice

1. I want to start my own business. What should I do first?

2. I want to get married and have a family, but I can't find the right person.

3. I want to get a promotion. How should I ask for one?

4. I'm planning to buy a house. What should I do?

5. I want to completely change my style. What style should I try?

66
Present Perfect Continuous

FORM

[have/has + been + verb+ing (present participle)]

Example:
 I have been waiting here for two hours.
 Have I been waiting here for two hours?
 I haven’t been waiting here for two hours.

USE

1. Duration from the past until now with emphasis on duration (trajanje od prošlosti do sad)

 She has been working at that company for three years.

 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
 I have been cleaning the house all day.

2. General meaning of "lately" (kada označavamo nešto što se dešavalo u skorije vreme)

 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

 Have you been exercising lately?
 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.

+
We have been talking.
She has been talking

-
We haven’t been talking.
She hasn’t been talking.

?
Have we been talking?
Has she been talking?

67
EXERCISE

1. Put the verbs into present perfect simple or continuous:

R: I think the waiter (forget) ____________________ us. We (wait) _______________________

here for over half an hour and nobody (take) _____________________________ our order yet.

M: I think you're right. He (walk) ____________________________ by us at least twenty times.

He probably thinks we ________________________________ (order, already)

R: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) _____________________________ here for
five or ten minutes and they already have their food.

M: He must realize we (order, not) ___________________________ yet! We (sit)

_____________________________ here for over half an hour staring at him.

R: I don't know if he (notice, even) _________________________ us. He (run)

___________________________ from table to table taking orders and serving food.

M: That's true, and he (look, not) ______________________________ in our direction once.

2. Put the verbs into present continuous or present perfect continuous:

1. It (rain) _________________ all week. I hope it stops by Saturday so we can go to the beach.

2. Where is Gary?
He ________________________ (study) at the library for his German test on Wednesday. In
fact, he (review) _________________________ for the test every day for the last week.

3. You look really great! (You, exercise) ___________________________ at the fitness center ?

4. Frank, where have you been? We (wait) ___________________________ for you since 1 PM.

5. What is that sound?

A car alarm (ring) ___________________________ down the street. It (drive)
__________________________ me crazy - I wish it would stop! It (ring)
__________________________ for more than twenty minutes.

6. You look a little tired. (You, get) _______________________________ enough sleep lately?

68
 How to Decide if Your Friend is a True
Friend

If you're having trouble deciding whether your friend

is a true friend, then your relationship is already on
the rocks. Friends are a dime a dozen, but true friends
are something far rarer, and far more rewarding. Luckily, they're also easy to spot.

True friends offer supportive comments and encouragement. Real friends make you feel
needed, confident, and happy. Everyone needs a little positive energy here and there. Even
when they disagree with you, they still support you the best they can. If your friend gives you
genuine compliments, on everything from your new outfit to your work ethic, it's a good sign. If
your friend always dismisses your successes and/or doesn't believe you can succeed, then they
aren't a true friend.

True friends listen to you. Sometimes all you need is for someone to shut up and listen. True
friends know how to close their mouths and open their ears, as long as you can do the same
from time to time. Notice who does most of the talking. In an ideal friendship, both friends
should roughly share the same amount. If you feel like you are always the one listening to your
friend's problems, then you're not getting your fair share of the friendship.

True friends communicate openly with each other. With true friends, you happily share
embarrassing stories and secrets, and they share them back. When things get rough, true
friends don't beat around the bush, they have mature, honest conversations that get to the
point. If you feel the need to hide things from him or her, can't trust them with secrets or big
news, or feel like they don't open up to you about their lives, you're facing yet another not-so-
true friend.

True friends make time for you. Life can be nuts, and it's hard enough to find time to sleep,
work, and eat, let alone socialize. But a true friend will always make time for you. If they can't
find the time to hang out or talk on the phone, then why are they even your friend?

True friends make you feel good about yourself. Your friend doesn't have to agree with
everything you've done, but your friendship should make you feel good about who you are as a
person.

69
VOCABULARY

Match words and phrases with their meanings:

on the rocks real, authentic

dime a dozen avoid
to spot in problems
genuine to notice
roughly common, plentiful
beat around the bush aproximately

DISCUSSION

Discuss your opinions about the following quotes about friends and friendship:

 “A friend is someone who knows all about you and still loves you.”
 “Cutting people out of your life is easy, keeping them in is hard.”
 “Friends are the family you choose.”
 “Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing.”
 “Friendship is as delicate as glass, once broken it can be fixed but there will always be
cracks.”

Tell a story about one of your friendships, choose from one of the themes below:

a happy story an exciting story a disappointing story

a surprising story a funny story a sad story

Below are some different qualities people think are important for their friends to have. Rank
them in order of importance for you, giving reasons and examples for your choices.

_____ honesty _____ courage

_____ popularity _____ responsibility

_____ wisdom _____ reliability

_____ sense of humour _____ creativity

_____ common sense _____ beauty

70
What Would a Good Friend Do?

In the situations below, discuss what a good friend would do when confronted with this
problem.

1) Your friend suffers from very bad body odour, and seems unaware of the problem.
2) Your friend wants to borrow money from you, but you know that they will be spending the
money on drugs or gambling.
3) You know that your friend’s partner has been having an affair.
4) Your friend has just won the lottery, great news, but their attitude has changed a lot – they
are now very arrogant and always bragging about their wealth.
5) Your friend has found a new religion. You disagree with nearly everything they now believe
in.
6) Your friend constantly calls you for advice and help, though is unavailable when you need the
same in return.
7) In an argument with a friend you said something that really upset them, and now they refuse
to answer your calls.
8) Your friend is getting married, but you have a bad feeling about their future spouse.
9) Your friend’s partner keeps hitting on you.
10) You love seeing your friend – but not their child, who is always rude and demanding when
you get together.

71
QUANTIFIERS

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.

With Countable Nouns

many
a few/few/very few ** (few, very few mean that there is not enough of something
a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough)
a number (of)
several

With Uncountable Nouns

much
a little/little * (little means that there is not enough of something
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough)
a bit (of)
a great deal of
a large amount of

With Both

all
enough
more/most
less/least
some
any
a lot of
lots of
plenty of

72
USING SOME/ANY

In general, some is used in positive sentences:

 I got some nice presents for Christmas this year.

 This job is going to take some time.

In general, any is used in negative sentences and questions:

 I don't need any help.

 Do you have any brothers or sisters?

**However, we can use some in questions when offering/requesting

 Would you like some more tea?

 Can I have some coffee?

** We use any in positive sentences when we mean it doesn't matter which

 You can come and ask for my help any time.

EXERCISE

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences:

A: Would you like _________1 (any/some) tea?

B: No, thank you. Have you got ________2(any/some) pasta
and perhaps _______3 (a few, a little) wine?
A: There’s _______4 (a bit of/not many) lasagna in the fridge.
I’d like ______5 wine ( a little/ little), too.
B: There’s _______ 6 (not enough/enough) lasagna for us, but
unfortunately, there’s ___________ 7 (no/ plenty of) wine.
A: Please, feed the cat for me. There are ___________
8 ( not much/ a lot of) cat food tins in the cupboard.
B: There are ___________9 (too many / hardly any) tins
here. Where’s the recycling box?
A: I’m sorry. I know ___________10 ( too many, lots of)
rubbish is thrown away without being recycled but I
never worry about recycling _________11 (something/
anything).
B: __________12 (Hardly any, Too many) people recycle in our
country.

73
A: There are _________13 (not any/not enough) recycling banks
and there are ______ 14 (not much, no) recycling laws in our
country.
B: Our main problem is that ___________15 (loads of/ too many)
people do not care about saving energy, reducing rubbish or
recycling it. I think there’s __________16 (plenty of/
hardly any) information about the need to recycle.
However, only __________ 17 (few/ little) of my friends
care for saving energy, nowadays.
A: I should be more responsible as a citizen but I’ve just
made _______ 18 ( a little/ little) progress I promise I’ll
buy a recycling box and start recycling ________19
( much/ a lot of) stuff.
B: I’m glad you agree. Look! There’s ____________20 (loads of/ several)
paper, ___________ 21(loads, several) plastic bottles and jars in
your bin.

Here are some more sentences. For each of them, complete the sentences using the correct
quantifier:

We’ve got _________________________food in our refrigerator.

Let’s hurry. We haven’t got __________________time!

Let’s buy _____________ tomatoes.

We don’t need _____________cinnamon. There’s still a packet in the cupboard.

Are there __________________strawberries in the fridge?

We must buy _______________ bananas! There are only __________ in the basket.

We can’t buy ________________different kinds of cheese. They’re too expensive!

74
 Male models earn 75% less than female models

 Which words you associate with the word "fashion"?

It is common knowledge and an obvious example of sexual inequality that men get paid more
than women for doing the same job. One industry in which the reverse is true is modeling. The
gender pay gap for male models and their female counterparts is gigantic. A well-known
modeling agency has claimed that male models are paid as much as 75 per cent less than
female models. Elizabeth Rose from the UK's Premier Models said women could be paid
£40,000 for appearing in a top fashion show, while men could only get £10,000. Ms Rose said: "I
think it's the only industry where men get paid less than women. It's unfair for men, but I
wouldn't say it's female empowerment."

Rose says the situation is slowly changing and pay is getting better for men. She explained that
advertisers are more willing to promote men's
products as men are getting more into fashion.
She said: "More and more, male models are
being used for grooming products. Men are
taking a lot more care of themselves.
Generally, in the 2000s, it's fine to take a long
time doing your hair. It's fine for men to use
moisturizer and wear make-up." One
consolation for men is that they are able to
work as a model for longer than women. Rose
said: "Men have a longer career path,
definitely. The male models that make the
most are probably in their 30s." Female
models tend to make their money in their twenties.

SYNONYM MATCH:

1. obvious comfort
2. reverse enthusiastic
3. counterparts unjust
4. gigantic without doubt
5. unfair equivalents
6. willing clear
7. products be inclined
8. consolation enormous
9. definitely goods
10. tend opposite

75
BEING A MODEL: Rank these by putting the things that are most important to be a model at the
top

beautiful skin
a nice smile
being fit
hardworking
straight, white teeth
beautiful hair
being tall
confidence

DISCUSSION:

 What springs to mind when you hear the word 'model'?

 What do you think of the job of a model? Give some good and bad aspects of the job
 What kind of person do you need to be to be a model?
 Why do you think female models get a lot more pay?
 Should male and female models get equal pay?
 Are models generally overpaid?
 Do you have a favorite model?

Circle the correct word:

It is common knowledge and an obvious / obviously example of sexual inequality / equality

that men get paid more than women for doing the same job. One industry in which the
reversing / reverse is true be / is modeling. The gender pay gape / gap for male models and
their female counterparts is gigantic. A well-known modeling agency has claimed / clammed
that male models are paid as much as 75 per cent less / lesser than female models. Elizabeth
Rose from the UK's Premier Models said women could be paid £40,000 for / as appearing in a
top fashion show, which / while men could only get £10,000. Ms Rose said: "I think it's the / an
only industry where men get paid less than women. It's unfair for men, but I wouldn't say it's
lady / female empowerment."

76
 The importance of clothes

"Clothes" – not a very controversial topic, you

might think. But think again. Even if we
consider the function of clothing we very
quickly find that nothing is as simple as it
seems. Some may say that the primary
function of clothes is to keep us warm, others
will quickly respond that they are to protect
us from over-exposure to sunlight. Certain
garments can also denote class, rank or one's
place in the social hierarchy. Religious leaders
can often be easily identified by their special
robes and headgear. Some schools insist that pupils wear a uniform in order to create a sense
of belonging. Players in sports teams wear the same kit in order to have a sense of unity.
Soldiers wear special combat gear for camouflage so that they can't be easily seen. Some
people dress in a certain way to attract a sexual partner, others may wear clothes that hide
their bodies and faces completely.

All over the world, clothing has been invented and adapted to fulfill a rich variety of roles.
Despite what some people might say, clothes matter. There are people who don’t seem to think
much about what they wear and it might be easy to believe that they don’t mind what they put
on in the morning. This may well be true, but it is true to say that they have the choice of what
to wear, even if they don’t think about it. It is when that choice is taken away that clothes
suddenly become an issue.

The way we dress often says a lot about who are, what we believe, and where we come from.
Clothing is a basic human need not just for the body, but also for the inner person. That’s why it
matters.

For many people, what they wear is merely a matter of habit, but when we dress in the
morning it might pay us to be a little more careful in the choices we make. Doing something
different with your clothes might be a way of changing the impression others have of you. Our
clothes make a huge difference to what people think about us. It is important to choose our
dress style carefully because people will make all sorts of assumptions and decisions about us
based on the clothes we wear.

What you wear can inform passersby of your type of employment, as well as your ambitions,
emotions and spending habits. Your clothing style says a lot about your personality. It can speak
volumes about you before you even open your mouth. So, what does your clothing say about
you?

77
CLOTHING VOCABULARY

Fabric and material

cotton ___________________ wool _______________________

linen ____________________ silk ________________________

fur ______________________ leather _____________________

suede ___________________ velvet ______________________

denim ___________________ synthetic ___________________

78
Accessories

Jewelry

79
Definitions

Match the phrases with their meaning:

to dress for the occasion 1 a well-known company that makes clothes

casual clothes 2 to be very fashionable

to get dressed up 3 wear clothes suitable for a particular event

hand-me-downs 4 kind of clothes worn for a formal event

timeless 5 not formal

stylish 6 clothes passed down from older to younger siblings

designer label 7 something that doesn’t go out of fashion

smart clothes 8 to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special

DISCUSSION:

 Do you think it is important to wear fashionable clothes?

 Do you think people feel different when they wear different clothes?
 Do you think it is important to wear fashionable clothes?
 Do you like shopping for new clothes?
 What clothes do you spend your money on the most? Why?
 What did you wear yesterday?
 What kind of clothes do you usually wear?
 When was the last time you got dressed up? What did you wear?
 What's the most expensive piece of clothing you have ever bought?
 What do you think about secondhand clothes?
 How do the clothes we wear reflect our personality?

80
Future Tenses: WILL vs. GOING TO

FORM:

[will + infinitive]
[verb to be + going to + infinitive]

USE:

WILL GOING TO
Decision at the moment of speaking: Prior plan (decision made before the moment
of speaking):
I’m thirsty. I will get some water. I’m going to travel to Spain this summer.

Prediction based on opinion: Prediction based on some evidence:

I think the Conservatives will win the next It’s very cloudy. It is going to rain.
election.
A future fact:

He will be fifty next year.

For promises / requests / refusals / offers:

I will help you with your homework, don’t

worry.

+
I will do that. I am going to do that.
She will do that. She is going to do that.

-
I will not (won’t) do that. I am not going to do that.
She will not (won’t) do that. She isn’t going to do that.

?
Will I do that? Am I going to do that?
Will she do that? Is she going to do that?

81
EXERCISES

Complete the sentences with will or going to:

1. I feel really tired. I think I __________________ (go) to bed.

2. Sarah (come) ________________ to the party. Oliver (be) _________________ there as well.
3. We’re excited about our trip to France. We (visit) ______________ Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
4. I think my mother ________________ (like) this CD.
5. Paul's sister _________________ (have) a baby.
6. Just a moment. I ________________ (help) you with the bags.
7. I've already decided. I ________________ (buy) a new car.

Planing a party (choose will/going to):

Martha: What a horrible weather today. I'd love to go out, but I think it __________(1) continue
raining.
Jane: Oh, I don't know. Maybe the sun _____________(2) come out later this afternoon.
Martha: I hope you're right. Listen, I______________(3) have a party this Saturday. Would you
like to come?
Jane: Oh, I'd love to come. Thank you for inviting me. Who______________(4) come to the
party?
Martha: Well, some people haven't told me yet. But, Peter and Mark ______________(5) help
out with the cooking!
Jane: Hey, I____________(6) help, too!
Martha: Would you? That would be great!
Jane: I_______________(7) make lasagna!
Martha: That sounds delicious! I know my Italian cousins _______________ (8A) be there. I'm
sure they _________________(8B) love it.
Jane: Italians? Maybe I_______________(9) bake a cake...
Martha: No, no. They're not like that. They________________ (10) love it.
Jane: Well, if you say so... __________ there _____________(11) be a theme for the party?
Martha: No, I don't think so. Just a chance to get together and have fun.
Jane: I'm sure it___________________(12) be lots of fun.

82
 Let’s talk about the FUTURE

 What do you think the weather will be tomorrow?

Give your prediction

 What are you going to do tomorrow? Describe your plans

 Where do you see yourself ten years from now?

 Do you think scientists will find a cure for AIDS and cancer?

 How will transportation and travel change in the future?

 How do you think your country will change in the future?

 Do you think aliens will ever visit the Earth? When? What will happen?

 What new inventions would you like to see in the future? Give reasons

# Do you think this will happen? Discuss. yes no maybe

A nuclear war will destroy the Earth.
Aliens will invade the Earth.
Flying cars will solve the problem of traffic jams.
Global warming will wipe out many animal species.
Overpopulation will lead to mandatory euthanasia at 70.
People will live for 150 years or more.
Robots will take over routine household tasks.
Scientists will invent a time machine.
There will be a friendly alien encounter.
Tourists will go on space holidays.

83
New Year, New Life

Lots of people make New Year’s Resolutions at the beginning of a new year. What’s a
Resolution? Well, it is like a promise to yourself that you are going to change your life a little by
doing something new or by stopping some bad habits. People think it is a good time to try and
change as it’s the beginning of a new year and so the beginning of new things. Here are some
kids talking about their New Year’s Resolutions.

I love sport especially football. I play football but I want to get better, I want to play for Real
Madrid. This year I am going to join a club and do more exercise. I’m also going to stop eating
junk food because I think this will help me to play well. Plus, I want to be a good person so I’m
going to be kind and help other children...........Jack 12yrs old

When I am older, I want to be a dentist. I have to pass all my exams to get a place at University
and work hard there. So this year I’m going to revise and do extra lessons. I’m also going to stop
surfing the Internet on schooldays, I think this will help me to focus on my studies. I want to
help my mum, so this year I’m going to help her more, I’m going to do more chores around the
house......Mary 14yrs old

I’m going to travel to Spain next summer with my family. I want to be able to speak to Spanish
people and perhaps make some friends so this year I’m going to learn Spanish, I’m going to
start a language course and read Spanish books in my free time. Also I’m going to stop shouting
at my little brother, sometimes he takes my things but he’s only five so I’ m going to be patient
with him........Joe 14yrs old

 What is a Resolution?
 Why do lots of people make resolutions in January?
 Do you think it’s a good idea to make Resolutions?
 Do you usually make any?
 Make some resolutions now

84
 MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE

I believe that everybody has some plans

for their future. This future may be a
distant one or a short one, for example:
the next day. But it cannot be denied that
we plan very often. The plans for the
future are often connected with dreams.
Dreams of a better life, more interesting
jobs or having a happy family.

I very often think about my future: What will happen to me? Who would I like to be in the
future? What to do next in my life? You are going to think carefully about your future plans
and share them.

Be specific with details. Where? When? How? Who? How many children? Married or Single?
Specializations? Where? How ? Pets? Travels? Where? When? Sports, Places you are going
to visit, job…

Use the connectors: First, however, moreover, besides, therefore, after that, next, then,
before, and, finally. And adjectives of feelings: Worried, interested, excited, disappointed,
nervous, scared, confused, proud, confident…

Here are some examples of ideas and sentences:

 I often think about my future…. When I finish…/I never think about my future but I
will try to do I first…./ My future plans are: First/ When I finish….

 Now the most important thing is my education/ My family/To have a job.

 I don’t know where I’m going to live in the future. I would like to have a flat/house./
I would like to live near the beach/downtown because… /I’m going to live in …….
because…

 I’m interested in studying a specialization in …/ I’m worried because …./

85
 Vacation from Hell
(phrasal verbs practice)

Jane and I were sad, and our boss said we should go on a vacation to a beautiful coast if we
didn’t mind the cost. Then we came across a picture on Facebook of an old friend sitting on a
boat he’d bought in the Philippines. We couldn’t get over how gorgeous it was. We
immediately phoned the travel agent, who we were quite fond of, and told him to set us up a
flight using our joint savings fund.

Our plane was to take off the following week, and that is when our plans started falling apart.
Our plane got delayed due to bad weather and we ended up sleeping in a tiny bed in a bad part
of town in a crummy hotel. The next day, on the way back to the airport, wouldn’t you guess,
our taxi ran out of gas.

Thirty hours later we finally arrived at our hut on the beach and settled in. We took a nap and
woke up to some strange man in a robe who we thought was going to rob us, but he just
wanted to rub our backs. I don’t know how he got into our room.

For dinner, the restaurant only served ox head, which they cut off with an axe right in front of
our eyes. It was terrifying.

We ran into our old friend after dinner. He got drunk and started screaming at us but we
couldn’t make out what he was saying. The next morning our wallet and purse were stolen.
We decided we’d had enough. We couldn’t put up with any more trouble. We went home the
next day and never looked back.

86
Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings:

1. to come across (sth or sb)

2. to get over
3. to set (sb or sth) up
4. to take off
5. to fall apart
6. to end up
7. to run out of (sth)
8. to settle in
9. to cut (sth) off
10. to run into (sb)
11. to make out
12. to put up with (sth or sb)

A. to separate part of something from the rest by cutting it with a knife or something sharp
B. to meet sb by chance
C. to arrange and plan
D. to get comfortable in a new place
E. to understand
F. to begin to fly
G. to break into pieces; to go wrong
H. to have no more of something
I. to finally be in particular place or situation without intending to
J. to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining
K. to stop feeling unhappy about something (ALSO used informally to express that you are
really surprised or impressed by something)
L. to meet or find sb or sth by chance

87
 Moving to another world

It is the year 2083. The world has been destroyed and only you and 12 other
people are alive. You have a rocket that will take you to a planet similar to Earth
where you must start life again. However, there is only space for you and 5 other
people.

Who will you take?

David. Ali Rebecca

David is 52 Ali is 27, Rebecca is
and is an speaks 4 29 and is 6
expert on languages and months
hunting and has just pregnant
farming. He is very racist qualified as a surgeon. He with twins.
and close-minded and shot and killed two She has no useful skills.
refuses to live with people while waiting to She is married to Paul.
people who are gay or speak to you, because
are not white. “they looked at him
funny”.
Jack Emma Paul
Jack is 10. Emma is 22. Paul is 32
He likes She did 3 and a Special
computer years of nurse Forces
games, training, but soldier, who
chocolate and classical quit because she became likes gardening, painting
music. He also likes to addicted to heroin. She and music. He can play 4
pull the legs off spiders. can get quite angry when instruments and has
she craves heroin. She brought his guitar. He
has 150 works of won’t leave without his
literature in her bag. wife Rebecca.
Daisy Linda Josh
Daisy is 37. Linda is 24. Josh is 30, and
She was a She is an an aircraft
lawyer and electronics mechanic with
had recently expert and a PhD in
become a judge when the a famous hacker. She Engineering. His
world ended. She has escaped from prison, boyfriend was recently
depression and cries where she was shot dead by a man for
frequently, and may be imprisoned for stealing “looking at him funny”.
suicidal. credit card information He has a gun in his bag.
from old people.

88
Kim Lee Matthew Pedro
Kim Lee is 45, Matthew is Pedro is 39
from South 34 and is an and is a
Korea, and expert on professional
was a professor of physics. He nanny and a
Chemistry at Harvard has 320 qualified
University, before going science books in his psychologist. He knows
to prison for burning his luggage. When he arrived how to hunt and he
ex-wife’s house down. He at the rocket, he was in speaks 11 languages
can be quite violent. handcuffs with a fluently. He hates gay
policeman, but the people and won’t travel
policeman was shot dead with them.
for “looking at somebody
funny”. As he died, he
screamed “you must not
take this man! He is very
dangerous!”

 Think carefully who you will take (5 people)

 Give your reasons, explain why you chose those people
 Now, if you could choose only 2 people, who would they be?
 If you had to decide, which 4 people close to you would you take? (family and
friends)

89
RELATIVE CLAUSES (odnosne rečenice)

We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting
another sentence. By using a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid
repeating certain words.

Koristimo odnosne rečenice da bismo dali dodatne informacije o nekome ili nečemu bez
započinjanja nove rečenice. Na taj način izbegavamo ponavljanje.

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he
knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

In the second example we used relative pronoun WHO and formed just one sentence.

1. Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses give detailed information and define a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

 The man who lives next door is very friendly.

 Where are the eggs which were in the fridge?

In these sentences who and which are subject of the verbs in the relative clauses.

Sometimes who and which are objects of the verbs. They can be dropped.

 The man who I wanted to see wasn’t there. OR: The man I wanted to see wasn’t there.
 Have you found the keys that you lost? OR: Have you found the keys you lost?

90
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses just give additional information on something, but do not define
it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

 The house in our neighborhood, which has been empty for five years, has just been sold.
 Mr. Jason, who has worked for the company for 20 years, is retiring next week.

3. Relative Pronouns

WHO / THAT for PEOPLE:

We know a lot of people who live in London.

WHICH / THAT for THINGS or ANIMALS:

I don’t like the stories which have unhappy endings.

WHOSE for HIS /HER /THEIR:

We saw some people whose car had broken down.

WHERE for PLACES:

The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

91
EXERCISE:

1. A Scot is a person (live in Scotland) who lives in Scotland.

2. Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness) _________________________________________
3. A fridge is a thing (keep food cool) ____________________________________________
4. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco) ________________________________________
5. A bee is an insect (make honey) ______________________________________________
6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour) _________________________________________
7. A watch is a thing (tell the time) ______________________________________________
8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water) __________________________________
9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop) ____________________________________
10. A key is a thing (can open and lock doors) _______________________________________

A holiday in Scotland

We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.
Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the north of Great Britain.__________

People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.

The people ___________________________________________________________________

We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

We first ______________________________________________________________________

Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle ____________________________________________________________

Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.

The lake _____________________________________________________________________

Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.

Loch Ness ____________________________________________________________________

There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.

An old man ___________________________________________________________________

We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then ______________________________________________________________________

The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The mountain __________________________________________________________________

92
 Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens was an English writer

who lived from 1812 to 1870. He was
born in Portsmouth, England. The books
he wrote have been translated into
many different languages.

Dickens, whose family was very poor,

had to start work when he was very
young. In England at that time, people
who could not pay their debts were sent
to prison. This happened to Dickens’ father whose first name was John. So Dickens, who was
just 12 years old, had to visit his father in prison. Charles was forced to leave school to work at a
factory. He felt abandoned and betrayed by the adults who were supposed to take care of him.
These sentiments would later become a recurring theme in his writing.

Later Dickens’ books were based on people he had known and places he had lived in. For
example in ‘David Copperfield’ he wrote about the prison visits he paid to his father. In ‘Oliver
Twist’ he described children who were poor and he wrote about orphans – children whose
parents had died.

Dickens, who was also a good actor, often read his stories himself to audiences in England and
America.

He married a woman whose name was Catherine and whose father was, in fact, Dickens’ first
publisher.

In 1865, Dickens was in a train accident and never fully recovered. In 1870, Dickens had a stroke
and, at age 58, died at his country home in Kent, England.

1. Where was Dickens born?

2. What happened to his father?
3. Why did Dickens leave school? How old was he?
4. How did he feel about leaving school and working?
5. What was his wife’s name?
6. When and how did Dickens die?
7. Find and underline all relative clauses in the text.

93
Romantic love lasts only a year

Italian scientists have found that the chemical in the

brain which makes us romantic disappears over a year.
They say this explains why the happy, wonderful and
head-over-heels feelings we experience at the start of a
relationship do not last forever.

Researchers discovered that levels of a chemical called Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) greatly
increase when a person first falls in love. NGF comes from the rush of adrenalin that occurs
when new love blossoms. The chemical fades over a year or so after people become more
secure in a relationship.

Research leader Dr. Enzo Emanuele reported: “We have demonstrated for the first time that
levels of NGF are elevated among people in love.”

His team analyzed 58 volunteers who had recently fallen in love. The researchers compared
NGF in this group with those in people who were single or in steady relationships. They found
increased levels of NGF in the new romantics. They also said NGF caused sweaty palms and
butterflies in stomachs, and perhaps made young men buy red roses and candlelit dinners.

Vocabulary

1. Chemical- a. the inside of your hand

2. Forever- b. to examine
3. Levels- c. for all future time or a very long time
4. Adrenalin- d. lit by the gentle light of candles
5. Blossom- e. strange feeling in the stomach caused by adrenaline
6. Fade- f. to slowly disappear
7. Secure- g. not likely to change
8. Elevated- h. being very much in love
9. Analyze- i. a substance
10. Compare- j. will continue over a long period of time
11. Steady- k. an amount of a substance
12. Palms- l. higher than other things
13. Candlelit- m. to grow, open, or start
14. Head-over-heels n. to examine two or more things to show how
similar or different they are
15. Butterflies in my stomach- o. a chemical made by your body when you are afraid,
angry, or excited

94
Comprehension questions

1. What is this article about?

2. What is NGF? What does it do?
3. What are some differences between people in new relationships and people in older
relationships?
4. Who is Enzo Emanuele?
5. What symptoms are mentioned in the article? Have you ever experienced them?

Free Discussion

 Do you believe in love at first sight?

 What do you look for in a partner? What are the most important characteristics?
 What is the most important thing in a relationship? What makes a relationship long-
lasting and successful?
 Describe a perfect date.
 Have you ever been on a blind date? Would you?
 What age do you think is best for getting married?
 Do you think it is okay for a couple to live together before getting married? Why or Why
not?
 Do you think it is okay to marry someone of a different race/religion?
 Do you think people change after getting married?
 Have your parents ever disapproved of any of your relationships?
 If your husband or wife (boyfriend or girlfriend) has an affair what would you do?
 Is there such a thing as a perfect relationship for you?
 If you could go out with anyone, who would it be?

95
Past Perfect Tense

FORM

[had + past participle]

Examples:

 You had studied English before you moved to New York.

 Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
 You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE

Completed action before something in the past (završena radnja u prošlosti koja se desila pre
neke druge radnje u prošlosti)

Examples:

 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

 He had studied English before he moved to New York.
 George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.

+
They had met 10 years before they got married.

-
They hadn’t met 10 years before they got married.

?
Had they met 10 years before they got married?

96
EXERCISE

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect):

1. My friend (eat) _____________ up all the biscuit we ________________ (bake)

2. The teacher (correct) _______________ the tests we ________________ (write)

3. I (give) _______________ them some of the candies I _______________ (buy)

4. My sister (see / not) _________________ the note that I (put) ________________ on the
kitchen table for her

5. We (want) _________________ to watch a film that we (see / not) _________________

before

6. We (go) _______________ to London because the Queen (invite) _______________ us for

tea.

7. He (hear) ____________ the news, (go) ______________ to the telephone and (call)
_______________ a friend

8. When she (start) ______________ learning English, she (already / learn) _________________
French.

9. By the time he (arrive) ________________ at the pub, they (run) _______________ out of
beer

10. I (know) ________________ him for a long time before I (meet) ________________ his
family

11. It (be) _______________ cloudy for days before it finally (begin) ________________ to rain

97
REVISION 3

1. Choose present perfect simple or continuous:

1) ___________________ (they/arrive) already?

2) Lucy ________________ (run) 2000 meters today.
3) I __________________ (clean) all morning - I'm fed up!
4) How long __________________ (you/know) Simon?
5) I _____________________ (drink) more water recently, and I feel better.

2. Complete the following exercise with correct quantifiers:

We are going to be late. There is too __________ (much / many) traffic.

Yeah, the ________________ (amount / number) of people driving is incredible.
I've never seen this _____________ (much / many) cars.

Can you bring soda to the picnic? I don't have ____________ (some / any).
Yeah, I think I've got _____________ (some / any) left over from the party.

How do you feel about your new job? Do you have as __________ (much / many)
responsibilities as you used to?
The job is great. I have about the same ___________ (amount / number) of work to do as
before, but I have __________ (less / fewer) stress and __________ (less / fewer) problems.

3. Put in the verbs in brackets into correct tense (will/going to):

1. What are your plans for the weekend? I _____________ my cousins. (visit)
2. Doris is always late. I'm sure she ______________ late tomorrow evening. (be)
3. Would you like tea or coffee? I _______________ coffee. (have)
4. It's Julia's birthday next week, so I _________________ her flowers. (buy)
5. Do you think they _________________ the presents we got for them? (like)

4. Complete these sentences using a relative pronoun or nothing (-):

1. Have you found the note _________ I left for you?

2. I’d like to meet all the people __________ work with you.
3. We used to have a friend __________ name was Billy.
4. Pick up the book __________ he has dropped.
5. Can you empty the rubbish bin __________ is in the kitchen, please?

98
New store lets you shop, walk out and pay later

Amazon just unveiled what it describes as the world's most advanced shopping technology.
It is the prime feature of its new-concept grocery store that has no queues or checkout
counters. It is called Amazon Go and is being tested in the company's hometown of Seattle.

The technology works via an app on a shopper's mobile device. The app automatically
checks in when the shopper enters the store. It lets you shop as normal and then scans
what you have bought as you leave the store. Amazon then bills you later and the shopping
gets charged to your Amazon account. There is no waiting in line, no cashiers, and no being
held up by slow customers, credit card transactions or waiting for change.

Amazon Go may revolutionize shopping experience and provide a much-needed boost for
brick-and-mortar stores. The grocery and convenience store markets are extremely tough
nuts to crack. Profit margins are low and competition is intense. However, Amazon seems
confident it can change people's shopping habits.

Rumors are that the online retail giant has plans for 2,000 grocery stores across the USA. It
could also get involved in selling the software for its shopping technology to retailers
worldwide.

Industry analyst Colin Sebastian suggested

Amazon Go could challenge Internet shopping. He
said: "It makes it just as convenient, if not more
convenient, than online shopping in some cases."

Synonym match:

unveiled 1 support
prime 2 billed
trialed 3 assured
charged 4 revealed
held up 5 very
boost 6 indicated
extremely 7 main
confident 8 handy
suggested 9 tested
convenient 10 delayed

99
Comprehension questions

 What advanced technology did Amazon say it had?

 Where is Amazon trialing the technology?
 What does the app automatically do?
 What does your grocery bill get charged to?
 Who are you not held up by with the new technology?
 What might the technology provide a boost for?
 What did the article say profit margins were?
 What did Amazon say it was confident it could change?
 How many stores might Amazon be opening across the USA?
 What did an analyst say?

Discussion

 What springs to mind when you hear the word 'grocery'?

 What do you think about what you read?
 What is your local grocery store like?
 How often do you shop for groceries?
 How is going shopping better than shopping online?
 What do you know about Amazon?
 Would you like to see this kind of shopping in our country?
 What do you dislike about shopping?
 What is your usual experience at a grocery checkout counter?
 What is your favorite store, and why?

100
 Left-Handedness

According to some sources the origins of bad feeling

towards "leftness" may go back as far as the ancient
customs of early sun-worshipping civilizations.
Apparently they believed that, as the sun moved from
left to right in the sky, all things to do with the right
were "right"! Easier to prove, however, are documented references to the left being "bad",
such as those contained in influential texts like the Bible and reproduced in countless examples
of western art. The figure of God can often be seen dividing people into two categories: the
good, who are placed on God’s right, and the bad, who are placed to his left.

Certainly, by medieval times it had become the custom to greet a traveller or stranger by
shaking hands, with the right hand. This was because the right hand was the one in which
people might carry a weapon. By using the right hand to shake hands it was clear that the right
hand concealed no weapon and that no danger was therefore present. However, a left-handed
person might still be concealing a weapon with his left hand and therefore could not be entirely
trusted.

Customs such as these worked their way into the language too. The Latin for "left" (and
"unlucky") was "sinister". Today "sinister" means "evil", in English. In modern Italian "sinistro"
means "crash or accident" (due to being unlucky). In French, the word for left is "gauche" which
is also used in English to mean "unsophisticated and awkward". "Mancino", the Italian word for
"left-handed" can also be used to mean "deceitful".

In general, it seems that anything to do with the left including actually being left-handed has
negative connotations or is at least considered unlucky as far as history, customs and even
modern words and phrases are concerned.

However, there are some exceptions: apparently the ancient Egyptians thought that entering a
house with your left foot first brought good luck and in ancient Peru the Incas believed that it
was a sign of good luck to be left-handed.

ACTIVITY 1

1. Why did people start using their right hand to shake hands?
2. What is the English word of French origin which means ‘unsophisticated and awkward’?
3. What ancient civilization thought that being left-handed was a sign of good luck?

101
ACTIVITY 2

Fill in the gaps with these words:

people, ancient, origins, weapon, unlucky, sinister, handed, trusted

1. According to some sources the __________ of bad feeling towards "leftness" may go back as
far as the ancient customs of early sun-worshipping civilizations.

2. The figure of God can often be seen dividing __________ into two categories.

3. The right hand was the one in which people might carry a __________.

4. A left-handed person might still be concealing a weapon with his left hand and therefore
could not be entirely __________.

5. The Latin for "left" (and "unlucky") was "__________".

6. "Mancino", the Italian word for "left-__________" can also be used to mean "deceitful".

7. Being left-handed has negative connotations or is at least considered __________.

8. Apparently the __________ Egyptians thought that entering a house with your left foot first
brought good luck.

ACTIVITY 3

Match the expressions with their meanings:

get out of hand to reveal a secret

change hands to get out of control
have your hands full to stop being responsible for or involved in something
give a hand object to be passed or sold from one owner to another
wash your hands of to be very busy
tip your hand to help somebody with something

102
 Used to vs. Be used to

USED TO
Used to expresses that an activity was a past
habit; it was occurring at an earlier stage of
life but not now. It is followed by bare
infinitive
BE USED TO
Be used to expresses something that you are
accustomed to; are familiar with and accept as
normal. It is followed by gerund.
*It can be followed by a noun too

We used to go camping every spring. (We We are used to going camping every spring.
don’t do it anymore) (It is a family custom)

David used to live in Madrid. (He now lives in David is used to living in Madrid. (He doesn’t
London) mind living there)

I used to exercise. I am used to exercising.

I didn’t use to exercise. I am not used to exercising.
Did you use to exercise? Are you used to exercising?

EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks with used to or be used to:

1. My parents ________________________ (travel) to other countries when they were young,

but now they _________________________ (go) to places that are nearby.

2. This street ________________________ (be) very dark until the new lights were installed.

3. He doesn't have any problem getting to work at 8:00 in the morning because he
_____________________________ (get up) early.

4. Before he became ill, he ____________________________ (play) tennis every morning.

5. I'm now ______________________________ (eat) hamburgers, but at first I didn't like them.

6. We __________________________ (go) to the country every summer, but now we can't

afford to.

103
Then and now

Read about the people below and answer the questions.

John
When I was younger I used to go to school. I
used to play football and tennis, I loved sport. I
also used to read a lot of books. Now, I don’t
like reading books and I never play sport-I’m too
tired after work!

Kevin
When I was young I used to be a pilot and I
loved my job because it was interesting. I
used to live in London. Now I’m retired and
live in Scotland.

Paula
When I was younger I used to live in Spain,
that’s where I was born. Now I live in Ireland,
near Dublin. I used to have problems speaking
English but now I understand everything people
say to me.

104
1. What did John use to do when he was younger?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

2. Does John play sport now? Why not?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

3. What job did Kevin used to have? Did he like it?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

4. Where does Kevin live now?

_________________________________________________

5. Where did Paola use to live?

_________________________________________________

6. What did Paola use to find difficult?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

105
Why is drinking alcohol so popular at the high school level?

As a high school student, I think I have a thorough understanding of what is going on.
Most people would agree that alcohol can be dangerous and quite damaging, directly or
indirectly. The only people who believe otherwise are either denying a known fact or are
extremely ignorant.

Most people would agree that being drunk isn't very pleasurable since they lose control over
many of their actions, and afterwards, as a direct result, feel darn sick. Personally, I feel as
though vomiting isn't much fun, but maybe it's me.

Okay, let's be entirely honest. What enjoyment is gained from drinking? I think I have an
answer, and I'll admit now I may be entirely off-base, but I have confidence in my theory:
Drinking gives a sense of infantile satisfaction.

When I was a junior, my English teacher (to make a point) put an envelope on his desk that was
labeled "dirty pictures" and he said nobody was to touch it. A child feels a strong curiosity when
told she or he cannot drink alcohol. Every child loves to disobey the "rules". So she or he is
compelled to try it. The reason why drinking is so popular among high school students is
because it is considered fun and acceptable to break rules.

I have only one piece of advice for these drinkers: take responsibility for yourself and ask
yourself why you are drinking. Teenagers couldn't give an intelligent answer to justify their
actions. And "It's fun!" is not an intelligent answer. To put it nutshell: grow up, you are
impressing no one but other immature people.

A) Find words in the first four paragraphs of the text that mean approximately the same as:
1. comprehensive
2. risky
3. harmful
4. agreeable
5. completely
6. satisfaction

106
B) Find evidence in the text for the following statements.

1. The author of the text is a teenage student.

2. It is commonly accepted that drinking alcohol is wrong.
3. Drunk people don’t control their actions.
4. High school students drink alcohol for fun and to disobey orders.
5. Drinking alcohol is an immature behavior.

C) Topics for discussion.

1. Try to give a proper answer to the title of the text.

2. “it is (…) fun and acceptable to break rules.” Do you agree with this sentence? Justify.
3. May we consider alcohol as a drug?
4. What are some of the characteristics of drunk people?
5. Is alcohol addictive? What about tea, coffee, and chocolate?
6. Are some people more easily addicted to alcohol than others?
7. Do some people have addictive personalities?
8. Do you agree that "once an addict, always an addict"?
9. Do you know anyone who is an addict? How does addiction affect someone’s life?
10. How would you try to help an addict?

107
Common English Idioms – Part II

In hot water
This means to be in difficulties, especially in serious trouble

 John got himself in hot water by being late.

Hold your horses

This means to wait / slow down / consider things carefully

 Hold your horses, you might find a better one for the same price in another store.

Cost an arm and a leg

This means very expensive

 These opera tickets cost us an arm and a leg!

Caught between two stools

This means to be unable to choose between two alternatives

 He tries to be both teacher and friend, but got caught between two
stools.

Cold feet
This means to lose courage to do something you had planned

 Sally said I should try skydiving, but I had cold feet.

Lose one’s marbles

This means to act in a crazy or strange way

 What a silly thing to say! Have you lost your marbles?

See eye to eye

This means agreeing with someone

 They finally saw eye to eye on the business deal.

108
EXERCISE

Complete the sentences using the appropriate idiom:

hold your horses, in hot water, cost an arm and a leg, caught between two stools, cold feet, lose
one’s marbles, see eye to eye

1. If you try to please both your father and mother, you can end up
_______________________________

2. Okay, I’ll tell you what I’m going to do, although you’ll probably think that I have
___________________________________

3. I’m in _____________________________with my teacher because she caught me cheating in

the test.

4. My friend got ____________________________and decided not to do a bungee jump.

5. I don’t know how you could afford this sports car. It must have
_________________________________________

6. Just_________________________________________! Let’s think about this for a moment.

7. My sister and I ____________________________________on most things.

109
Brown shoes could mean you fail a job interview

University graduates hoping to get a job as an investment banker in London could be

disappointed if they wear brown shoes to their job interview. A new report highlights how
the investment banking industry in the UK follows centuries-old, unwritten rules about
how bankers should conduct themselves.

The study was undertaken by the British government's Social Mobility Commission.
Researchers looked at how the industry selected people in job interviews. They found that
the industry was governed by "relatively unclear" codes of conduct. They wrote: "For men,
the wearing of brown shoes with a business suit is generally considered
unacceptable…within investment banking."

The survey suggested that people from working class backgrounds had to change their
behavior to fit in with bankers who were from middle and upper classes. One newly-
appointed banker said: "I felt like my accent was a bit out of place, so I changed it."

The study also said the industry discriminated against those who did not go to elite
universities. The Commission's chairman said: "Bright, working-class kids are being
systematically locked out of top jobs in investment banking because they did not attend a
small handful of elite universities." He added: "It is shocking…that some investment bank
managers still judge candidates on whether they wear brown shoes with a suit, rather than
on their skills and potential."

VOCABULARY

Match the following synonyms from the article:

hoping 1 on the whole

highlight 2 behave
undertaken 3 appalling
conduct 4 emphasize
generally 5 manner
behavior 6 top
appoint 7 wishing for
elite 8 promise
shocking 9 done
potential 10 assign

110
CANDIDATE: Rank these. Put the most important things a candidate needs at a job
interview at the top.

1. work experience
2. good clothes
3. politeness
4. a firm handshake
5. nice shoes
6. a nice smile
7. confidence
8. qualifications

Comprehension questions

 How old are the unwritten rules the investment banking industry follows?
 Who looked at how the industry selected people in interviews?
 What was described as being 'relatively unclear'?
 What is considered unacceptable in the investment banking industry?
 What did one banker have to change to not feel out of place?
 What kind of universities do investment bankers usually come from?
 Who is being systematically locked out of top investment banking jobs?
 What are candidates not being judged on?

Discussion

 What experience do you have with job interviews?

 What should you do to pass interviews?
 What kind of clothes are best to wear at an interview?
 Should people from elite universities get the best jobs?
 Do people discriminate against accents in your country?

111
Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known who or
what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however,
who did it, or it’s not important.

Form

Subject + to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

A letter was written.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modal verbs Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

112
 Tense Subject Verb Object

is writing a letter.
Present Continuous Active: Rita

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Continuous Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Passive with two objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two
objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a
subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

wrote a letter to me.

Active: Rita

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

113
EXERCISE

Highlight verbs in Passive Voice:

The Canterville Ghost

When the American, Mr. Otis, bought Canterville Castle, he was

told that this was very foolish, as the place was haunted. But Mr. Otis answered, “I come from a
modern country, where we have everything that money can buy. And if there were such a thing
as a ghost in Europe, we would have it at home in one of our museums.”

A few weeks later, Mr. Otis, his wife and their children, Washington, Virginia and the twins,
went down to their new home.

They were led into the library of the castle, where they sat down and began to look around.
Suddenly, Mrs. Otis saw a red stain on the floor just by the fireplace and said to the
housekeeper, “I am afraid something has been spilt there.”

“Yes, madam,” said the old housekeeper in a low voice, “blood has been spilt on that spot.”

“How terrible,” said Mrs. Otis; “I don't want any blood-stains in my sitting-room. It must be
removed at once.”

The old woman smiled and answered, “It is the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville, who was
murdered on that spot by her husband, Sir Simon de Canterville, in 1575. Sir Simon disappeared
seven years later. His body has never been found, but his ghost still haunts the Castle. The
blood-stain is a tourist attraction now and it cannot be removed.”

“That is all nonsense,” said Washington, the eldest son of the Otis family, “it will easily be
removed by stain remover,” and he took a bottle of stain remover out of his pocket and cleaned
the spot. But as soon as the blood-stain had disappeared, a flash of lightning lit up the room
and thunder made the whole building shake.

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice:

A ghost haunts the castle. ________________________________________________________

Sir Simon murdered Lady Eleanore._________________________________________________

114
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:

1. The professor showed the students an old book.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. They develop a new type of washing powder.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Snow covered the mountains.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Many people have visited the pyramids.

______________________________________________________________________________

6. We are making dinner.

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Our dog did not bite the cat.

______________________________________________________________________________

8. The girls can play handball.

______________________________________________________________________________

9. John cleaned the bathroom.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. The mechanic repairs cars.

______________________________________________________________________________

115
Hadrian's Wall

Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice):

In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) _______________ his provinces in
Britain.
On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) ______________ him that Pictish tribes from Britain's
north (attack) _____________________ them.
So Hadrian (give) ________________ the order to build a protective wall across one of the
narrowest parts of the country.
After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) ____________________ in 128.
It (be) _________________ 117 kilometers long and about 4 meters high.
The Wall (guard) ____________________ by 15,000 Roman soldiers.
Every 8 kilometers there (be) ____________________ a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers
______________________ (find) shelter.
The soldiers (watch) ___________________ over the frontier to the north and (check)
_____________________ the people who (want) _________________ to enter or leave Roman
Britain.
In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) ____________________ to one of the small
forts that (serve) ____________________ as gateways.
Those forts (call) ___________________ mile castles because the distance from one fort to
another (be) ____________________ one Roman mile (about 1,500 meters).
Between the mile castles there (be) ______________________ two turrets from which the
soldiers (guard) ________________________.
If the Wall (attack) _____________________ by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run)
_____________________ to the nearest mile castle for help or (light) __________________ a
fire that (can / see) _______________________ by the soldiers in the mile castle.
In 383 Hadrian's Wall (abandon) _________________________.
Today Hadrian's Wall (be) _____________________ the most popular tourist attraction in
northern England.
In 1987, it (become) _______________________ a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

116
Read about the dumbest criminals ever. Fill in the gaps with narrative tenses, active or
passive:

Justin Stansfield, 38, a British heroin addict and thief, ______ (break into) a garage. He ________
(intend) to steal anything he could find of value so he could sell and buy some more drugs. While in the
garage he _______ (find) a freezer full of cold beers so he decided to have some fun. Justin _______
(take out) his fake teeth to enjoy a couple of Popsicles which he ______________ (also discover) in the
freezer. Unfortunately, before he left he forgot to put his teeth back in. Later this ______ (cost) him
sixteen months behind bars.

A thief in Portland, Oregon, ______ (break into) a house, ________ (go through) every inch of the
property, _______ (open) all the drawers, and ______(steal) everything of value he could find without
leaving any fingerprints. However, what appeared to be almost the perfect robbery _________ (ruin)
when the thief grabbed a container of orange juice from the refrigerator and took a gulp directly from it,
leaving it in the sink. The container _______ (send) straight to the DNA testing unit at the Oregon State
Crime Lab in Clackamas where forensic scientists found a match. Christopher Lathrop quickly confessed
after he ______ (arrest) and will probably never drink orange juice again.

Fort Myers Beach, Florida, can be proud of producing the worst, and possibly funniest, amateur
American criminal who ever lived. Christopher Kron _______ (create) his own personal “legend” when
he tried to rob a closed restaurant. First he tripped the alarm when he broke in; he didn’t listen to or just
didn’t care about the NON-SILENT alarm; when ADT called the restaurant after receiving the alarm
signal, Kron ________ (answer) the phone and, pay attention here, gave the ADT employee his real
name; when he finally _____ (decide) to leave, all he took was a bottle of Grand Marnier and a beer.
So, you probably think that was the end of it, right? Well there’s more. Believe it or not, Kron managed
to get away with his illegal act but made sure to return to the restaurant the next day where an
employee who ______ (see) the surveillance video recognized him. Kron _______ (arrest) and if there
were an award for the dumbest criminal in history, he would be a very serious contender.

117
  Which of these stories do you find the most ridiculous? Which robber is the champion of
stupidity?
 Have you ever read any similar stories in the newspapers?
 Do you always lock your house? How about your car?
 Do you know anyone who has been mugged? Has it ever happened to you?
 Do you think your country is a safe place to live? Why or why not?
 Are some parts of this city considered more dangerous than others? Which parts?
 Do you walk alone at night in your home city?
 Is prison an effective punishment? Why or why not?
 Have you ever done anything illegal? If so, what did you do?
 Is it ever OK to break the law? If so, when?

This criminal
(noun) does this... crime (noun) action (verb)

accomplice helps another person to commit a crime aiding aid

arsonist sets fire to other people's property illegally arson commit arson

assassin kills for political reasons, or for payment assassination assassinate

burglar breaks in to buildings to steal burglary burgle

forger makes fake money or documents forgery forge

hijacker takes control of a vehicle by force hijacking hijack

kidnapper takes people by force and demands money kidnapping kidnap

mugger attacks and robs people in a public place mugging mug

murderer deliberately kills another person murder murder

118
This criminal
(noun) does this... crime (noun) action (verb)

offender is anybody who breaks the law committing an offend

offence

pickpocket steals money etc. from other people's pickpocketing pickpocket

pockets

robber steals money etc., using force or the threat robbery rob
of force

shoplifter steals goods from a shop while pretending shoplifting shoplift

to be a customer

smuggler moves goods illegally into or out of a smuggling smuggle

country without paying tax

spy secretly gets information about another spying spy

country

industrial spy secretly gets information about a company industrial spying spy

stowaway hides on a plane or ship to travel secretly stowing away stow away
and free

terrorist uses violence for political reasons terrorism commit

terrorism

thief steals property from other people (without theft thieve

using violence)

traitor betrays his country to another country treachery betray

vandal deliberately destroys or damages public vandalism vandalize

property

119
1) Write the names of criminals and the verbs. 2) What kinds of criminal are these people? Use the
forgery 1___forger____ _______________ words from the box.

shoplifting 2____________ _______________ 1. Mrs. Strange killed her husband.______________

arson 3____________ set fire to 2. Ted took his neighbour’s car and drove it around
town late at night with his friends. ______________
joyriding 4____________ __go joyriding____
3. Frank demanded money from Jason in return for
robbery 5____________ _______________
not revealing some secret information about him.
vandalism 6___vandal___ _______________ ___________________
burglary 7____________ ___burgle______ 4. He sells cocaine and heroin to teenagers.
murder 8____________ _______________ ________________________

mugging 9___mugger___ _______________ 5. She took a wallet from somebody’s bag during the
lunch hour.____________________
kidnapping 10___________ _______________
drug dealing 11___________ ___deal drugs___ 6. He spent five years in prison for making a copy of
banknotes._______________
blackmail 12 __________ _______________
7. John got into the house through an open window
and took some cash and jewellery. _____________

3) Complete the sentences using 6 verbs given on the right in the correct form.
forge
1. Two journalists have been___________________________ by political extremists. forge
steal
2. Someone ___________________ my signature. mug
burgle
3. Sam often ________________ joyriding at the weekend. His parents don’t know about it. burgle
kidnap
4. Mr. Smith’s house was ____________________ while he was on holiday. kidnap
set
5. If he _______________ fire to any more buildings, he will go to prison for sure. set mug
6. Tom was ________________________ just in front his house. go go

_____

120
 How Important Is Physical Beauty?

Do wise people judge others based on their

appearance? Is it really that important?

Many people will answer telling you that you

should not judge a book by its cover and, while
that's a wise answer coming from the
conscious mind, still their subconscious mind will contradict them and force them to judge
people based on their looks during initial encounters.

Our desire for physical beauty is an original human feeling, like the desire for food, or
happiness. Just as those other things drive us toward survival, physical beauty is programmed
into our brains as a means of staying alive and furthering our family line. After all, if males and
females weren’t attracted to each other, none of us would even be here.

Physical beauty is important and studies have shown that people tend to judge each other
based on their physical looks. According one theory people associate good traits with attractive
people before they even come in contact with them. A study has shown that attractive people
were rated more socially successful, more financially successful and happier than unattractive
people by those who saw them for the first time.

It’s no secret we are a culture obsessed by image. This even shows in business world. Fifty-
seven percent of hiring managers told NEWSWEEK that qualified but unattractive candidates
are likely to have a harder time landing a job, while more than half advised spending as much
time and money on making sure they look attractive as on perfecting a résumé.

Define beauty? One may as well dissect a soap bubble. We know it when we see it—or so we
think. Philosophers frame it as a moral equation. What is beautiful is good, said Plato. Poets
have something to say about it as well. "Beauty is truth, truth is beauty," wrote John Keats.
Others are more concrete. "People come to me and say: 'Doctor, make me beautiful,'" a plastic
surgeon reveals.

At its best, beauty celebrates. At its worst, beauty discriminates. Studies suggest attractive
people make more money, get called on more often in class, receive lighter court sentences,
and are perceived as friendlier.

But what happens when we overcome that first impression and get to know someone better?
Do we still focus on physical appearance, or something else becomes more important? Henry
James met the English novelist George Eliot when she was 49 years old. "She is magnificently
ugly," he wrote to his father. "She has a low forehead, a dull grey eye, a vast pendulous nose, a
huge mouth, full of uneven teeth…. Now in this vast ugliness resides a most powerful beauty

121
which, in a very few minutes, charms the mind, so that you end as I ended, in falling in love with
her."

Yet, the quest for beauty prevails. And it is costly. In the United States last year people spent six
billion dollars on fragrance and another six billion on makeup. Hair- and skin-care products
drew eight billion dollars each, which fingernail items alone accounted for a billion. In the
mania to lose weight 20 billion was spent on diet products and services—in addition to the
billions that were paid out for health club memberships and cosmetic surgery.

SYNONYMS
encounter regard, view
drive characteristic
trait meeting
obsessed triumph
perceive force, urge
prevail preoccupied

DISCUSSION

 Does beauty affect one's success in life?

 Is beauty related to power?
 What are some of the drawbacks of being beautiful?
 Do you think beauty affects self-esteem?
 If you had to choose, would you rather be attractive or intelligent?
 How much time and money do you spend on making yourself look better?
 Do you think people should have cosmetic surgery to enhance their looks?
 What are some beauty tips that you could share?
 Describe an attractive man and a woman.
 Do you consider yourself beautiful?
 What would you like to change in your physical appearance?

122
Conditional Sentences

TYPE 1

Use

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition
actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic.

Form
if + Simple Present + will-Future

If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

TYPE 2

Use

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to actions that could happen if the present situation were
different. We don't really expect the situation to change, however. We just imagine „what
would happen if …“

Form
if + Simple Past + would + Infinitive

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

TYPE 3

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. It is impossible that the condition
will be fulfilled because we can’t change the past.

Form
if + Past Perfect + Would have + Past Participle

If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

123
EXERCISE

1. Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I or II.

If you do your homework now, we _____________ (go) to the cinema in the evening.
If we ______________ (order) the book now, we will have it tomorrow.
If I had more money, I _____________ (buy) a bigger car.
If I ______________ (meet) my favorite movie star, I would ask him for an autograph.
I _______________ (tell) you if I need your help.
I would go swimming if the weather ______________ (be) better.
If he _______________ (not have) time tomorrow, we will meet the day after.
If I were you, I _________________ (not know) what to do.
If we don't order the tickets soon, there ______________ (not be) any tickets left.
She _________________ (not say) that if she were your friend.

2. Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.

If the weather ____________________ (be) nice, they ___________________ (play) football.

If the teacher ____________________ (explain) the homework, I __________________ (do) it.
If Alex ____________________ (ask) me, I _______________________ (email) the documents.
If he ___________________ (speak) slowly, Peggy _____________________ (understand) him.

3. Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.

If I had time, I __________________ (go) shopping with you.

If you _______________ (learn) English, you will get along with them perfectly.
If they had gone for a walk, they _____________________ (turn) the lights off.
If she __________________ (come), we will go to the zoo.
I would have told you, if I _____________________ (see) him.
Would you mind if I __________________ (open) the window?
If they ______________________ (ask) me, I wouldn't have said no.
My friend ____________________ (meet) me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
If I ____________________ (do) it, everyone would know.
If my father ______________________ (not pick) me up, I'll take the bus home.

124
  You are going to read a text about an 85
year-old woman talking about her life.

IF I COULD LIVE MY LIFE ALL OVER…

If I had to live my life all over again, I’d dare make

more mistakes next time. I would relax. I would
limber up. I would be sillier than I have been. I
would take fewer things seriously. I would take
more chances. I would take more trips. I would climb more mountains, swim more rivers. I
would eat more ice cream and fewer beans. I would perhaps have more actual troubles, but I
would have fewer imaginary ones.

You see – I’m one of those people who live seriously and sanely hour after hour, day after day.
Oh, I have my moments. And if I had to do it over again, I’d have more of them. In fact, I’d try to
have nothing else, just moments one after another, instead of living so many years ahead of
each day.

I’ve been one of those persons who never goes anywhere without a thermometer, a hot water
bottle, a raincoat and a parachute. If I had to do it over again, I would travel lighter than I have.
If I had to live my life over, I would start barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way later in
autumn. I would go to more dances and celebrate life.

a. Why do you think the author would dare make more mistakes next time? Find evidences on
the text.
b. How does the author describe herself?
c. Do you think you would regret so many things if you were her age? Why /not?

I would do it differently if…

What I would do if I were the president of the country

What I would do if I could go back in any part of the history

What I would ask for if I had three wishes

What I would do if I could become invisible

What powers I would have if I were a super hero

125
 Titanic
On April 10th 1912, the Titanic set sail on its
first trip, from England to New York. At the
time it was made, it was said to be the safest
ship ever built. However, at 11:40 p.m. on
April 12th 1912, it hit an iceberg in the North
Atlantic, and three hours later, at 2:20 a.m., it
sank. There were 2200 people on board, but
only 705 survived; 1503 people died, most from freezing to death in the cold water.

Why did the accident happen and why did so many people die? There is no one single reason;
it was the result of many factors.

•The ship received warnings about icebergs ahead, but didn't slow down; instead it
continued to sail at full speed.
•The lookout sailor didn't have any binoculars with him, so he wasn't able to see the iceberg
until it was too close to miss.
•Although the ship carried 2200 passengers, there were only 20 lifeboats, enough for a
maximum of 1200 people.
•Because the Titanic was thought to be unsinkable many passengers didn't take the danger
seriously and didn't hurry to the lifeboats. Many of the lifeboats left only half full.
•The survivors were picked up by another ship, the Carpathia, which received the emergency
radio message. Another ship in the area, however, which was actually closer to the Titanic than
the Carpathia, didn't hear the emergency call because the radio operator had gone to bed.

How could the disaster have been prevented?

Make five sentences like these:

If the water had been warmer, more people would have survived..

1) _____________________________________________________________________________________

2) _____________________________________________________________________________________

3) _____________________________________________________________________________________

4) __________________________________________________________________________________________

5) __________________________________________________________________________________________

126
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

1. If I ______________________ (be) you, I would phone your mother tonight.

2. Unless we ______________________ (leave) now, we’ll be late.
3. If I hadn’t woken up early, I ________________________ (be) late for work.
4. If you __________________ (have) a toothache, go to the dentist.
5. _________________ you _______________ (give) me a call if you have time tomorrow?
6. Cameras are very expensive these days. If they _____________________ (not/cost) so
much, we __________________ (buy) one.
7. Water _______________ (turn) into ice if the temperature ______________ (fall) below
0ºC.
8. If you ____________ (look) both ways before crossing the street, you wouldn’t have been
knocked down.

Fill in unless or if:

1. We won’t go on holiday ______________ we can take our dog.

2. ______________ you go to bed late, you’ll be tired in the morning.
3. I can’t finish my homework ______________ you help me.
4. We’ll have a picnic on Saturday ______________ the weather is bad.
5. I’ll open the window _______________ I get too hot.

Put the verbs into the most suitable form to make correct conditional sentences:

Do you like jazz music? Because if you (like) ____________________ jazz, you
____________________ (love) New Orleans.

Vanessa hates boat trips. But if she (hate / not) ______________________ boat trips, she
_______________________ (enjoy) a riverboat cruise on the Mississippi.

I (do) ____________________ a course in jazz dancing if I (have) _____________________

more time. But unfortunately I don't have time.

If the founders of the city (hate) ________________________ the King of France, they
__________________________ (call / not) the place Nouvelle-Orléans in honor of him.

127
 Shopping: The new Drug

What do you do for recreation? Do you swim, dance, play cards, garden, or read? Many people
today prefer to spend their free time shopping. These people are called recreational shoppers.
Recreational shoppers do not always buy something. They really enjoy the shopping
experience.

Of course, many people like going to indoor malls. However, for recreational shoppers, the mall
is more than stores. For them, the mall represents happiness and fulfillment. For these people,
a visit to the mall is an adventure. In fact, for many recreational shoppers the art of looking for
and buying something is more fun than owning it.

Recently, a group of psychologists studied recreational shopping. First, they used tests to
identify recreational shoppers. Then they compared recreational shoppers with ordinary
shoppers. The psychologists discovered that the two groups were different. Recreational
shoppers were usually younger, less self-confident, and more often female. In addition, they
were more interested in material things and had less self-control.

The recreational shoppers also went shopping when they felt worried, angry, or depressed.
Ordinary shoppers didn't. Most of the recreational shoppers said buying something helped
them feel better-it made them happy. Their negative feelings went away. Many recreational
shoppers also did something unusual while they were shopping. They pretended that they were
different people with different lives.

Of course, shopping is an important part of our contemporary consumer society. We spend a

lot of time in malls. In a recent study, people spent most of their time at home, at work, and in
school. Shopping malls ranked fourth. However, in the future, will we think of recreational
shopping as an addiction like smoking or drinking?

A. Read the statements and write true (T) or false (F)

1. All people who shop are recreational shoppers.

2. Recreational shoppers go shopping for fun.
3. Recreational shoppers love to own things.
4. Most shoppers dislike shopping.
5. Psychologists compared ordinary shoppers and recreational shoppers.
6. Recreational shoppers go shopping when they are sad.
7. Most recreational shoppers are men.
8. People spend more time in shopping malls than they do at work.

128
B. Discussion

• Do you like shopping? Do you have favorite stores?

• How often do you go shopping?
• Do you compare prices at different stores when you shop?
• Are you good at saving money?
• Do you ever buy second-hand things?
• Do you give tips at a restaurant? How about to taxi drivers?
• What do you spend most of your money on?
• Who do you often go shopping with?
• When you buy something, what is most important to you: price, quality, fashion trend,
status/image?
• What was the last thing you bought for yourself?
• What was the last thing you bought for someone else? Why did you buy it?

Shop Assistant: Good morning. Can I help you?

Customer: Yes, I _______________ (look) for a present for my aunt.

Shop Assistant: What ___________________(you/have) in mind?

Customer: I’m not sure. I ___________________ (hope) you could help me.

Shop Assistant: What ______________________ (she/like)?

Customer: She ____________________ (love) doing crossword puzzles and is very fond of reading.

Shop Assistant: What about this crossword book? And ______________________ (she/read) Ken
Follett’s latest book?

Customer: No, I _____________________ (not/think) so.

Shop Assistant: Well, it ______________ (be) very interesting. I _______________ (read) it last week
when I __________ (be) on holiday, so I can recommend it.

Customer: OK, I _____________________ (take) it. Can you gift wrap the two together, please?

Shop Assistant: Certainly madam, that ____________(be) 28€ altogether.

Customer: Here you are and thank you so much for all your help.

Shop Assistant: You’re welcome. Goodbye.

129
Adjectives ending in ED and ING

 An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person, a thing
or a situation
 An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling (or how a person feels) or an
emotion. Since only people (and some animals) have feelings, -ed adjectives cannot be
used to describe an object or situation.

Compare the difference:

My girlfriend is bored. (My girlfriend feels bored)

My girlfriend is boring. (My girlfriend is a boring person)

Example sentences of adjectives ending in -ED and –ING

 This grammar lesson is boring. I am bored reading all about these grammar rules.
 I am tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight).
 Public toilets are usually disgusting. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
 Your speech was very inspiring. I am now inspired to do wonderful things with my life.

130
EXERCISE:

Underline the correct adjective in each sentence:

1. You look really (tired/tiring). Why don't you go to bed?

2. Sit down - I've got some very (excited/exciting) news for you.
3. He's got a very (annoyed/annoying) habit of always interrupting people.
4. I'm very (disappointed/disappointing) by your behavior.
5. Kids! You're (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk with your mouths full!
6. At times, English can be a (confused/confusing) language.
7. I’m not going to watch this program. It sounds really (boring/bored).

Choose the correct adjective to fill in the blanks:

interesting boring disgusting confused

interested bored disgusted confusing
exciting annoying tiring worried
excited annoyed tired worrying

1. My job is not _________________ because I’m always learning something new. It is

_________________, however, because I work all day.
2. Ann thought she would like to try sushi, but she was _________________ by the idea of
eating raw fish.
3. I’m _________________ in learning about climate change so that I can help stop it.
4. Peter was really _________________ when he got home. He just wanted to go to bed.
5. He looked out the window and frowned. Those black clouds were quite
_________________.
6. There is an _________________ new ride at Dreamland! Have you tried it?
7. Physics is _________________ because the math is often difficult, but it’s also
_________________ because it tries to explain things we can’t see.
8. Mosquitos are really _________________ when they buzz around your ears while
you’re sleeping, don’t you think?
9. He was very _________________ during the math test; he didn’t remember how to do
any of it.
10. She couldn’t wait for the party. She was so _________________ she couldn’t sleep.
11. “Where have you been!” Mom yelled. “I’ve been _________________ sick about you!”
12. “Yuck! This milk has gone bad! _________________!” She cried.
13. I feel _________________ when I’ve just cleaned the house and someone immediately
dirties it again.
14. They were so _________________ during the movie that they left before it was
finished.

131
 Helping
people

There are four

stories below.
read them
carefully and
decide which
person you are
going to help.

a) Jane, age 22, is a young professional tennis player who came from a small village but is
on her way to become the first one ever to represent her country at the Olympics. One day, she
fell and suffered severe spinal injuries. She now needs a very expensive surgery she has no
money for, or she will stay in a wheelchair for the rest of her life.

b) A family of six, parents (Kate and John) and kids, Rose (15), Danny (10), Hannah (7) and
Max (2), have suffered a great tragedy. Their house burned down with all their belongings so
they are homeless now. The children had to leave school since only the dad has a job and
education for all of them is very expensive. They need a great amount of money to get a new
place to live and to get back on their feet.

c) Harry (12) and Ginny (21) are brother and sister who lost their parents in a car accident.
Ginny is 21 so she can legally take care of her brother but she doesn’t have a job and a place for
them to stay. They have nobody to help them. They will have to be separated into two different
families unless she finds enough money to provide for them both.

d) Mr. Wilson (52), is one of the most favorite and beloved professors at the University of
California. He has done a lot of scientific research and has been helping his students all his life.
He has been diagnosed with a serious heart disease that made him unable to teach anymore.
Because he is all alone, his students want to raise money for his expensive treatment so he can
come back to the University.

132
Decide how you would help them. Make a detailed plan. Here are some
questions that will help you.
 Who are you going to help and why?

 What kind of event would you organize? (For example a school play, a football game, a
concert, etc.)

 Where and when is it going to take place?

 How would you attract people? (Advertising your event, interesting activities, etc. )

 Who would attend an event? (Students, their parents, teachers, anyone, etc.)

 How would you earn profit? (Sell tickets, charitable donations, selling something etc.)

133
Environmental Issues

Read the paragraphs below and match them with the threat they refer to:

1.“ Environmental racism is inequitable distribution of environmental

hazards based on race. The Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and ·Animal
Disease Registry considers lead poisoning to be the number one extinction
environmental health problem for children in the United States. Some 4
million children – many of whom are African American, Latino and Native
American- have dangerously high lead levels in their bodies. This lead is
absorbed from contaminated drinking water and soil polluted by industrial ·Acid rain
effluents and automobile exhaust.”

2.“Every year humans kill about 100 million sharks, skates and rays, about
half of them caught as unwanted “by-catch” while fishing for other ·Air pollution
species. Sharks are particularly sensitive to overfishing because they grow
slowly, mature late and have few young each generation. As top predators,
sharks play a crucial role in the health of the ocean ecosystems and their
extermination could lead to major ecological changes in the ocean”. ·Overpopulation

3.“ In February 2002, a huge section of the Larsen B Ice Shelf along The
Antarctic Peninsula coast suddenly disintegrated into thousands of
icebergs. The total volume of ice released was the equivalent to 29 trillion ·Water pollution
bags of party ice. Climatologists warn that this dramatic collapse could be a
signal of global climate change and an omen of catastrophic events to
come.”
·Deforestation
4.“ A 1 per cent loss of ozone results in a 2 per cent increase in UV rays
reaching the earth’s surface and could result in about a million extra
human skin cancers per year worldwide.”
·Ozone Depletion
5.“ Every second, on average, four or five children are born somewhere on
the earth. I that same second, two other people die. This difference
between births and deaths means a net gain of roughly 2.5 more humans
per second in the world population. This means we are adding 9,000 per ·Global warming
hour, 217,000 per day, or about 79 million more people per year.”

6.“ Sulfur dioxide and sulphuric acid released by industry causes massive ·Toxic waste
destruction of the vegetation. Rains then wash away the exposed soil,
leaving a barren moonscape.”

7.“Pollution from factory pipes has been vastly reduced but erosion from

134
farm fields, construction sites, airborne mercury, sulphur and other
substances are increasingly contaminating lakes and wetlands.”

8.“ Worldwide, we lost between 9 million and 12 million ha of forest per

year from 1990 to 2000. Clear-cutting and burning especially in order to
get pasture and cropland have turned many forests into a dry, barren
ground”.

9.“ How does the air taste, feel, smell, and look in your neighbourhood?
Chances are that wherever you live, the air is contaminated to some
degree. Smoke, dust, corrosive gases and toxic compounds are present
nearly everywhere.”

Environmental Science − A Global Concern

Read the following text carefully:

The Amazon forest covers five million square kilometers, an area as big as the whole Europe
excluding Russia. It contains one third of the world’s trees. However, the trees are
disappearing. By 1974, a quarter of the forest had already been cut down. In the following
year, 1975, four per cent of the remaining trees went. If the destruction of the forest continues
at the same rate, there will be nothing left in a few years.
Scientists say that the disappearance of trees is already
causing changes in the climate. In Peru, there is less snow
than before on the high peaks of the Andes mountains. In
Bolivia there is very little rain.
What will happen if more of the Amazon forest is cut
down? According to climatologists if the Amazon forest
disappears, there will be less oxygen and it will be difficult
for us to breathe, the temperature will rise, the ice-caps at
the North and the South poles will melt. Even the sea level
will rise. Therefore, seaside cities will be flooded.
Scientists do not agree about the calculations which can
be done in different ways with different results. But all the scientists agree that if we destroy
the Amazon forest, it will be an environmental suicide. Life on earth will become difficult, and it
may become impossible.

135
1-Give a title to the text.
______________________________________________________________________________

2-Say whether the following statements are true or false:

a-The Amazon forest is bigger than Europe. ________________

b-It contains most of the world’s trees. ______________
c-Deforestation leads to climate change. _______________
d-If the Amazon forest is destroyed, the coastal towns will be under water. ____________

3-Answer the following questions according to the text:

a- How big is the Amazon forest?

b- Why is the Amazon forest so important?

c- What will happen if it ever disappears?

4-Match the words with their synonyms:

1-whole a- weather
2-climate b-go up
3-rise c-result
4-consequence d- complete

5-Find in the text words that are opposite in meaning to:

-including §1 _____________________ -low §2 __________________________

-drop §3 _______________________ -easy §4 _________________________

136
Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the table.

acid – change – endangered – environmental – layer –

ozone – polluted – rainforests – reduction – renewable

Friends of the Earth is the world’s largest international network of (1) ……………………………………….
Groups represented in 68 countries. In the UK, it was the first organization to campaign to save
whales, (2) …………………………………….. species and tropical (3) …………………………………………. .
Friends of the Earth also fought against (4) ………………………………………… rain, (5)
…………………………………… depletion and climate (6) …………………………………………………. .
The organization’s present campaigns cover many more issues, such as protecting the wildlife
and the countryside and cutting air pollution. They promote waste (7)
……………………………………………… and cleaning up of (8) …………………………………………. Rivers. They
also campaign for the reduction of traffic levels and the improvement of public transport.
They lobby politicians and political parties to protect the ozone (9) ……………………………………………
and control dangerous chemicals.
to control dangerous chemicals. Their objectives also include promoting energy efficiency and
(10) …………………………………………….. energy.

Match the words from the two columns to create phrases or collocations.

1. ozone A. waste
2. nuclear B. layer
3. natural C. rain
4. greenhouse D. effect
5. global E. dioxide
6. dumping F. warming
7. carbon G. resources
8. acid H. ground

137
REVISION 4

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) When I was young, I _____________ to play a lot of basketball.

 used
 was used

2) I ___________________ waking up early for my new job.

 am used to
 used to

3) Blackpool in England _________________ the most popular tourist destination. These days,
English people prefer to go abroad.
 used to be
 is used to being

4) Did you ___________________ to work for Softec?

 use
 used

5) She still _________________ working at night.

 used to
 isn’t used to

2. Change these active sentences to passive. Choose if you need the agent or not:

1) People speak Portuguese in Brazil.

______________________________________________________________________________

2) They are planning a new road near my house.

______________________________________________________________________________

3) My grandfather built this house in 1943.

______________________________________________________________________________

4) Picasso was painting Guernica at that time

______________________________________________________________________________

5) The cleaner has cleaned the office

______________________________________________________________________________

138
3. Make the conditional sentences:

1) (First) If we ________________________ (not/work) harder, we

________________________ (not/pass) the exam.

2) (Third) If the students ______________________ (not/be) late for the exam, they
_________________________ (pass).

3) (Third) If the weather _________________________ (not/be) so cold, we

___________________________ (go) to the beach.

4) (Second) If she ______________________ (have) her laptop with her, she

___________________________ (email) me.

5) (First) If she _______________________ (not/go) to the meeting, I ____________________

(not/go) either.

6) (Second) If I _____________________ (want) a new car, I ____________________ (buy) one.

4. Choose the correct adjective:

1) My nephew was (amusing / amused) by the clown.

2) It is so (frustrating / frustrated)! No matter how much I study I can’t seem to remember this
vocabulary.

3) He was (frightening / frightened) when he saw the spider.

4) The journey was (exhausting / exhausted)! Twelve hours by bus.

5) I was really (embarrassing / embarrassed) when I fell over in the street.

6) She looked very (confusing / confused) when I told her we had to change the plan.

139
 Children who work

Neil Freeman, a student from Essex, works 20 hours each week in a fast
food restaurant in which he began working part-time last summer
holiday. He said his grades had decreased since then. “It’s hard to get
the schoolwork done. Lots of times I’m just too tired to do my
homework or pay attention in class”, he said. He keeps his job because
he likes having extra money to buy things like records and clothes.

Several national studies have found that almost half of all school children in UK have part-time
jobs. In 1985, the last year statistics available showed that several thousands 14 to 15-year-olds
who were partimers worked an average of 12 hours per week.

A Department of Education survey found that about 42 percent of secondary students spend
their earnings on personal items such clothing, records and recreation. A few were saving
money for college or contributions to family.

Some teenagers such as Lisa Griffith, whose family depend on her part-time job income, have
no other option but to work.

With so many teenagers working, many parents and other adults are worried that poor grades
will be the result. That’s why they are against allowing students to work while attending school.
But others believe that work teaches teenagers a sense of responsibility and a sense of self-
worth.

One recent survey at a secondary school found that 70 percent of the students worked. One
third of them worked more than 15 hours. Of those that worked more than 15 hours, half had
fail grade in at least one subject. Surveys at other secondary schools have shown no connection
between part-time jobs and fail grades.

Getting good grades and working part-time isn’t a problem for 16-year-old Kimberly Baim. She
does her homework either in her break or after work. Kim spends about 12 hours a week selling
frozen yoghurt in a shopping center. She’s been working there almost a year. “I took this job for
extra spending money”, she says.

Damien Hurst, 14, of Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire disagrees. He quit his job as a cashier in a
local supermarket because his job took up too much of his time. “I was working after school
three days a week and at weekends”, he said. “I had to rush in the mornings to get my
homework done. Since I gave up my job, I have time to study. I have more time to spend with
friends.”

140
1. Where do the students work? Give some examples from the article
2. According to the survey, what do teenagers do with their money?
3. Why do some parents agree with teenagers who work?
4. Who, among students interviewed, is able to balance school and work?
5. “Only poor students should work” Do you agree or disagree? Explain your opinion.
6. Did you work as a student? If yes, what kind of job?

Ages and Stages (vocabulary)

1) Match the age with the correct stage

2) What stage of life are these people at?

1. My younger sister was born five weeks ago, so she’s a ________________________

2. Jack is 32 and his wife Ann is 31, so they are both in ______________________
3. Kate isn’t 2 yet, so she’s still a ___________
4. 14 is often a difficult age for boys going through _______________________
5. Mr. Grant is 75 this year, so he is quite _________________
6. Mary was a teacher for 40 years but stopped work a year ago, so she is _________________
7. Sam is 26, so he is in his ________________
8. Mark is 18 this year, so legally he becomes ________________
9. My brother Adam is 13 this year, so he’ll soon be a _______________________
10. My mother is 51 this year, so she is _______________________

141
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

We use reported speech when we want to report what another person has said. The structure
is different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

 Statements

We use a reporting verb 'say' or 'tell'.

If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.

Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported
speech:

Direct speech: “I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

 Questions

When transforming questions into reported speech, we need to change the position of the
subject and verb, and use IF in yes/no questions.

Direct speech: Where is Julie? / Are you living here?

Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was. / She asked me if I was living here.

 Requests

If someone asks us to do something, we simply use ask me + to + infinitive

Direct speech: Close the window, please.

Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

Direct speech: Please don't be late.

Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

*Orders
Direct speech: Sit down!
Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

142
 Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple “I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present “I am living in
She said (that) she was living in London.
continuous London”

She said (that) she had bought a car OR She

past simple “I bought a car”
said (that) she bought a car.

past “I was walking along She said (that) she had been walking along the
continuous the street” street.

present
“I haven't seen Julie” She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
perfect

“I had taken English She said (that) she had taken English lessons
past perfect*
lessons before” before.

will “I'll see you later” She said (that) she would see me later.

would* “I would help, but…” She said (that) she would help but...

“I can speak perfect She said (that) she could speak perfect
can
English” English.

“I could swim when I She said (that) she could swim when she was
could*
was four” four.

shall “I shall come later” She said (that) she would come later.

“I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother”

might* "I might be late" She said (that) she might be late

"I must study at the She said (that) she must study at the weekend
must
weekend" OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

143
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where
necessary:

1. "We are busy."

→ They said that __________________________________

2. "I know a better restaurant."

→ He said that ____________________________________

3. "I woke up early."

→ She said that ___________________________________

4. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

→ She asked ______________________________________

5. "Go upstairs."
→ Mom told me ___________________________________

6. "I will ring her."

→ He said that ____________________________________

7. "Are you going to the cinema?"

→ He wanted to know ______________________________

8. "Leave me alone," she said.

→ She told me ____________________________________

9. "Close the door behind you," he told me.

→ He told me _____________________________________

10. "I did not say that."

→ She said that ____________________________________

11. "We have just arrived."

→ They said that ___________________________________

12. "What are they doing?" she asked.

→ She wanted to know ______________________________

144
 Einstein's Chauffeur

This is a true life anecdote about Albert Einstein. Complete the text using these words:

snooze attend delivering place perfection just calculations

accompanied chauffeur out opportunity on row vehicle deliver

After having proposed his famous theory, Albert Einstein would tour the various Universities in
the United States, __________________ lectures wherever he went. He was always
__________________ by his faithful chauffeur, Harry, who would __________________ each of
these lectures while seated in the back __________________. One fine day, after Einstein had
finished a lecture and was coming out of the lecture theatre into his __________________,
Harry addresses him and says,
"Professor Einstein, I've heard your lecture on Relativity so many times, that if I were ever given
the __________________, I would be able to deliver it to __________________ myself!"
"Very well," replied Einstein, "I'm going to Dartmouth next week. They don't know me there.
You can __________________ the lecture as Einstein, and I'll take your __________________
as Harry!"
And so it went to be... Harry delivered the lecture to perfection, without a word
__________________ of place, while Einstein sat in the back row playing "chauffeur", and
enjoying a __________________ for a change.
__________________ as Harry was descending from the podium, however, one of the research
assistants stopped him, and began to ask him a question __________________ the theory of
relativity.... one that involved a lot of complex __________________ and equations. Harry
replied to the assistant
"The answer to this question is very simple! In fact, it's so simple, that I'm going to let my
__________________ answer it!"

Find the words in the text that mean:

1. excellence 5. speech made to teach somebody

2. teach 6. investigate, study, explore
3. act 7. talk to someone
4. celebrated, legendary, well-known 8. hypothesis, proposition

145
Choose the correct word:

1. IF / UNLESS you are careful on the internet, you WILL LOSE / WOULD LOOSE all the files.
2. Mr Bell DISCOVERED / INVENTED the telephone.
3. I’m sorry I’m late, but I MISSED / LOST /’VE MISSED /VE’ LOST my plane.
4. The SPECTATORS / AUDIENCE / VISITORS clapped for 5 minutes after the concert
yesterday.
5. My car broke DOWN / UP / OFF, so I MUST / HAD TO call a taxi.
6. We’ve RUN OUT OF / RUN UP OF sugar. COULD / MAY you go to the store and get SOME
/ ANY?
7. My alarm clock didn’t go ON / OFF SO / BECAUSE I was late for THE WORK / WORK / THE
JOB.
8. I studied for the exam, HOWEVER / ALTHOUGH / AND I didn’t PAST / PASSED/ PASS.
9. He isn’t good IN / AT / German, but he speaks Japanese PERFECTLLY / PERFECT / .TO
PERFECTION.
10. It’s not NATURAL / NATURALLY to see that NONE / NO ONE of the students knows
ANYTHING / NOTHING.
11. I don’t want to DO / HAVE NOTHING / ANYTHING with you, and I WON’T / WANT answer
ANY/NO of your questions.

Make reported sentences:

1. “Be quiet and don’t move!” _____________________________________________________

2. “I don’t want to hear another word”______________________________________________
3. “It’s extremely difficult to do this.”________________________________________________
4. “I didn’t see him yesterday” _____________________________________________________
5. “I will do this later” ____________________________________________________________
6. “I’m going to lend you some money”______________________________________________
7. “If you don’t tell the truth they’ll kill you.”__________________________________________
8. “I have to go now, it’s really late.” ________________________________________________

146
Internet addiction sign of mental health
problems

 Which words do you associate with the

term "mental health"?
 How would you define internet
addiction?

A new survey suggests that people who use the

Internet too much may have mental health problems. The survey said that people who are
addicted to the Internet have problems in life if they cannot get online regularly. The survey is
from McMaster University in Canada. Researchers looked at the Internet habits of 254 students
and then looked at the students' general mental health. Thirty-three of the students were
addicted to the Internet. The researchers said another 107 students had problems because of
their Internet use. These included depression, anxiety, impulsiveness and inattention. A
professor said we still know little about the dangers of Internet addiction and need to do more
research into it.

The lead researcher in the study, professor Michael Van Ameringen, explained what kind of
problems he found with students. He said: "We found that students addicted to the Internet
had significantly more trouble dealing with their day-to-day activities, including life at home, at
work or school and in social settings." Professor Van Ameringen added: "People with Internet
addiction also had significantly higher amounts of depression and anxiety symptoms, problems
with planning and problems with time management." The professor said we needed to find out
just how big the problem of Internet addiction is. He also said we needed to find out if mental
health problems caused Internet addiction.

SYNONYM MATCH:

1. survey a. considerably
2. problems b. described
3. regularly c. hazards
4. general d. difficulties
5. dangers e. signs
6. explained f. study
7. significantly g. discover
8. symptoms h. frequently
9. find out i. led to
10. caused j. usual

147
TRUE / FALSE:

A survey says people should not use the Internet. T / F

The survey said Internet addicts needed to get online regularly. T / F
Researchers questioned over 2,540 people in their study. T / F
A professor said we know a lot about Internet addiction. T / F
The professor said addicts had no problem with day-to-day activities. T / F
Internet addicts suffer from depression more than non-addicts. T / F
Internet addicts find it more difficult to manage their time. T / F
We need to know if mental health problems create Internet addiction. T / F

PROBLEMS: Rank these. Put the biggest problems with the Internet at the top:

cyber-bullying lack of exercise

identity theft traffic accidents
sleeping difficulties poor social life
online gambling

QUESTIONS

 How many students did researchers look at? How many had problems?
 What did a professor think might cause Internet addiction?
 How important is the Internet to you?
 What is wrong with spending a long time online?
 Will everyone be addicted to the Internet in the future?
 What would life be like without the Internet?
 What are the signs of being addicted to the Internet?
 How dangerous is Internet addiction for children?
 Are you addicted to the Internet?
 Who is the most Internet-crazy person you know?
 What do you mostly use Internet for?
 How much time every day do you spend on social media?

Find the examples of reported speech in the text. Find the examples of direct speech and
change it to reported speech

148
 Personality traits –Departmental Restructuring

You are a project manager in the human resources department of the local town hall that is
currently undergoing departmental restructuring. Below are the notes you took on 4 workers
that need to be reassigned. Make an assessment of their personalities from the notes you took.

Gladys always knows what’s happening in the world. Her phone has all the latest news apps
from all the press agencies around the world. She is also active in several pressure groups and is
constantly researching things to help the groups in their campaigns. She isn’t the sort of person
to tell jokes and tends to see the dark side in human nature. She is, however, very tolerant. She
believes very strongly in people’s rights and thinks equality should be guaranteed to everybody.
She also has an impressive memory which she can use very effectively when necessary.

Hon has had an interesting work-life. He has been a businessman, teacher and training
manager. He was born in Hong Kong and moved to the UK at the age of 7. He speaks both
Cantonese and Mandarin fluently and has a mathematical mind. He is a little on the innocent
side and has been the victim of several jokes. He always takes the jokes well, though. Despite
his mathematical mind, he can be a little forgetful. He is good with money and is very efficient
in how to use it. He has produced some high quality work but never boasts about it.

Martha has worked in local government for 35 years and has plenty of experience in all areas
of municipal administration. She is very capable and can do virtually anything she is asked. She
is very good with words and has an answer for everything. However, she sees the world as
black and white. She will not bend the rules for anybody and she hates change. However, if she
is happy, she is a good worker and is always patient with less experienced staff. She is highly
respected by her underlings.

William is a very social person and, for the most part, gets on well with his fellow workers.
The problem is that he prefers to sit around chatting to his colleagues rather than get on with
his work. Some of his co-workers actively avoid him when they are busy. Apart from that, he
has a lot of experience in drawing up contracts and has a very quick, legal mind. He knows the
law inside and out and doesn’t think twice when making decisions if he is motivated enough.
For organising events of any sort, from meetings to business lunches, he is rather effective. He
always asks for a pay rise every 6 months without fail.

149
Finance Director

The post of finance director is available to an analytical and statistically minded individual with
a talent for cautious spending and stringent budget operations. The successful candidate should
have a strong grasp of complex financial systems and possess language skills. Being prepared to
travel at a moment’s notice and the ability to pick up a bargain for resources in the Asian
markets would secure a competitive salary and flexible hours along with a team of their choice
to work with.

Business Planning Officer

We need an enthusiastic team leader to help us develop business plans and examine the legal
aspects of business and job creation for the local area. The post entails the drawing up of
business contracts and employment regulation enforcement monitoring service. The
deployment of these services would need to be overseen by an efficient team of municipal
officers under direct control of the post-holder. Strong interpersonal skills are a must. A high
salary and bonus go to the right applicant.

Equal Opportunities Director

The post of Equal Opportunities Director is a position of critical responsibility. The right person
to fill the post should not take the work that needs to be done lightly. The successful candidate
would be responsible for assessing and setting up equal opportunities compliance and
monitoring programs for all departments within the town hall and beyond. The appropriate
applicant would be able to select and run the team s/he requires with full departmental
support.

Senior Training Officer

The person filling this post should have a broad knowledge of many departments within the
town hall. Flexible deadlines and working hours as well as a very competitive salary are on offer
for the right person. Work must be of an extremely high quality and the successful candidate
should be well prepared to ensure the successful communication our departmental policies to
all training teams.

Match the candidates and their ideal positions. Explain

150
Causative Verbs (Let / Make / Have / Get)

LET

This construction means to allow someone to do something.

Examples:
 John let me drive his new car.
 Will your parents let you go to the party?

MAKE

This construction means to force someone to do something.

Examples:
 My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
 Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?

HAVE

This construction means to give someone the responsibility to do something.

Examples:
 Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
 Please have your secretary fax me the information.

GET

This construction usually means to convince someone to do something.

Examples:
 Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
 How can parents get their children to read more?

Get vs. Have

Sometimes GET and HAVE are interchangeable but do not mean exactly the same thing.

 I got the mechanic to check my brakes.

At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the
brakes.
 I had the mechanic check my brakes.
I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.
151
Complete the sentences below using the verbs let, make, have, and get:

1. Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't him have a pet.

2. I can't believe she you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have to look
at those stupid pictures every time we go to her house.

3. I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't my
children to clean up their rooms if my life depended on it.

4. Professor Yu each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life.

5. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally him to go
see the new production of La Boheme.

6. Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I the courier take one
over to her last week.

7. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't her children watch TV.

8. How did you the doctor to make a house call? I haven't heard of a doctor actually
going to a patient's house in years.

9. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom him go.

10. Dr. Jackson the nurse monitor the patient's condition overnight.

152
Human rights

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2011 was

awarded to three influential women
from Africa and the Middle East, a
decision intended to draw attention to
the suppression of women’s rights
around the world and spur their fight
for greater equality.

The winners were Tawakkol Karman, a leading figure in Yemen, who inspired thousands of
women to rise up in a region where women are considered second-class citizens; Liberian
President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected female president in post-colonial Africa; and
peace activist Leymah Gbowee, from the same country.

This award arrived as women in Africa and the Middle East find themselves at a crossroads,
trying to break away from a history of restrictions fueled by culture and traditions. While
women have become more visible in government and social activism, deep challenges remain
in many areas, including education, employment and access to health care.

Tawakkol Karman called the award “a victory for our revolution, for our methods, for our
struggle, for all Yemeni youth, and all the youth in the Arab world. This will give the people
more strength. Peace is the only way to make a new Yemen,” she said. Her activism is all the
more unusual because it is happening in patriarchal, deeply conservative Yemen, where women
face restrictions and are often treated violently.

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has been involved in Liberian politics for more than 30 years. As Liberia’s
president, she worked fervently to promote development in her country and the rights of
women and girls. “We are now going into our ninth year of peace, and every Liberian has
contributed to it,” she said. “We particularly give this credit to Liberian women, who have
consistently led the struggle for peace, even under conditions of neglect.”

Leymah Gbowee, the other Liberian laureate, organized Muslim and Christian women who,
wearing white T-shirts, demonstrated together in large numbers. They were instrumental in
bringing an end to Liberia’s civil war in 2003. Gbowee now heads the Women Peace and
Security Network Africa. “I’m shocked, I’m numb, I’m still really feeling like it’s all a dream to
me,” said Gbowee. “There is no way we can negotiate peace and security if we leave out the
women of the world. So there is naturally still a long way to go.”

153
Find equivalents in the text for the words/expressions below:

a) encourage, stimulate b) rebel, revolt c) escape

d) increased, made stronger e) ruled or controlled by men f) passionately
g) very important, crucial h) exclude

Complete the following text about the importance of women in the world with seven words
from the box below. Use each word only once:

Women are doctors, farmers, engineers, business executives, taxi drivers, architects, authors,
journalists. They a)______________ their countries by being teachers, politicians and soldiers;
and, in many cases, they are also b)________________ for their families.
Despite all this, in many places, women are still victimized because some people believe in
women’s c)________________ to men.
The problems for women in the developing world d)______________ not just from tradition
but also from conflict, poverty and the e)______________ of basic health and educational
facilities.
Addressing the f)___________ of women in the developing world and increasing their
participation in the management of their societies would make an impact. Gender
g)__________ is essential for the development of any society. Women are important. Without
them, no nation can progress.

1) providers
2) disobedience
3) stem
4) lack
5) exist
6) inferiority
7) balance
8) helpers
9) serve
10) unequal
11) needs

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Complete the following text about discrimination with words formed from the ones given in
brackets:

Discrimination can be defined as any ______________ (exclude) or preference which is based

on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, ____________ (ability), age, sex or
sexual orientation; and which has the purpose of denying the recognition or exercise by all
persons of all rights and freedoms.
Discrimination can be open and direct, as when qualified people are treated badly or
_________________ (fair) simply because they are of a certain race or ethnic origin. However,
it can also take more subtle forms when an apparently unbiased condition is in fact
_______________ (favor) to a person or group of people.

DISCUSSION

 What human rights do you know?

 Which ones do you think are the most important?
 Do you feel you have all the human rights you need?
 Which people in your country have more rights than others?
 Is it really reasonable to try to give the same rights to everyone in the world? Why/why
not?
 Which countries do you think have the worst human rights records and why do you
think this is so?
 What can individuals do to help the problem of human rights abuses around the world?
 Can you think of any famous people who have fought to protect human rights?
 Have you ever stood up for your rights?

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Americans' Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low

Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap
in the same line.

Americans' trust and confidence in the mass media "to report the news (0)___________ (full),
accurately and fairly" has dropped to its lowest level in Gallup polling history.

Gallup began asking this question in 1972, and on a (1)_________(year) basis since 1997. Over
the history of the entire trend, Americans' trust and confidence hit its highest point in 1976, at
72%, in the wake of examples of investigative journalism regarding Vietnam and the Watergate
scandal. After (2)__________ (stay) in the low to mid-50s through the late 1990s and into the
early years of the new century, Americans' trust in the media has fallen slowly and steadily. It
has consistently been below a majority level since 2007.

While it is clear Americans' trust in the media has been (3)_____________ (erosion) over time,
the election campaign may be the reason that it has fallen so sharply this year. With many
Republican leaders and conservative pundits saying Hillary Clinton has received overly positive
media attention, while Donald Trump has been receiving (4)_________ (fair) or negative
attention, this may be the prime reason their relatively low trust in the media has evaporated
even more. It is also possible that Republicans think less of the media as a result of Trump's
sharp (5)__________ (criticize) of the press. Republicans who say they have trust in the media
has plummeted to 14% from 32% a year ago.

Democrats' and independents' trust in the media has declined only marginally, with 51% of
Democrats (compared with 55% last year) and 30% of independents (versus 33% last year)
expressing trust. Over the past 20 years, Democrats have generally (6)_________ (express)
more trust than Republicans in the media, although in 2000, the two parties were most closely
aligned, with 53% of Democrats and 47% of Republicans professing trust.

In 2001, younger Americans (55%) were more (7)_________ (like) than older Americans (50%)
to express trust and confidence in mass media. This gap emerged again in 2005 when 53% of
18- to 49-year-olds had trust and 45% of those 50 and older expressed the same sentiment. Yet
in the past decade, older Americans have mostly had more confidence than younger Americans,
and this year, the gap between these age groups is 12 points. And 2016 marks the first time
that confidence among older Americans has dropped below 40% in polling since 2001.

The presidential election this year may be (8)____________ (corrosion) Americans' trust and
confidence in the media, particularly among Republicans who may believe the "mainstream
media" are too hyperfocused on every controversial statement or policy proposal from Trump
while (9)___________ (devotion) far less attention to controversies surrounding the Clinton
campaign. However, the slide in media trust has been happening for the past decade. Before
2004, it was common for a majority of Americans to profess at least some trust in the mass

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media, but since then, less than half of Americans feel that way. Now, only about a third of the
U.S. has any trust in the Fourth Estate, a stunning (10)___________ (develop) for an institution
designed to inform the public.

With the explosion of the mass media in recent years, especially the prevalence of blogs, vlogs
and social media, perhaps Americans decry lower standards for journalism. When opinion-
driven writing becomes something like the (11)__________ (normal), Americans may be wary
of placing trust on the work of media institutions that have less rigorous reporting criteria than
in the past. On the other hand, as blogs and social media "mature," they may improve in the
American public's eyes. This could, in turn, (12)______________ (elevation) Americans' trust
and confidence in the mass media as a whole.

DISCUSSION

1. What is mass media?

2. Do you personally feel that keeping up with current events is important?
3. Where do you usually get the news from? Name your favorite magazines and newspapers.
4. What is the most important national and international story at the moment?
5. Does the media concentrate too much on "bad news" and not enough on "good news"
stories?
6. Is there enough media freedom in our country? What is the current situation and what was it
like in the past? Should there be any censorship of the media?
7. Do you think the media have too much power?
8. Do you always believe the media? Do you think the media try to manipulate people or
change their views? Which news source do you trust the most?
9. What do you think is the most important thing the news should report?
10. What was the most memorable news you ever watched or read?
11. What can be done to make the media better quality in our country?
12. Do you have a favorite journalist/columnist?
13. Give examples of positive and negative media influences.

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