PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC
COMPARING THE IMPACT OF
ENERGY CRISES ON PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE EDUCATION

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Abstract
We build on limited research concerning the control processes associated by the comparison of
impact energy crisis on public and private educational sector. To get the impact of energy crisis
that whether it only affects the public sector educational institute or private too, using a sample
of 300 students from different educational institutes both public and private in Rawalpindi,
Islamabad and other cities. During the study, energy crisis was found to directly and positively to
affecting the shortfall on the performance of educational institute both public and private. New to
the literature, energy crisis was also found to be associated negatively with students’
performance. These effects were observed even when we found that the affect on private
educational institutes. Our findings add to studies that focus on comparing the impact of energy
crisis on public and private educational institutes. Also the impact of energy crisis on
performance of students during studied, with its expected impact on the performance of students
of public educational institute is more than performance of students of private educational
institutes.

Keywords:
Energy crisis, performance of students, public and private educational institues

1. Introduction
Ever since the 1970s the energy crisis and the determined high levels of energy prices,
especially in oil prices, have impacted the economic activity for several developing economies.
Even though the relationship between energy consumption and output growth has been a well-
studied topic over the past three decades, the evidence is still contentious. The literature has
extensively evaluated the nature of temporal causality between energy consumption and
economic growth or employment. However, empirical evidence of these studies is mixed,
ranging from bi-directional or unidirectional causality to no causality. These studies in the
literature generally have no consensus judgment due to different countries or different time
within the same country.
Several researchers have since joined the debate, with some who have either confirmed or
contradicted Kraft-Kraft’s results. There are cases where unidirectional Granger causality was
found to be running from energy use to economic growth.
In some recent studies, the authors have used a multivariate co integration test to investigate
the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption (e.g., Stern, 1993, 2000;
Ghali and El-Sakka, 2004). The multivariate methodology is important because of the ongoing
change in energy use is countered by the substitution of some factors of production. The results
often lead to an insignificant comprehensive impact on local output (Stern, 2000)
Environmental violations are another area of concern. The communities living around the oil and
gas producing fields often complain that the companies’ operations pollute their natural resources
and cause severe damage to the ambient environment. Some of the companies are operating in
environmentally sensitive areas where environmental examinations and impact assessment are a
legal requirement. However poor regulatory systems on the part of government and non
professional consultants leave enough space for companies to temper with environmental
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obligations. Local communities have to pay the price of poor governance in the country.
The present energy crisis in the country calls for better domination of oil and gas sector
and sensible sharing of profits accruing from the oil and gas resources of the provinces. Unless
all benefits are shared sensibly, the conflict on the right over natural resources may become a
serious issue in the coming years.
Now a day’s energy crises have been affected not only on the economic sector as well as on the
education sector of Pakistan, both on public sector and private sector. As due to shortage of
petrol, oil, diesel and gas many students are unable to reach to their school on time. Electricity is
also not available sufficiently so the performance level of the student in their studies has also
been affected.

Literature review
The long-run sustainability between real GDP and disaggregate energy consumption are re-
examines when the relationship is considered as a non-linear framework. To makes use of the
recent developments on the multivariate entrance co incorporation test that consider the
possibility of a non-linear dynamic process between output and disaggregated energy
consumption. The country that had recently talented consolidation in macroeconomic and energy
policies. Its result indicates that Taiwan would be in favor of non-linear co incorporation except
for real GDP and oil consumption. With these types of nonlinear frameworks, policy makers are
able to identify the expectations mechanism of energy dependencies of economic growth.

Energy utilization will be driven by proceed with economic growth and demographic trends. The
probable incapability of undeveloped countries to meet burgeoning energy demands causes a
threat to their energy security. Energy security is the association between national security and
the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has become
necessary to the functioning of modern economies. It is worth considering that renewable energy
is the biggest single source of domestically generated energy in that country. Renewable energy
refers to energy sources that can be reproduced, inclusive of wind and solar energy, small scale
hydroelectric energy, and substitute fuels (Lawerence Saez, 2007).

Demand for energy had been grew rapidly increase at an average rate of 5% in the 1980s and
12% in 2009 surpassing the grade domestic product growth 5% and 3% over the corresponding
period. The aim of this study to identify sustainability between energy consumption and
economic performance during the past three decades by applying ordinary least square Engel-
Granger Dynamic ordinary keas’ square, the finding of this study reveals that there is a
bidirectional co-integration effect between total energy consumption and economic performance.
Energy consumption limit with 57% speed of adjustment to reach long run equilibrium caused
short run shocks in Malaysia economic performance. (Longanathan, 2010)

The energy crisis had been effecting the society in many ways. To understand its cause and the
important goals. First, it had to aim to assess the efficacy of active International Law Institute
and passive International Law Institute . Second, to examine the role that OLR self- efficacy and
OLR anxiety play in influencing ILI learning outcomes and the adoption of OLRs. To achieve

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the goals, a model was developed that integrates research on ILI outcomes and technology
adoption. It makes several important contributions to theory. And it give these results, first, the
findings from the analysis of the structural equation model confirm that the Technology
Acceptance Model is an appropriate tool for studying the adoption of OLRs. Second, the findings
indicate that amount of ILI is not a significant predictor of the adoption of OLRs. Third, though
the amount of ILI was not found to be a predictor of OLR self-efficacy or OLR anxiety in the
quantitative analysis, results from the qualitative analysis suggests that ILI increases self-efficacy
and reduces anxiety. Fourth, the findings suggest that OLR self-efficacy and OLR anxiety are
significant determinants of the adoption of OLRs where OLR self-efficacy was the strongest
determinant of the adoption of OLRs. Last, consistent with Bandera’s social cognitive theory,
OLR self-efficacy and OLR anxiety were found to be significantly negatively correlated; a
partial mediation effect of OLR anxiety on the relationship between OLR self-efficacy and the
perceived ease of use of OLRs was supported.(Lome .D 2011)

To distinguish the dynamic casual chain rather than in the structural sense. The employee uses
various unit root tests and Johansens cointegration test followed by vector error correction
modeling, variance decompositions and impulse response functions in order to capture both the
within sample and out of sample granger casual chain among macro-economic activity .the
granger casual chain employed by over evidence that real output more often predominantly leads
money supply and the other three endogenous variables is consistent more with the recent real
business cycle(RBC) theory than with the other two major macroeconomic paradigms such as
the Keynesian and the monetarist. This finding has clear policy implications for any
accommodative or excessive monetary expansion since it is likely to be dissipated in terms of
relatively higher than nominal variables such as prices exchange rates or interest rates rather than
real output for the small developing economy like Indonesia in the context of a relatively
unstable macroeconomic environment (Masih, 1996).

Definitions
i. Energy crisis

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an
economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a
certain time and place, particularly those that supply national electricity grids or serve as fuel for
vehicles.
ii. Energy consumption

Energy consumption is the consumption of energy or power. It is covered in the following

articles and categories:
1) World energy consumption.
2) Domestic energy consumption.
3) Electric energy consumption.

iii. Education
The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge,developing the powers of

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 reasoning and judgment, and generally ofpreparing oneself or others intellectually for mature
life
iv. Public sector
The public sector is usually composed of organizations that are owned and operated by the
government. This includes federal, provincial, state, or municipal governments, depending on
where you live. Privacy legislation usually calls organizations in the public sector a public
body or public authority. Some examples of public bodies in Canada and the United Kingdom
are educational bodies, health care bodies, police and prison services, and local and central
government bodies and their departments.

v. Private Sector
The private sector is usually composed of organizations that are privately owned and not part of
the government. These usually includes corporations (both profit and non-profit), partnerships,
and charities. An easier way to think of the private sector is by thinking of organizations that are
not owned or operated by the government. For example, retail stores, credit unions, and local
businesses will operate in the private sector.

vi. Public sector education

a) The educational institute which are run by the governmental funds. They provide social
benefit to the students. They are less costly.
b) The public sector is the part of the economy concerned with providing various
government services. The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in most
countries the public sector includes such services as the military, police, public
transit and care of public roads, public education, along with health care and those
working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might
provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting),
services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service.

vii. Private sector education

a) The educational institutes which are run by people by their own and also it belongs to
them. They are profit oriented. They are most costly.
b) The part of the economy that is not state controlled, and is run by individuals and
companies for profit. The private sector encompasses all for-profit businesses that are not
owned or operated by the government.

viii. Energy security:

It refers to the ability of a country to minimize vulnerability to supply interruptions and price
increases in energy provision.
ix. Renewable energy:

It refers to energy sources that can be regenerated, including wind and solar energy, small scale

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hydroelectric energy, and alternative fuels.

Comparison of Public And Private Sector

The term 'private sector' refers to the segment of the economy that is not directly controlled or
operated by government-run agencies and organizations, which make up the public sector. The
public sector organization are state run organization which are run by government. Government
run them for the well being of society and mankind

In very basic terms, the private sector includes anything that is not part of the public sector.
Where the public sector provides services for everyone, the private sector provides goods and
services generally only for the people who pay for them. For example, people who purchase an
item in a store, subscribe to a magazine, or lease a car are the only ones eligible to receive those
specific goods and services

Background of Energy Crisis In Pakistan

i. Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of
socioeconomic development of a country. Energy is essential in running machinery in
factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles
etc. There has been an massive increase in the demand of energy as a result of
industrial development and population growth, in comparison to improvement in
energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand,
resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottle
eneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy.

ii. Pakistan’s Energy Sector:

Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be
underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy
crisis. Even though of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past
decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation.
Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure,
power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened
the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a
common phenomenon through power shutdown.

iii. Energy Supply:

During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a
decline of 0.64 % and 3.09 % respectively in comparison to previous year. Pakistan
needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to
produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000
MW per day. This shortage is badly damaging the economic growth of the country

iv. Energy Consumption:

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 Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, and coal and LPG
sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43.7 %,
followed by oil 29.0 percent, electricity 15.3 percent, coal 10.4 percent and LPG 1.5
percent.

1) Sources of Energy in Pakistan:

a) Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels): [Limited – Expensive]
Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from
remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and
converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main
types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
b) Renewable Resources: (Unlimited – sustainable – clean)
Renewable energy resources are those, which are naturally replenished and come from
resources such as water, sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat.

 Current Hydropower stations:

Tarbella Dam : 3,478 MW
Ghazi Brotha: 1450 MW
Mangla 1,000 MW
Warsak 240 MW
Chashma 184 MW
 Potential Hydropower stations:

Diamer-Bhasha Dam 4500 MW

Munda Dam – Swat river in Mohamand Agency 740 MW
Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW
Bunji Dam 5400 MW
Dasu Dam 3800 MW

2) Nuclear:
Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium
inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 425 MW capacity, but
there are plans to increase this capacity considerably. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty, it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its
development of civil nuclear energy. Remaining issues in development of nuclear energy are
enrichment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid
waste.

 Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors

Reactor Type MW Construction started Commercial operation
Karachi PHWR 125 1966 1972
Chashma 1 PWR 300 1993 2000
Chashma 2 PWR 300 2005 expected 2011
Total 425 MW

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Possible ways in which educational institute is being affected by energy crisis
1. The energy crisis really highlights class divisions in Pakistan. The wealthiest areas, like
Islamabad, tend to suffer fewer power outages. Here in Rawalpindi, Islamabad's bigger
neighbor with many working class areas, the power goes out for around 12 hours a day.
But rural areas have it the worst, where the power's off more than it is on, with up to 18
or even 20 hours of load-shedding a day.
2. The power outages have been ongoing for several years, decline under the last
government. They've crippled businesses and industry, particularly those unable to afford
to run their own generators.
3. But there's another destructive consequence to this crisis. This is the Fatima Jinnah
Women University in Rawalpindi. It boasts more than 6,000 students and an excellent
academic record. But here too, life has become an exercise in frustration, as the students
find their lessons interrupted and scientific experiments disrupted.
4. To help, the University has been working to reduce overall power usage and investing
vast sums of money into newer and bigger generators that can match the mains supply.
But that's money that would have otherwise gone towards improving educational
facilities.
5. While the university has to incorporate the research and development scholarships and
everything, area like that, their priority would be shifted towards taking control of the
electricity and taking control of the energy. When I see the students, they say, this is the
thing, how do we study, we don't have light at home, we don't have light over here, so
how can we study actually, and they're losing their interest towards studies, because the
environment is not friendly at all. So if the environment is not friendly at all, they might
be losing more of their interest, and it would be badly, badly affecting our young
generation.

Problem statement
Does energy crisis have an influence on public and private educational sector?

Hypothesis
HO: Energy crisis does not any effect on public and private educational sector.
H1: Energy crisis is directly and positively related to lower the performance of public and
private educational sector
H2: Energy crisis is directly and negatively related to lower the performance public and
private educational sector.

Theoretical framework

6.
Energy crisis Public and private
educational sector

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Methodology:
We had done quantitative research to find out the impact of energy crisis on public and private
educational setor. We use the spss for finding the result that whether energy crisis affect the
educational sector .We done it with questionnaires, we take 300 samples and put the data in spss
and then we find the answer by two methods firstly through regression coefficient partly and
partially and secondly through regression descriptive statistics in both methods we take different
independent and dependent variable. For first type of regression we take the dependent variable,
energy crisis hitting Pakistan economy and our predictor ,constant is private education institution
are more organized then public institution to overcome the problem of energy crisis and for
second method we take another variables by variable changing we find different results. We find
the ANOVA from different methods of regression. Our calculated value of ANOVA and
coefficients are less than the 0.05 then H0 will be rejected, and due to this we accept H1.So our
result shows that energy crisis also effect on educational sector and also on performance of
students , by the rejection of H0

Results:
We want to compare the impact of energy crisis on public and private educational institutes we
use the survey for finding the result we done it with questionnaires, we take 300 samples and 300
fill the questionnaire from different educational institutes of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and other
cities, both public and private educational institutes to find the correct and appropriate answer for
our research and then put the data in spss. Our calculated value of coefficients is less than the
0.05 then H0 will be rejected, and due to this we accept H1. Hence we find that Energy crisis is
directly and positively affected on educational sector output both public and private sector. So we
use regression to check the impact of energy crisis on educational sector both public and private.

Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate

1 .353a .124 .122 .898

a. Predictors: (Constant), educational sector output is positively

affected by electricity shortage
The model summary shows the relation of educational sector output with the electricity shortage
the coefficient of determination R is .353 and R.Square is .124 so it means that 12.4 % of
educational sector output is positively affected by electricity shortage.

ANOVAb

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 34.151 1 34.151 42.354 .000a

Residual 240.286 298 .806

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 Total 274.437 299

a. Predictors: (Constant), educational sector output is positively affected by electricity shortage

b. Dependent Variable: Electricity linked with performance of educational sector

The p-value associated with this F value is very small (0.0000). These values are used to answer
the question "Do the independent variables that is energy crisis reliably predict the educational
sector output?" The p-value is compared to your alpha level (typically 0.05) and, we can
conclude "Yes, the independent variables reliably predict the dependent variable".

Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) 2.444 .226 10.807 .000

educational sector output is .356 .055 .353 6.508 .000

positively affected by
electricity shortage

a. Dependent Variable: Electricity linked with performance of educational sector

B - These are the values for the regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from
the independent variable. These are called unstandardized coefficients because they are
measured in their natural units. As such, the coefficients cannot be compared with one another
to determine which one is more influential in the model, because they can be measured on
different scales. Hence our null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate

1 .118a .014 .011 .633

a. Predictors: (Constant), education sector is being more effected by

energy crisis as compare to other sector

The model summary shows the relation of educational sector output with the electricity shortage
the coefficient of determination R is .118 and R.Square is .014 so it means that 1.40 % of
educational sector is more affected by energy crisis.

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 ANOVAb

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 1.687 1 1.687 4.207 .041a

Residual 119.460 298 .401

Total 121.147 299

a. Predictors: (Constant), education sector is being more effected by energy crisis as compare to
other sector

b. Dependent Variable: Energy crisis hitting Pakista's economy severaly

The p-value associated with this F value is very small (0.0000). These values are used to answer
the question "Do the independent variables that is energy crisis reliably predict the educational

Coefficientsa

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients Collinearity Statistics

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. Tolerance VIF

sector output?" The p-value is compared to your alpha level (typically 0.05) and, we can
conclude "Yes, the independent variables reliably predict the dependent variable". Hence our
null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted.

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1 (Constant) 4.703 .159 29.642 .000

education sector is -.081 .040 -.118 -2.051 .041 1.000 1.000

being more effected by
energy crisis as
compare to other sector

a. Dependent Variable: Energy crisis hitting Pakista's economy severaly

B - These are the values for the regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from
the independent variable. These are called unstandardized coefficients because they are
measured in their natural units. As such, the coefficients cannot be compared with one another
to determine which one is more influential in the model, because they can be measured on
different scales. The significance value is also less than .05. Hence our null hypothesis is rejected
and alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Collinearity Diagnosticsa

Variance Proportions

Dimensi education sector is being more effected by

Model on Eigenvalue Condition Index (Constant) energy crisis as compare to other sector

1 1 1.973 1.000 .01 .01

2 .027 8.564 .99 .99

a. Dependent Variable: Energy crisis hitting Pakista's economy severaly

The colinerarity diagnostics variance proportions value also tells us that public and private
educational sector affected by energy crisis. Hence it is proved that energy crisis affect the
educational sector both public and private.

education sector is being more effected by

energy crisis as compare to other sector

Observed N Expected N Residual

SD 3 60.0 -57.0

D 19 60.0 -41.0

N 69 60.0 9.0

A 122 60.0 62.0

SA 87 60.0 27.0

Total 300

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 in our country 80% educational institution facing
energy crisis

Observed N Expected N Residual

D 18 75.0 -57.0

N 69 75.0 -6.0

A 128 75.0 53.0

SA 85 75.0 10.0

Total 300

Test Statistics

education sector is being more effected

Energy crisis hitting Pakista's by energy crisis as compare to other in our country 80% educational
economy severaly sector institution facing energy crisis

Chi-Square 227.600a 159.733b 82.587a

df 3 4 3

Asymp. Sig. .000 .000 .000

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 75.0.

b. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 60.0.

We applied chi square test on the data to check the variation of the difference between actual and
expected frequencies and also the assumption significance its is 0.00 of both the cells so it is less
then 0.00 so our null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Conclusion
We find that Energy crisis is directly and positively related to public and private educational
sector, Energy crisis is directly and negatively related to public and private educational sector
outcome. This study concludes that energy crisis is affecting public and private educational
sector. Energy crisis is directly and positively related to overall shortfall of performance of
students of public and private educational sector. Hence we concluded that energy crisis has
strong impact on public and private education institute.

Limitation
We have limited time period for thorough study of the impact of energy crisis on public and
private educational institutes. We compare the effect of energy crisis on shortfall of performance
of public and private educational sector. We do not consider the other aspects like economy
shortage, students facing from energy crisis, their academic performance affected by energy
crisis and also what will be the important measures should be taken to reduce the shortfall of
performance of students. We don’t use and apply theories and policies.

Future research
We have study comparing the impact of energy crisis on short fall of performance of public and
private educational institute. We do not consider the effect public and private educational sector
negatively. We did not use any moderator and mediating variable on this study. We don’t use and

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 apply theories and policies to reduce its impact of energy crisis. Other limitations include the use
of single source data and the lack of an explicit measure of social desirability bias. As described
earlier, some procedural and analytical remedies (Podsakoff et al. 2003).

References :
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009-10

Fact File : Energy Crisis in Pakistan June 2008 – Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI)

Energy Demand in Pakistan: A Disaggregate Analysis by Muhammad Arshad Khan, Senor

Research Economist & Usman Ahmed, Staff Economist, Pakistan Institute of Development
Economics, Islamabad

Farzaneh, J. (2014). The impact of person-job fit and person organization fit on ocb. emrald
.
Masih, R. (1996). Macroeconomic activity dynamics and Granger causality: New evidence from
a small developing economy based on a vector error-correction modelling analysis. ECONOMIC
MODELLING , 407-426.

.
Name: Qualification:
Gender: Age:
Institution name: City:

Please fill the questions discussed below according to your opinion.

In the given scale:
5 for strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for neither agree nor disagree, 2 for disagree and 1 for
strongly disagree

Sr. S A N D S
N A D
o
1 Pakistan’s economy has been hitting severely by energy crisis at a large scale. 5 4 3 2 1
2 Electricity shortage is inversely linked with performance of educational sector output. 5 4 3 2 1
3 Students studying in public institutions are more affected by energy crises than 5 4 3 2 1
students of private institutions.
4 Educational sector output is positively affected by electricity shortage 5 4 3 2 1
5 Due to energy crisis, the output of students in institutions will be low. 5 4 3 2 1
6 Energy is considered as an important input like other inputs such as capital and labor 5 4 3 2 1
in production function.
7 Students will not achieve their goals efficiently due to energy crisis. 5 4 3 2 1
8 Education sector is being more affected by energy crisis as compared to other sector. 5 4 3 2 1

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9 Sufficient budget is allocated for developing new processes to minimize energy crisis 5 4 3 2 1
every year.
10 Students are highly committed to their studies but due to load shedding they cannot 5 4 3 2 1
study properly.
11 Students are ready for sacrifices for betterment of the country. 5 4 3 2 1
12 Students will not enhance and improve their knowledge due to energy crisis. 5 4 3 2 1
13 Electricity shortage results in unwanted delays of students to complete their tasks. 5 4 3 2 1
14 In our country 80% educational institutions facing energy crisis. 5 4 3 2 1
15 Information and communication technologies lessen burdens of students in exploring 5 4 3 2 1
processes.
16 In private educational institutions solar panels or generator are used to minimize the 5 4 3 2 1
electricity problem to provide good educational environment to students.
17 Management of public sector provides good opportunity for students to have excess to 5 4 3 2 1
everything they needed.
18 Students of different institutions feel uncomfortable in consulting each other for work 5 4 3 2 1
related problems due to electricity issue.
19 Students studying in public educational institutes are suffering more from energy 5 4 3 2 1
shortfall as compared to students studying in private educational institution.
20 Private educational institutes are more organized than public institutions to overcome 5 4 3 2 1
the problem of energy crisis.

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